3rd Grade. Habitats. Slide 1 / 134 Slide 2 / 134. Slide 4 / 134. Slide 3 / 134. Slide 6 / 134. Slide 5 / 134. Biological Evolution

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1 Slide 1 / 134 Slide 2 / 134 3rd Grade Biological Evolution Habitats Adaptations Fossils How Fossils Are Used Disturbances Slide 3 / 134 Table of Contents Click on the topic to go to that section Slide 4 / 134 Compost Time Capsule How do different items change over time? Set-up the Compost Time Capsule Activity now. Slide 5 / 134 Slide 6 / 134 The Forest Think about the forest in this picture. What organisms live there? Habitats Return to Table of Contents

2 Slide 7 / 134 The Forest Make a list below of what the organisms in a forest need to survive: Slide 8 / 134 Ecosystems The forest is an example of an ecosystem. An ecosystem is a combination of all the living and nonliving components of an environment. Living components are called biotic factors. Nonliving components are called abiotic factors. Look back at your list of things needed by forest organisms. Can you separate them into biotic and abiotic factors? Slide 9 / 134 Biotic Factors Biotic factors include all of the living components of an ecosystem. Living components include plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, etc. Slide 10 / 134 Abiotic Factors Abiotic factors include all of the nonliving components of an ecosystem. Organisms in the forest need differing amounts of the following to survive: For example, hawks that live in the forest need squirrels, snakes and other small animals for food. These are biotic factors. Soil Air and sun Water Temperature Slide 11 / 134 Biotic and Abiotic Factors Slide 11 () / 134 Biotic and Abiotic Factors Take a look at this coral reef ecosystem. How many biotic and abiotic factors can you think of that affect this ecosystem? Biotic: seastars, fish, sea urchins, corals, sponges, etc. Abiotic: water temperature, Take a look at this coral reef sunshine, salinity, water ecosystem. current, How many biotic and oxygen content. abiotic factors can you think of that affect this ecosystem?

3 Slide 12 / Which of the following is an abiotic factor? Slide 12 () / Which of the following is an abiotic factor? A water A water B predators C disease B predators C disease C D offspring D offspring Slide 13 / Which of the following is a biotic factor? Slide 13 () / Which of the following is a biotic factor? A fire A fire B forests C temperature B forests C temperature B D fresh air D fresh air Slide 14 / 134 Habitats Within an ecosystem, there are specific areas where organisms live and grow. In the forest ecosystem, squirrels live in trees. Frogs live in forest ponds. Earthworms live in the soil. These different areas are called habitats. Slide 15 / The interaction of the living and nonliving parts of an environment make up an ecosystem. This earthworm's habitat is the forest floor.

4 Slide 15 () / The interaction of the living and nonliving parts of an environment make up an ecosystem. TRUE Slide 16 / A small part of an ecosystem, such as a pond, is a A biotic factor B habitat C environment Slide 16 () / A small part of an ecosystem, such as a pond, is a A biotic factor Slide 17 / 134 Ecosystems and Habitats A change in an ecosystem can affect how well an organism can survive. B habitat C environment B Polar bears live in the Arctic. They have a thick layer of fat to keep warm. They are excellent swimmers and can swim long distances to hunt for food. Which of the polar bear's needs would not be met if it could no longer swim? Slide 18 / 134 Ecosystems and Habitats What if the Arctic became warmer? How would the polar bear population survive if the seals disappeared? Decide if the seals and the climate are biotic or abiotic, by drawing an arrow from the correct word to each picture. Slide 19 / 134 What if the environment changes? There are three responses that organisms can take if their environment changes. 1. The organisms can adapt and live in the new environment. 2. The organisms can move to a new environment. 3. The organisms do not change or adapt and die out. Fewer Seals to eat Less Ice to live on BIOTIC ABIOTIC Did the dinosaurs adapt when their environment changed?

5 Slide 20 / A change in a habitat does not cause changes in the organisms that live there. Slide 20 () / A change in a habitat does not cause changes in the organisms that live there. Slide 21 / An individual can survive an ecosystem change if it moves location and finds the resources it needs. Slide 21 () / An individual can survive an ecosystem change if it moves location and finds the resources it needs. TRUE Slide 22 / If an organism does not move locations or adapt to a change, what will happen? Slide 22 () / If an organism does not move locations or adapt to a change, what will happen? A It will change the environment. A It will change the environment. B It will increase in number. C It will die. D It will find new biotic factors. B It will increase in number. C It will die. D It will find new biotic factors. C

6 Slide 23 / 134 Coral Bleaching Healthy corals have special algae that live inside of the coral. These algae produce their own food that they share with the coral. In exchange, the coral provide the algae with shelter. Each specific type of algae gives coral a different color. That is why corals are so colorful. Slide 24 / 134 Coral Bleaching The algae that exist within corals have very specific requirements for survival. If the water temperature increases above a certain level, the algae will leave the coral. This is called coral bleaching. The corals all turn white because the algae, which had given them the bright colors, have left. When coral bleaching occurs, the fish that lived in the coral reef will move to a different coral. The coral itself will die. These colorful corals are filled with algae. Slide 25 / What causes coral bleaching? Slide 25 () / What causes coral bleaching? A high salinity A high salinity B high water temperature C too little sunlight D an increase in fish population B high water temperature C too little sunlight D an increase in fish population B Slide 26 / What type of factor causes coral bleaching? Slide 26 () / What type of factor causes coral bleaching? A biotic A biotic B abiotic B abiotic B

7 Slide 27 / How do corals respond to coral bleaching? Slide 27 () / How do corals respond to coral bleaching? A They adapt. A They adapt. B They move. B They move. C They die. C They die. C Slide 28 / How do fish respond to coral bleaching? Slide 28 () / How do fish respond to coral bleaching? A They adapt. A They adapt. B They move. C They die. B They move. C They die. B Slide 29 / Scientists have discovered a type of algae that can tolerate warm water temperatures. This algae has responded to coral bleaching by. Slide 29 () / Scientists have discovered a type of algae that can tolerate warm water temperatures. This algae has responded to coral bleaching by. A adapting A adapting B moving C dying B moving C dying A

8 Slide 30 / 134 Slide 31 / 134 Ecosystems and Habitats Organisms have characteristics that enable them to survive in their specific environments. Adaptations Fresh water pools and trees are different habitats in the same ecosystem. Each frog has characteristics that enable it to survive in its specific habitat. How many can you think of? Return to Table of Contents Slide 32 / 134 Adaptations A characteristic that helps an organism to survive in a particular environment is called an adaptation. In other words, organisms are adapted to their environments. Slide 33 / 134 Adaptations Many animals that live in cold environments have thick fur to protect them from the low temperature. Clown fish live in sea anemones. They have an adaptation that makes them immune from the anemone sting. They can safely hide from predators in the anemone. Snowshoe hare Harp seal Polar Bear Arctic fox Why do you think all these animals have white fur? Slide 34 / 134 Adaptations There is a lizard on this tree trunk. Can you see it? This lizard has adapted camouflage to help it blend in to its environment. How does this help the lizard to survive? Slide 35 / 134 Adaptations Click below to watch a video about the horned lizard. Write down as many adaptations as you can see that help the lizard to survive. Be ready to share your ideas with the class. Click the picture to watch a video about some amazing camouflage.

9 Slide 36 / A polar bear's sharp teeth are an that helps him to catch prey. A survival Slide 36 () / A polar bear's sharp teeth are an that helps him to catch prey. A survival B extinction C adaptation B extinction C adaptation C D artificial selection D artificial selection Slide 37 / 134 Adaptations Why do organisms need to be adapted to their environments? Think about the polar bear again. It has thick fur and webbed feet for swimming. What would happen to the polar bear if it were moved to the desert environment? Slide 38 / 134 Adaptations If the polar bear were moved to the desert, it would overheat from its thick fur. There would be very little food for it to hunt and no water for swimming. The polar bear would not survive in the desert. An organism's adaptations enable it to survive in its environment. Slide 39 / 134 Adaptation Leads to Variation Within the same type of organism, adaptations can vary slightly. This leads to variation. Slide 40 / 134 Variation These giraffes and dogs have a lot of diversity. That means there is a lot of variation between individuals. All of these fish are bluestripe snappers. Do you notice slight variations among them?

10 Slide 41 / 134 Variation Leads to Survival When variation exists, the organism with the variation that is most suited to the environment has the highest chance of survival. All three moths are peppered moths. If located in a forest with dark colored tree bark, which moth will most likely survive? Slide 42 / 134 Variations Lead to Mating Female peacocks choose a mate that has the longest, brightest feathers. In a population of peacocks, which males will be able to mate most often? The best adaptation leads to survival! Having long, bright tail feathers is an adaptation that leads to finding a mate. Variation leads to the birds with the longest, brightest feathers finding mates most often. Slide 43 / 134 Variations Lead to Mating Bower bird males build and decorate nests with nuts, berries, stones and petals. The female mates with the owner of the nest she likes best. These behaviors are adaptations. When the birds mate, the adaptation is passed on to the future generation. Slide 44 / Animals are adapted to many different environments. Slide 44 () / Animals are adapted to many different environments. Slide 45 / Individuals of the same species can have which can make them more or less suited for their environments. A sharp teeth B identical traits C feathers D variations

11 Slide 45 () / Individuals of the same species can have which can make them more or less suited for their environments. A sharp teeth B identical traits C feathers D variations D Slide 46 / The best adaptations will give an individual the chance at survival and reproduction. A least B same C greatest Slide 46 () / The best adaptations will give an individual the chance at survival and reproduction. Slide 47 / Some birds build different nests. This behavior helps them to. A least A attract mates B same C greatest C B find food C protect themselves D all of the above are possible Slide 47 () / Some birds build different nests. This behavior helps them to. A attract mates B find food C protect themselves D all of the above are possible A Slide 48 / 134 Extinction An organism must be able to survive changes in their environment to continue to survive. This is a Wooly Mammoth. A warm woolly coat is an adaptation that was an advantage in the cold, icy climate. When the ice Age ended, the adaptation became a disadvantage. They could no longer survive in their environment. The species became extinct which means it completely dies out. Note

12 Slide 49 / 134 Extinction The greater variation among species gives the greatest chance of survival as Earth continues to change over time. Slide 50 / The woolly mammoth population went because it did not have the adaptations to survive in the current environment. A up and down B up C extinct Variation in leopards. Only the saber-toothed cat at left went extinct. Variation in traits led to the others that are alive today. Slide 50 () / The woolly mammoth population went because it did not have the adaptations to survive in the current environment. A up and down B up C extinct C Slide 51 / 134 Camouflage Lab Camouflage is a useful adaptation for many organisms. But...is it useful in all environments? Slide 52 / 134 Slide 53 / 134 Dinosaurs Dinosaurs first appeared on Earth million years ago. For each type of dinosaur, we know what their habitat was, what they ate and how they acted. We even know how big each one was. Fossils Return to Table of Contents

13 Slide 54 / 134 Dinosaurs If dinosaurs went extinct 65 million years before the appearance of humans, how can we possibly know all of this information about them? Slide 55 / 134 Fossils Fossils are pieces of animals, plants, and other organisms that have been preserved over time. Fossils are a major source of information about dinosaurs. Scientists use evidence to prove ideas. What evidence do we have that proves the existence of dinosaurs? Paleontology is the study of fossils over geologic time (Earth's history.) Paleontologists study how fossils are formed. Slide 56 / 134 Fossils There are three different ways that fossils can form. Slide 57 / 134 Imprints Suppose that you go for a walk in the snow, leaving behind a trail of footprints. If the temperature suddenly dropped below freezing for a long time, the snow would turn into ice. Your footprints would be preserved in the ice. Imprints Preservation Mineralization Slide 58 / 134 Imprints This is the same way that imprints are formed. An organism makes a formation in the soft ground. If the soft ground becomes solid rock, then that imprint is preserved. Slide 59 / 134 Imprints Some organisms left imprints of their entire bodies. Here is how this happens: 1. An organism dies. 2. The organism's body decomposes, leaving empty space in the sediment. 3. The only thing left is an imprint of what that organism looked like. These are imprints of dinosaur tracks. This type of formation is called a mold. It is a mirror image of the organism.

14 Slide 60 / 134 Preservation When an entire organism is found in the same condition as it was when it died, it is called a preserved fossil. Slide 61 / 134 Mineralization This gnat flew into some amber (sticky sap) and got stuck. Once it died and the amber hardened, the gnat was permanently preserved inside. Mineralization is a process that creates a replica of hard body parts. It is what we generally think of when we hear the term fossils. Do you think paleontologists can learn more from a preserved fossil or a mold? Why? The process for mineralization: Slide 62 / 134 Mineralization 1. An organism dies. 2. The organism is covered in sediment. 3. Soft structures on the organism decompose, leaving behind only hard structures, like bone and teeth. 4. The ground surrounding the structures turns into hard rock. 5. Minerals in water replace the minerals in the hard structures. 6. An exact copy is left in the rock until an event occurs to bring the fossil to the surface of the Earth. Slide 63 / 134 Mineralization Mineralization begins the same way as a mold. In a mold, the organism decomposes to leave behind empty space and an imprint. In mineralization, the hard structures that remain after the soft structures decompose are preserved by mineralization. This creates what is called a cast. This fossil is a cast of a trilobite, a marine arthropod. Slide 64 / 134 Cast Versus Mold A mold shows the imprint of the exterior of an organism. A cast shows a three dimensional representation of the organism or structure. Which fossil is a cast and which is a mold? Click in the boxes to see the answer. Slide 65 / are traces of animals, plants, and other organisms from the past. A Rocks B Dinosaurs C Fossils D Sand Cast Mold

15 Slide 65 () / are traces of animals, plants, and other organisms from the past. Slide 66 / A studies the fossil record and how it changes over Earth's history. A Rocks B Dinosaurs C Fossils D Sand C A botanist B herpetologist C paleontologist D biologist Slide 66 () / A studies the fossil record and how it changes over Earth's history. Slide 67 / Certain conditions are needed to make a fossil. Which does not belong? A botanist B herpetologist C paleontologist D biologist C A Soft body parts, like worms. B Hard body parts, like a shell or skeleton. C Sediments cover the body. D Minerals fill the remains creating a rock like mold. Slide 67 () / Certain conditions are needed to make a fossil. Which does not belong? Slide 68 / Which of the following is not a way that fossils are created? A Soft body parts, like worms. B Hard body parts, like a shell or skeleton. A C Sediments cover the body. D Minerals fill the remains creating a rock like mold. A Mineralization B Preservation C Conservation D Imprint

16 Slide 68 () / Which of the following is not a way that fossils are created? A Mineralization B Preservation C Conservation D Imprint C 23 What type of fossil is this? A Mold B Cast C Imprint D Both A and C Slide 69 / What type of fossil is this? Slide 69 () / 134 Slide 70 / This crab was preserved via. A Mold A Preservation B Cast C Imprint D B Mineralization C Imprint D Both A and C D Track Slide 70 () / 134 Slide 71 / This crab was preserved via. A Preservation B Mineralization C Imprint D Track B 25 When minerals replace hard structures buried in sediment, the result is a mold.

17 Slide 71 () / When minerals replace hard structures buried in sediment, the result is a mold. Make a Fossil Activity What is the difference between a cast and a mold? Slide 72 / 134 Create some fossils to find out! Slide 73 / 134 Fossils and Rocks Remember that the three types of rock are: sedimentary - formed when sediment hardens igneous - formed when magma hardens metamorphic - formed from intense pressure under the Earth's surface In what type of rock are imprints and mineralized fossils created? Can you exclude one type of rock right away? Slide 74 / 134 Fossils and Rocks There are three major types of rocks sedimentary - formed when sediment hardens igneous - formed when magma hardens metamorphic - formed from intense pressure under the Earth's surface Metamorphic rock forms deep under the Earth's surface. Things on top of the Earth (like a dinosaur) would not be in contact with metamorphic rock. Slide 75 / 134 Slide 76 / 134 Fossils and Rocks Fossils and Rocks That leaves sedimentary rock or igneous rock. Discuss these options with a partner and then click on the pictures to see if these rocks are the source of fossils. Igneous Rock Igneous rock forms as hot magma cools. Any organism that is covered in hot magma would not survive the heat. Fossils do not form in igneous rock. Sedimentary Rock Sediments flow on top of each other and slowly harden to rock. Then, more sediment flows on top of the rock, eventually turning into more rock. This creates layers of rock where fossils can be preserved. Look at the sedimentary rock below. Which fossil was created earlier: fossil A or fossil B? A Sedimentary rock forms when layers of soft sediment harden into rock. This is how fossils form. B

18 Slide 77 / 134 Fossils and Rocks Fossil B would have formed first. After the sediment surrounding B hardened, more sediment piled on top where fossil A would have eventually formed. Slide 78 / 134 Fossils Click the image below to watch a video about fossils. Watch closely - can you find an imprint, a preserved fossil and a mineralized fossil in the video? A B Slide 79 / 134 The Geologic Time Scale The Geologic Time Scale organizes fossils by their age. How do fossils and the Geologic Time Scale help scientists today? Slide 80 / 134 The Geologic Time Scale The top represents the present and the bottom represents the past. By studying fossils and organizing them by their age, scientists can learn about how organisms survived. They can also identify changes on Earth that caused organisms to go extinct. Artwork by Ray Troll, copied with permission. Look closely! There were several "mass extinctions." A mass extinction means most of the living things died off at once. Something changed 65 million years ago and organisms, like the dinosaurs, were not adapted to those conditions. They could not adapt, and did not survive. Slide 81 / 134 Mass Extinctions Slide 82 / In what type of rock are fossils formed? A Igneous B Sedimentary C Metamorphic D All of the above.

19 Slide 82 () / In what type of rock are fossils formed? A Igneous B Sedimentary C Metamorphic B Slide 83 / If organisms are buried in magma, the heat would prevent any part of the organisms from being preserved. D All of the above. Slide 83 () / If organisms are buried in magma, the heat would prevent any part of the organisms from being preserved. Slide 84 / The Geologic Time Scale identifies how fossils have changed over time. Which arrow points to the most ancient organisms? A B C D Slide 84 () / The Geologic Time Scale identifies how fossils have changed over time. Which arrow points to the most ancient organisms? A B D Slide 85 / 134 Fossilization Activity How are fossils formed? How are they excavated? What information can they tell us? Find the answers to all of these questions in this activity! C D

20 Slide 86 / 134 Slide 87 / 134 Tracks How Fossils Are Used Pretend that you are studying a particular dinosaur. These tracks from that dinosaur are discovered and you are called out to examine them. What could these tracks tell you about the dinosaur? Return to Table of Contents Slide 88 / 134 Tracks Studying these tracks could tell you: how fast the dinosaur walked if the dinosaur walked on two legs or four legs if the dinosaur dragged its tail or carried it in the air Slide 89 / 134 Tracks Now look at these tracks. Can you think of an important piece of information that they give us? Slide 89 () / 134 Tracks Now look at these tracks. Can you think of an important piece of information that they give us? The dinosaurs that left these tracks must have lived in a herd. Slide 90 / 134 Mineralized Fossils Mineralized fossils give us a lot of information as well. Suppose that you just finished piecing together this dinosaur fossil. What can you learn from it?

21 Slide 91 / 134 Mineralized Fossils Slide 92 / 134 Mineralized Fossils Used horns as a means of protection. A beak with blunt teeth means this dinosaur was an herbivore. In general, mineralized fossils tell us: physical features of a dinosaur what they ate (look at the teeth) how smart they were (larger skulls equals larger brains) The dinosaur walked on four legs. Slide 93 / 134 Dinosaur Egg Fossils Click below to watch a video about dinosaur egg fossils. Slide 94 / Dinosaur tracks can tell us how fast dinosaurs walked. Slide 94 () / Dinosaur tracks can tell us how fast dinosaurs walked. Slide 95 / This dinosaur has many sharp teeth. This tells us that it was a(n). A herbivore B carnivore

22 Slide 95 () / This dinosaur has many sharp teeth. This tells us that it was a(n). A herbivore B carnivore B Slide 96 / 134 Comparing Fossils We can understand ancient environments by comparing fossils with living organisms. Many fossils of fish, starfish and clams have been found in the middle of the US. These animals are all ocean animals. But the middle of the US is prairie and mountains. What must have been different? Slide 96 () / 134 Comparing Fossils We can understand ancient environments by comparing fossils with living organisms. Many fossils of fish, starfish and clams have been found in the middle of the US. These animals are all ocean animals. The middle But the of middle the US of the US is prairie and mountains. was once an ocean! What must have been different? Slide 97 / 134 Comparing Fossils Fossils often look similar to modern day organisms. The shape, size and pattern of a fossil can help us to understand what type of organism it was, in comparison to modern organisms. Based on your knowledge of modern organisms, what type of fossil do you think this is? Click the box to check your answer. A seastar Slide 98 / 134 Draw a line from the fossil to the modern day relative. (One doesn't have a match.) Slide 99 / 134 Comparing Fossils This is an ancient fern. We know what environment modern ferns live in. This helps us understand where ancient ferns lived. If the fossil of an ancient fern is found, it tells us that - at that time on Earth - the environment was warm and moist.

23 Slide 100 / 134 Comparing Fossils Slide 101 / 134 Comparing Fossils This is a fossil of an ammonite, which had a squid-like body in its shell. The nautilus is a modern day relative. They are both sea creatures. If an ammonite fossil is found, that means conditions in that area at that time were aquatic. These are crinoids, marine organisms. If a crinoid fossil is found, what does that tell us about that area of Earth at that time? Slide 102 / 134 Comparing Fossils Slide 103 / 134 Archaeopteryx This is a trilobite. It doesn't have a match because it is extinct. There are no trilobites today. We know it lived in the sea because of the fossils it is usually found with. This is a fossil of an archaeopteryx. It was found with dinosaurs that lived at that time. This fossil excited paleontologists! What do you see? Look closely! Slide 104 / 134 Archaeopteryx Here is a diagram of another archaeopteryx fossil. Now what do you see? The archaeopteryx is interesting because it is a reptile with feathers! This is a new adaptation that may have eventually led to the birds that we have on Earth today. Slide 105 / Comparing fossils can tell us about ancient environments.

24 Slide 105 () / Comparing fossils can tell us about ancient environments. Slide 106 / The woolly mammoth had a lot of fat, fur, and small ears. Based on these adaptations, we can conclude that the environment at that time was A incredibly cold for the majority of the year. B a long rainy season. C hot and dry all year round. D mild in temperature with a raining season. Slide 106 () / The woolly mammoth had a lot of fat, fur, and small ears. Based on these adaptations, we can conclude that the environment at that time was A incredibly cold for the majority of the year. B a long rainy season. C hot and dry all year round. A Slide 107 / Look at the fossil. Did this organism live in the sea or on land? A In the sea B On land D mild in temperature with a raining season. Slide 107 () / Look at the fossil. Did this organism live in the sea or on land? Slide 108 / Look at this fossil. At the time this animal died, this area of Earth was covered in. A mountains A In the sea B On land A B ocean [This object is a pull tab]

25 Slide 108 () / Look at this fossil. At the time this animal died, this area of Earth was covered in. A mountains Slide 109 / This palm leaf fossil was found in the Green River Basin in Wyoming. At the time that this fossil was created, what was the environment in Wyoming? B ocean B A It was a cold climate. B The land was covered in ocean. C The land was covered in snow. D It was a warm climate. Slide 109 () / This palm leaf fossil was found in the Green River Basin in Wyoming. At the time that this fossil was created, what was the environment in Wyoming? A It was a cold climate. B The land was covered in ocean. C The land was covered in snow. D It was a warm climate. D Slide 110 / 134 Constructing a Fossil Map Activity Create a map of fossils in Utah to discover how the environment changed from one period to another. Notch Peak is part of the House Range in Utah, a site known for its trilobite fossils. Slide 111 / 134 Slide 112 / 134 Disturbances Disturbances Suppose that you are quietly reading your science book at home. What are some things that would possibly disturb you, preventing you from concentrating on your book? Return to Table of Contents

26 Slide 113 / 134 Disturbances Just as those disturbances stopped you from functioning, there are also disturbances that disrupt ecosystems. A disturbance is any event that causes a change in an ecosystem. How many disturbances can you think of? Write them below: Slide 114 / 134 Natural Disasters Natural disasters are a disturbance that causes major changes in an ecosystem. Look at the pictures below. Describe one way each disturbance would affect the ecosystem. Forest fire Flooding Volcanic Eruption Tornado Slide 115 / 134 Landslide Watch this video about a landslide in the French Alps. How would a landslide like this affect the surrounding ecosystem? Think about biotic and abiotic factors. Share your ideas with the class. Slide 116 / 134 Landslide A landslide destroys all trees and obstacles in its path. Remember, a change in one part of an ecosystem will create changes in the remainder of the ecosystem. Removing the trees not only kills those trees but has the following effects: removes habitat for animals kills any animals in the trees at the time impacts air quality Which ones are biotic factors? Which ones are abiotic factors? Slide 117 / 134 Dinosaur Extinction Dinosaurs suddenly went extinct 63 million years ago. Scientists believe that the cause of this mass extinction was a disturbance. As a class, hypothesize about what type of disturbance could have caused this event. Write your best guess below: Slide 118 / 134 Dinosaur Extinction Click below to watch a video explaining different ideas about the dinosaur extinction. After you watch, complete the "Dinosaur Extinction" worksheet.

27 The mass extinction started with a change in the environment. A change in one part of the environment, however, causes changes is all other aspects of the environment. Since the dinosaurs could not adapt to this change, they died out. Slide 119 / 134 Dinosaur Extinction Slide 120 / Natural disasters do not affect ecosystems. Slide 120 () / Natural disasters do not affect ecosystems. Slide 121 / A change to one part of an ecosystem will cause changes to all other parts of that ecosystem. Slide 121 () / A change to one part of an ecosystem will cause changes to all other parts of that ecosystem. Slide 122 / When a landslide removes trees, this affects air quality. What type of factor is this? A Abiotic B Biotic

28 Slide 122 () / When a landslide removes trees, this affects air quality. What type of factor is this? Slide 123 / When the environment on Earth changed, the dinosaurs were not able to adapt so they went extinct. A Abiotic B Biotic A Slide 123 () / When the environment on Earth changed, the dinosaurs were not able to adapt so they went extinct. Slide 124 / 134 Human Disturbances The actions of humans sometimes causes disturbances to ecosystems. Air Pollution Oil Spill Water Pollution Can you think of other ways that we affect the ecosystems? Slide 125 / 134 Clearing Land Suppose that a farmer decides to create a new field of crops. How does clearing land for crops affect that ecosystem? Slide 126 / 134 Clearing Land The land being cleared by the farmer is the home of the Great Horned Owl. This owl lives in the trees and hunts small mammals and birds. How will clearing the land affect this owl?

29 Slide 127 / 134 Clearing Land After the farmer clears the land, he plants seeds and applies a generous amount of fertilizer to the land. Later, there is a heavy rainfall. Where does the fertilizer go? How does this affect the ecosystem? Slide 127 () / 134 Clearing Land After the farmer clears the land, he plants seeds and applies a generous amount of fertilizer to the land. Later, there is a heavy rainfall. The Where fertilizer does will the run fertilizer off into go? How does this affect the ecosystem? the local waterways (rivers, creeks, etc.). This creates an unhealthy environment in the water, affecting all organisms in the ecosystem. Slide 128 / Disturbances to ecosystems can be caused by. Slide 128 () / Disturbances to ecosystems can be caused by. A natural causes A natural causes B humans C both A and B B humans C both A and B C Slide 129 / When the great horned owl's habitat was removed, what responses could the owl make? A Adapt to the change. Slide 129 () / When the great horned owl's habitat was removed, what responses could the owl make? A Adapt to the change. B Move to a new location. C Die off. D All of the above. B Move to a new location. C Die off. D All of the above. D

30 Slide 130 / When fertilizer runs off into the local waterways, this is creating a direct change in what type of factor? Slide 130 () / When fertilizer runs off into the local waterways, this is creating a direct change in what type of factor? A Abiotic A Abiotic B Biotic B Biotic A Slide 131 / 134 Human Impact No matter what we do, we are constantly affecting the ecosystem around us. If we are conscious of this, however, we can try to ensure that the changes are positive. Slide 132 / 134 Human Impact Composting uses worms and bacteria to create natural fertilizer out of kitchen scraps and yard debris. This decreases the impact of runoff by artificial fertilizers. Cities remove important habitat when they are built. This building has made a roof garden to try to restore habitat and to help air quality. Versus Slide 133 / 134 Small Change, Big Range Activity Sometimes, small changes can make a BIG difference in taking care of our planet. Complete this activity to learn about some positive changes you can make! Slide 134 / 134 Compost Time Capsule How do different items change over time? Analyze your time capsules now.