Resume components. Assignments due Monday. Shape of Puget Sound. Formation and bathymetry

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1 Assignments due Monday Resume Top four choices of projects, in order of preference One paragraph proposal about topic of choice Weekly schedule Topics you d like to cover in class Math: Complete the calculus assignment Reading: Calculus for oceanography Also, start reading the Thompson (1994) paper Resume components Contact information Objective (optional, often best not to include it) Not always appropriate Key: Modify entire resume for the position Education (add specific classes if appropriate) Awards and honors Employment history Skills and abilities References if appropriate Adjust organization depending on the job you are applying for. Shape of Puget Sound Formation and bathymetry 1

2 Active continental margin of WA coast and Cascadia subduction zone is complex History of offshore tectonic plate structure debated Recent paper (Sigloch and Mihalynuk, 2013, Nature argues that there were two offshore plates N and S Farallon. These plates and the Kula farther north carried oceanic islands in offshore arcs to the West Coast, depositing terranes. The Farallon is gone. A tiny piece of Kula (or N. Farallon) exists in the Bering Sea. Hypothesized timeline: Older view Newer view Salish Sea formation Vancouver Island 100 MYA Wrangellia collides with N. America Terrane: Oceanic Island accreted to the coast Now inside passage Vancouver Island, north to SE Alaska Olympic Peninsula ~ 50 MYA crescent terrane collides with WA Evolution of forearc basins and continental crust. 1: Forearc basin oceanic arc and marginal basin 2: Transitional forearc 3: Arc terrane accreted onto continental crust Sediments Oceanic crust Continental crust 2

3 Resulting geology Perhaps six glaciations formed Puget Lowland Last Four Cenozoic Glaciations: 1: Orting Glaciation: mya Alderton Interglaciation 2: Stuck Glaciation: (no datable material) Puyallup Interglaciation 3: Salmon Strings Glaciation: 1 mya Olympia Interglaciation 4: Fraser Glaciation: 10,000 ~ 20,000 ya Vashon Stade: 15,000 ya (max extent) Blakely Harbor Formation: turbidites and siltstones Blakely Formation: sandstones Heller 1980 Ice-flow directions from erosional features and erratics in Whatcom and Skagit Counties Observable sediments in Puget Lowland Vashon Till Advance outwash (Esperance Sand) Interbedded sand and silt Lawton Clay (proglacial lake deposits) Glacial striations (Mt. Ranier) Heller

4 Puget Lowland Deposits Landscape effects of glaciations Glacial advance outwash plain Flutes Troughs Stratigraphy visible from Discovery Park, Seattle Photo from Seattle Geologic Mapping Project Olympics Mtns Cascade Mtns Landscape of Puget Lowland Model of subglacial meltwater channel formation in Antarctica Glacial advance outwash plain Flutes Troughs Olympics Mtns Cascade Mtns How were the troughs cut? From Le Brocq et al Nature Geosciences 4

5 - Glacier advance deposited the Great Lowland Fill (~ 140 m thick) -Subglacial water eroded the fill (about 1000 km 3 ) to create the linear lakes and basins of Puget Sound Salish Sea (Georgia Basin) Strait of Georgia 6800 km 2, 1050 km km 2 watershed 155m avg depth d residence time Strait of Juan de Fuca 3700 km 2, 402 km km 2 watershed 200 m avg depth 40 d residence time Puget Sound 2330 km 2, 170 km km 2 watershed 62 m avg. depth 130 d residence time Whidbey Basin Admiralty Inlet Main Basin Hood Canal South Sound 5

6 Basins Bays and Sills (sills = glacial moraines) Victoria-Green Point (130 m) Admiralty (65,100m) Deception Pass (13m) Swinomish Slough (3m) Hat (Gedney) Island (97m) Tacoma Narrows (44m) Nisqually Sill (31m) South Point (53m) Oak Head (125m) Basin character and composition Hood Canal South Sound Whidbey Basin Main Basin Admiralty Inlet area volume shoreline tideland 6

7 Relief track line 7

8 Submarine relief Puget Sound continues to change Major source of sediment: Rivers V-G Point Tacoma Narrows Admiralty Nisqually Sill Delta alterations Bay Glacially carved to 600 m Filled to an avg. 200 m Puyallup River delta (Commencement Bay) not recognizable Land Current sedimentation rate: g/cm 2 /y (~ cm/y) Main basin accumulating at 2x rate of rest of PS (89,000 yr to fill) 8

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