Deep-Sea Life. OCN 201 Biology Lecture 12. BBC Blue Planet
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1 Deep-Sea Life OCN 201 Biology Lecture 12 BBC Blue Planet
2 The Pelagic Divisions (By Light) EUPHOTIC DISPHOTIC Good Light Twilight Photosynthesis! 20 to 100 m APHOTIC No Light about 600 m
3 Photosynthesis Feeds The Ocean Food Energy 83% of the biomass in the sea is in the EPIPELAGIC
4 The Deep Sea Environment Depth (m) Light (µe/cm2/s) Temperature ( C) Pressure (dbar) [ [[ [[ [ [[ [[ [ [ [[[[[[ [ X X The deeper you go the more sparse are the animals (on average!)
5 The Deep Sea Environment Depth (m) Light (µe/cm2/s) Temperature ( C) Pressure (dbar) [ [[ [[ [ [[ [[ [ [ [[[[[[ [ X X Dark Cold High Pressure The deeper you go the more sparse are the animals (on average!)
6 Food for the Deep Phytoplankton Aggregates Sinking Organics Dead animals Euphotic Zone Deeper Ocean Fecal pellets
7 Food for the Deep Organic material from the surface ocean food web falls down to the deep sea This falling detrital material is larger phytoplankton, fecal pellets, dead animals, and marine snow, Marine Snow consists of bits of aggregates of algae, discarded larvacean houses, and other detritus that sinks into deep waters
8 Tunicates Pelagic or benthic Often colonial Ascidians (sea squirts) Suspension feeders Salps Larvaceans
9 Larvaceans
10 Organic detritus is constantly sinking feeding animals that live in the deep sea As you go deeper, there is less and less of this food left So not everything waits for food to fall down!
11 Deep Scattering Layer Vertical migration by plankton and their predators -hypothesized by Martin Johnson 1945 Sonar
12 Adaptations in the Deep Sea - Clear bodies or reflective sides and counterillumination (disphotic zone) - Red or Black bodies (aphotic zone) - Oversize mouths - Specialized eyes (or degenerated) - Bioluminescence
13 Uses of Bioluminescence Light produced by a biochemical reaction Counterillumination (camouflage) Communication (finding mates) Lures (enticing prey) Searchlights (illuminate prey) Decoy or surprise (escape from predator)
14 Reduced Silhouette Reflective Sides Counterillumination Transparent body Specialized eyes Bristlemouth ( )
15 Bristlemouth (Cyclothone) Most abundant vertebrate on the planet! Quadrillions of them living mostly below 1000 m Usually only about 3 inches long Photo: Peter Davison Photo: Herve Chaumaton
16 Many black or red bodies in the aphotic zone
17
18 Unusually large mouths are common
19 Goblin Shark Electrosensory pores on snout Very rapidly extending jaws Slow motion footage (Japanese Broadcast Co. NHK & Kazuhiro Nakaya.)
20 Deep Sea Floor Many deposit feeders and scavengers (eating detritus falling from above), but also predators Life generally becomes more sparse the deeper you go, but there are patches of high abundance Whale falls (Attracts many scavengers) Vents and Seeps (Chemosynthesis!)
21 Life is sparse on much of the Deep Sea Floor
22 Complex communities around large food falls (energy from large pulses of organic carbon) But specialized areas have high concentrations of animals The sea floor at vents and seeps (communities supported by new organic carbon made by chemosynthesis)
23 Photo- vs Chemosynthesis Light Energy 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Chemical Energy 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 Energy from one chemical reaction is used to drive another
24 Hydrothermal Vents H 2 S (sulfide) O2 (oxygen)
25 geosciencebigpicture.com Hydrothermal Vents hc-blackmilk.xf.cz
26 Vent Tube Worms Riftia pachyptila O2 CO2 Trophosome Plume H2S Chemosynthetic Bacteria These are annelids (segmented worms)
27 Cold Seeps O2 (oxygen) CH4 (methane) H 2 S (sulfide)
28 Cold Seeps news.discovery.com
29 Vents and Seeps vs. Coral Reefs Vent and seep communities are rich oases built around a symbiotic relationship, just like coral reefs! For coral reefs, Cnidarians have symbiotic protists that provide food by photosynthesis At vents and seeps, clams and worms have symbiotic bacteria that provide food by chemosynthesis
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