Vortex. Greenhouse Effect

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1 Tornado Vortex forms when two air masses of different temperature and humidity (density) meet. Contains winds that spiral very rapidly Form from thunderstorms and usually form over land and contain winds that spiral very rapidly (like a hurricane) Hail Precipitation (moisture) in the form of a chunk of ice that can fall from a cumulonimbus cloud Formed in a cycle: the dropping and rising of water particles in a thunder cloud Vortex Found in tornadoes, hurricanes, dust devils, and whirlpools The movement of liquids or gases in a spiral around a central axis Greenhouse Effect The suns heat bouncing off the planet and then off a layer in the atmosphere keeping our planet at a constant level. Convection For it to happen you must have a hot source and a cold source Cycle: sun heats the earth, the air above the earth warms, expands, becomes less dense, gets pushed up by more dense air, rises, then expands and cools, cold air moves in to replace rising warm air Atmosphere The layers that surround Earth and act like a blanket Troposphere the part we live in & where most of our weather takes place two main gasses are Nitrogen & Oxygen Stratosphere Mesosphere Exosphere & Thermosphere

2 Convection Currents The circulating flow of material in air, water or mantle Are caused by uneven heating For it to occur (Convection) there must be a hot source and a cold source Tornado Alley Where most of the world s tornadoes occur The Central Plains states of Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, & Missouri Water Cycle Water moves through the atmosphere through Precipitation Condensation water vapor (gas)turns into a liquid Evaporation liquid turning into a gas (water to water vapor) Transpiration There is a finite amount of water goes through the cycle and has been the same amount since the beginning of time The Sun The main source of heath energy for weather on earth Heat flows from warmer matter to cooler matter The heating of water & soil Soil heats faster than water Temperature Is an indication of the amount of heat energy that an object has

3 Continental Drift According to the continental drift theory, the ancient supercontinent Pangaea broke apart into the continents as we know them today Igneous A rock of volcanic origin Split into two categories: Extrusive & Intrusive Granite is an igneous rock formed below the earth s surface Sedimentary Rocks formed by particles joining together (mostly on the earths surface) through these processes: Deposition Compaction Cementation Metamorphic Rocks that are formed by heath and pressure under the earth s surface Heat, pressure & time Plate Tectonics The Earth s rigid outer shell (lithosphere) is broken into a mosaic of oceanic and continental plates which can slide over the plastic asthenosphere, which is the uppermost layer of the mantle. Types of Volcanos Shield Volcano found in Hawaii Composite/Stratovolcano The Cascade s Cinder cone small cone shaped

4 Viscosity Is related to the thickness and how runny a substance is, ie, lava A volcano with really sticky, thick high viscosity lava makes up most of the Cascade s volcanos Long fissure volcanos spew out low viscosity lava multiple times forming the basalt layers in the plateau in Eastern Washington Also known as Tephra Wind affects ash fall Ash Pyroclastic Flow Hot gas and ash moving down an erupting volcano at high speed Seismic Waves P-Waves compressional wave that shakes the ground back/forth in the same/opposite direction as the wave is moving S-Waves shear wave that shakes the ground back/ forth perpendicular to the direction the wave is moving. Surface Waves Epicenter The point on the earth's surface straight above where the earthquake occurred. Scientists find the epicenter of an earthquake by using 3 seismology stations. Focus The focus is the exact point within the earth where an earthquake occurs.

5 Plates The tectonic plates are the large, thin, relatively rigid plates that move relative to one another on the outer surface of the Earth. The main source of energy driving the Earth s plates is the earth s core (slab pull and mantle plumes) Subduction Zone The place where two lithospheric plates come together, one riding over the other. The region where oceanic lithosphere descends into the asthenosphere Trenches Deep sea trenches form near convergent plate boundaries a linear depression of the sea floor caused by the subduction of one plate under another. Magma Molten rock, that fills the gap between plates as they move apart Oceanic Crust One of two kinds of crust on the planet, this one lies beneath the ocean. More dense than Continental Crust Approximately 5-10 kilometers thick Basalt Rock Eastern Washington is covered with large quantities of this rock

6 Lahar Huge mudflows containing boulders and uprooted trees ash, dirt, etc from a volcanic erruption The biggest threat of Mt. Rainier to the surrounding people living in the valleys Mid-Ocean Ridge The divergent plate boundary along the ocean bottom where molten mantle material comes to the surface, creating new crust Iceland is a rare place where there is a mid-ocean ridge on land Plate Boundaries Convergent old lithosphere is being destroyed; occur where two plates are moving toward one another and the movement is one plate descending beneath the other. Divergent where plates are moving apart; new lithosphere is forming here at a rate of 5 cm per year; most are located along ocean ridges; as plates move apart, the gap between them is filled with molten rock called magma. Within a continent the landmass may split into two smaller continents Transform plates slide past each other, most joint two segments of the ocean ridge system, they sometimes connect convergent and divergent plate boundaries, great earthquakes can occur here Hydrothermal Alteration The process which turns solid rock within a volcano into a soft clay. Geology The study of earth s natural features Mt. St. Helens Year erupted: 1980 Landslide facts: largest recorded landside in history

7 Bretz Flood The catastrophic event that carved out much of Eastern Washington Immense ice dams half a mile high held back melting ice, creating a huge lake in northwest Montana, called Lake Missoula. Each time the ice gave way, massive walls of water hurled boulders and icebergs seaward with a great destructive force. The Ring of Fire The "Ring of Fire" is one of the plate boundaries surrounding the Pacific Ocean- about 90% of the world's earthquakes and volcanoes occur there What 3 Cat Events formed the landscape of Washington? Terrane Accretion Columbia River Basalt Flows Ice Age/Missoula Floods What are the two big quakes we could get hit by in Puget Sound? Cascadia Subduction Zone a deep earthquake would occur in the Puget Sound Region Seattle Fault Zone shallow Earthquake Last Megathrust quake in the Cascadia Subduction Zone of 1700 Evidence in the study of tree rings in the ghost forest of the Copalis River Evidence in the study of sand deposits in coastal rivers off WA & Oregon. Evidence from Japanese Tsunami Records Evidence from Native American Stories Thrust Fault A reverse fault with a dip of 45 or less. The Seattle Fault Zone is an example of one

8 Earth s Layers Lithosphere the solid, rigid outer layer, made up of crust and uppermost mantle Asthenosphere hot weak zone found within the upper mantle (it is a semi-liquid); allows Earth s rigid outer shell to move Core-The innermost part of the earth. The outer core extends from 2500 to 3500 miles below the earth's surface and is liquid metal. The inner core is the central 500 miles and is solid metal Hot spots What is below the big island of Hawaii that produces rising bubbles of magma The only spot on continental crust that one has occurred is in Yellowstone Washington s Volcanos Mt. St. Helens Mt. Rainier Mt. Baker Mt. Adams Glacier Peak Seafloor Spreading The mechanism that has generated the floors of the world s oceans San Andreas Fault The Pacific plate is moving toward the northwest and will eventually crash into Alaska Produces offset stream channels Is a transform fault Generates great earthquakes Upwelling at Ocean Ridges The phenomena represented by the upwardflowing magma of the convective mechanism in the mantle.

9 (A)Core Earth s Layers (B) Mantle (C ) Outer (D) Crust Core

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