AVAILABILITY OF DIMENSION AND ORNAMENTAL STONE RESOURCES IN INDIA. Dr.K.Rajaram Additional Director General (Retd) Geological Survey of India
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1 AVAILABILITY OF DIMENSION AND ORNAMENTAL STONE RESOURCES IN INDIA SPHERES OF THE EARTH Dr.K.Rajaram Additional Director General (Retd) Geological Survey of India Geological Resources are precious gifts of Mother Earth to Mankind. Various (spheres) of the Earth had started forming when the Earth began its consolidation and cooling about 4500 million years ago. Since then the various layers / spheres that have enveloped the Earth are The Lithosphere (rock layer) The Hydrosphere (water) The Atmosphere (air) and The Biosphere.
2 ELEMENTS & MAJOR OXIDES OF ROCKS Basically ten elements Si, O, Al, Mg, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ca, K, Na ± H2O (water) in mutual combinations at different proportions form seven essential minerals of rocks Olivine, Pyroxenes, Amphiboles, Micas, Feldspars, Feldspathoids and Quartz. Olivine, Pyroxenes, Amphiboles and Micas are dark in colour, imparting dark colours to rocks. Feldspars, Feldspathoids and Quartz are light in colour. Composition of a rock is dependent on the proportion of occurrence of these minerals, either individually or in varying combinations.
3 FACTORS IN ROCK FORMATION - Dissolved mineral composition of the rock fluid at the time of its molten state; Time given for its cooling in turn to its mineral constituents; Temperature and Pressure conditions at the time of its formation; Space given for its occupation; Internal forces acting on the fluid on account of the above factors; External forces acting on the whole rock body compression, shearing, tensile etc. A rock is thus a resultant product of the above factors. The rock thus formed from its molten state is called an Igneous rock.
4 TYPES OF ROCK IGNEOUS, SEDIMENTARY & METAMORPHIC Igneous rocks thus formed get weathered, denudated and deposited in a basin in a layered form and on their consolidation form sedimentary rocks. Factors that determine the characteristics of sedimentary rocks are Break-down composition of sediments, Interaction (physical and chemical) between the constituents, Time given for consolidation and compaction; Internal and external forces acting on the basin. Igneous and sedimentary rocks, on weathering, deposition and deep burial (so as to undergo elevated pressure temperature conditions), transform themselves to metamorphic rocks. The factors that govern the formation metamorphic rocks are more or less similar to these of igneous rock formation.
5 GEOLOGICAL NAMES OF DIMENSION & ORNAMENTAL STONES - Very dark coloured, coarse grained rocks Dunite (dark green). Peridotite, Pyroxenite, ( predominantly of dark coloured minerals ± very little light coloured minerals.) Very dark coloured, fine grained rocks Basalt, Norite (± very little light coloured minerals, mainly feldspars.) Dark Coloured, coarse grained rock Gabbro, Andesite + very little feldspars. Dark / Medium coloured, medium to fine grained rock Dolerite, Diabase, Diorite, Granodiorite (+ feldspars.) Medium to Light coloured coarse rock Granite (+ feldspars,) Syenite (Feldspathoids;) Medium to Light coloured fine rock Rhyolite (+ feldspars,) Trachyte (+ feldspathoids). Medium coloured, predominantly of acicular / flaky micaceous minerals Phyllite, Schist. Medium coloured with predominant aligned (foliated) tabular / flaky minerals Gneiss (depending upon the foliation pattern rock is streaky, banded, striped, wavy, crenulated, ptygmatic etc). Medium to light coloured, uniformly granular rock Quartzite, Calc-silicate, Marble, Limestone; Flaggy rock, medium to fine grained rock of various hues sandstone, slate, shale. Above is a generalized description for ease identification of rocks in a broader sense instead of using a basket term of Granite.
6 AVAILABILITY OF DIMENSION AND ORNAMENTAL STONES -
7 Southern Granulite Terrain (Tamil Nadu & Kerala) Major Rock Types Younger Granite- Alkali Granite, granite, Granophyre Ultrabasic / Basic (younger) Gabbro, Anorthosite Alkali Complex (younger) Carbonatite, ultrabasic complex, alkaline rock, Epidote-Hornblende Gneiss Basic Intrusive Basic dykes Alkali Complex (older) Carbonatite, Alkaline Dyke, Syenite, ultrabasic complex Migmatite Complex (Peninsular Gneissic Complex II) Older granite, Pink migmatite, Pink augen gneiss, Hornblende gneiss, Hornblende-Biotite Gneiss, Garnetiferous Quartzofeldspathic Gneiss, Garnet Biotite Gneiss Charnockite Group Basic and Ultramafic rock, Magnetite quartzite, Pyroxene granulite, 2600 Charnockite Khodalite Group- Calc-granulite, Limestone, Quartzite, Garnet-sillimanite-graphite gneiss Kolar Group (Au) Quartzofeldspathic rock, Amphibolite, Banded ferruginous quartzite 2900 Peninsular Gneissic Complex I Pink Migmatite, Granitoid Gneiss, Fissile Hornblende Gneiss 3000 Age in MY Layered ultramafic / mafic, ultrabasic complex Schist Complex Amphibolite, Calc-silicate rock, basic and ultrabasic rock, sillimanite-kyanitecorudum-mica schist, fuchsite-kyanite ferruginous quartzite, talc-tremolite schist 3200 Base Not Known
8 Sea Weed Green
9 Paradiso Kunnam Black Kashmir White
10 Dharwar Craton (Karnataka, Parts of Odisha & A.P.) Major Rock Types Age in My Purana basins with Kimberlite Pipes Cuddapah, Kaladi, Bhima basins with Mafic Dykes Younger Granite Potassic Granite Felsic Complex Limestone Mafic Volcanics Peninsular Gneiss 3000 Older Greenstones Mafic-ultramafic rocks, Ancient Supracrustal rocks Older Gneisses-Mafic, Felsic rocks 3300 Base Not Identified
11 Ilkal Red Tumkuru Porphyry Hassan Green Chamrajnagar Black
12 Vizag Blue Black Galaxy Tan Brown
13 Eastern Ghat Mobile Belt (Odisha, Bihar, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, parts of U.P & W.B) Major Rock Types Age in My Newer dolerite dykes and sills Mayurbhanj Granite 2100 Gabbro-anorthosite-ultramafics Jaganathpur and Simlipal lavas, Quartzite 2300 Singhbhum Granite III 3100 Epidiorite (intrusive) Singhbhum Granite I and II, Nilgiri Granite, Bonai Granite Older Metamorphic Group (OMG) and Older Metamorphic Tonalitic Gneiss (OMTG)
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22 Central Indian Pre-Cambrian Shield (M.P. & Maharastra, U.P.) Major Rock Types Age in MY Granite in Satpura Belt; Tirodi Gneiss in Sausar Group 800 Kimberlites Majhgaon and Hinota diatremes Mafic Dykes and granite in Bastar Craton, Abhujmar Group, Keskal granite, 1500 Amgaon Gneiss, Tirodi Gneiss Sonakhan, Bailadila, Khairagarh, Gwalior, Sausar, Sakoli, Chilpi Groups 1600 Granite- Sukma, Pujariguda, Paliam-Darba, Chotaguda granite 2200 Granite Gneiss- Bundelkhand Granite, Khairagarh, Chilpi, Ghat, Abujmar volcanic, Sausar Group, Dongargarh granite, Malanjkhand tonalite-granodiorite Gneiss, Nandgaon Group, Mahakoshal Group Gneiss- Abujmar, Nandgaon and Sakoli Metasediments- Bengpal, Amgaon, Sukma Groups Gneissic Complex- Bundelkhand, Baya and Sukma Gneiss.
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25 Western Indian Pre Cambrian Shield (Delhi, Haryana, Rajasthan & Gujarat) Major Rock Types Delhi Supergroup the Sendra-Ambaji granite gneiss, Godhra granite gneiss, Erinpura Granite and the Idar Granite; important alkaline and other igneous complexes the Barda, Alech Hill, Isham Hill, Mount Girnar, Kanessara, Rajula suite, Chamardi-Choghat, Pavgarh volcanic complex, Phenai Mata and Amba Dongar; Kishengarh Syenite. Aravalli Supergroup- Serpentinite, intrusive granites- Jaisamund Granite, Ahar River Granite, Udaisagar and Dakan Granite, Salumbar Granite, Lakapa Granite and Dudar Gneiss. Bhilwara Supergroup Migmatite, composite gneiss, calc gneiss, schist, pyroxene granulite, norite, epidiorite, quartzite, marble, migmatised gabbro, felsic volcanic, Berach granite, followed by dolomite, marble, calc-gneiss, calcareous biotite schist, banded ferruginous chert, and quartzite. Age in MY
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31 State Reserves (STD 111/122/122) Remaining Resources (STD 21/222/331/332/333) Total MCbm All India Black Coloured Unclassified By States Andhraprad esh Assam Bihar Chhattisgarh Gujarat Haryana Jharkhand Karnataka Kerala Madhya Pradesh Maharastra Meghalaya Odisha Rajasthan Tamilnadu Uttar Pradesh West Bengal RESOURCE FIGURES OF GRANITE UNFC STD 111- Proved; 121 & 122 Probable Reserve. 211 Feasibility; 221 & 222 Pre-Feasibility. 331 Measured; 332 Indicated; 333 Inferred Resources. 334 Reconnaissance Resource.
32 RESOURCE FIGURES OF MARBLE State Reserves (STD 111/122/122) Remaining Resources (STD 21/222/331/332 /333) Total MCbm All India By States Andhrapradesh Chhattisgarh Gujarat Haryana Jammu & Kashmir Maharastra Rajasthan Sikkim Uttarakhand 6 6
33 NECESSITY OF A COMPENDIUM petrographic identification of commercial dimension stones; pigeonholing of the rock type in the geological succession of the area; understanding the significance of geological knowledge in resource evaluation, estimation, exploitation and conservation; cataloguing the engineering properties of rock types as BIS specifications; recommendation of such catalogued material at proper slots in green constructions; standardizing the naming of decorative and dimension stones for ease understanding of international market and recognition; resource estimation of identified Blocks and conversion of resource to reserves by adopting UNFC methodology; assessment of Recovery Percentage through stages of Scientific Prospecting; assessing the heritage value, conservation of high value deposits for posterity for renovation and reconstruction; and Data generation, repository and updating.
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