2. What is artificial selection? A. the process by which humans breed organisms for certain characteristics

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1 Unit 7 Fossils 1. One day while hiking, Maria found a rock in the wall of a canyon. In the rock, she noticed an impression of a leaf. Which answer best describes what Maria has found? A. DNA B. fossil C. genetic evidence D. developmental pattern 2. What is artificial selection? A. the process by which humans breed organisms for certain characteristics B. the process by which inherited traits in a population change over generations C. the process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce D. the process by which Charles Darwin noted the differences among finches on the Galápagos Islands 3. What do fossils provide evidence for? A. the history of life in the geologic past B. why species became extinct in the past C. developmental patterns of living organisms D. the genetic similarities between living and extinct organisms 4. What is an adaptation? A. a group of organisms that can mate to produce fertile offspring B. a process by which inherited traits in a population change over generations C. a process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce D. a trait that improves chances of survival and reproduction for a group of individuals in a population 5. Within a population, variation increases the likelihood that some individuals will be able to survive if the environment changes. Which of the following causes variations within a population? A. changes in extinction rates B. changes in the genetic material C. changes in the breeding rate D. changes in the environment 6. What is a species? A. a group of organisms that can reproduce and have fertile offspring B. the process by which inherited traits in a population change over generations C. the process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce D. a characteristic that improves the ability of individuals in a population to survive and reproduce

2 ANSWER QUESTIONS 7. AND 8. using the cladogram below. Cladograms are diagrams that can be used to show evolutionary relationships between different species. The diagram below is a cladogram of four plant groups. 7. According to the diagram, which pair of groups diverged most recently? A. conifers and ferns B. conifers and mosses C. flowering plants and ferns D. flowering plants and conifers 8. Which of these conclusions can you reach after studying this cladogram? A. The species at point A is more ancient than the species at point B. B. Point B represents the common ancestor of ferns, conifers, and flowering plants. C. The common ancestor of all of the groups of plants except mosses is represented by point C. D. The closest relatives of mosses are the flowering plants and the most distant relatives of the mosses are the ferns. 9. Which of these best describes the tiny leg bones that some whales have, which do not aid in their movement or serve any other function? A. Structures that grows and improves in function as they are used B. Structures that function at certain times of the year or under certain conditions C. Structures that will become adaptations when the environment changes D. Structures that have lost all or most of their function over evolutionary time 10. What is a population? A. a process where better-adapted individuals are more likely to survive & reproduce B. a group of organisms that can mate to produce fertile offspring C. a group of organisms of the same species that live in a defined geographical area D. a process by which inherited traits in a population change over many generations 11. Which of these statements is most likely true of two species that share a recent common ancestor? A. The two species have different developmental patterns. B. The two species share DNA sequences. C. The two species have similar arms and legs. D. The ancestors of each species looked very different.

3 12. A scientist is studying the DNA of three species. Species A and species B have DNA that is 97% similar. Species C and species A have DNA that is 95% similar. What can the scientist conclude? A. Species B is equally related to both species A and species C. B. Species B has a closer evolutionary relationship with species C than it does with species A. C. Species A has a closer evolutionary relationship with species B than it does with species C. D. Species A has a closer evolutionary relationship with species C than it does with species B. 13. Which of these cases provides embryological evidence that two species share a common ancestor? A. two species with very similar DNA B. two species with different body structures C. two species with different structures that have similar functions D. two different species with similar patterns of early development 14. Individuals within a population have slightly different traits, called variations. How do variations improve the likelihood that a population will survive? A. Variation enables individuals to produce offspring that will survive into adulthood. B. Variation enables the population to create new genes, which help individuals survive a significant change in their environment. C. Variation provides the raw material upon which natural selection acts in a population. D. Variation enables individuals who are very different from the rest of the population to reproduce more successfully. 15. Which of these scenarios is an example of natural selection? A. Farmers crossbreed two types of cows to produce a breed of cow that has highquality beef and can tolerate a hot climate. B. Giraffes that have longer necks survive a dry season by eating leaves from the tops of trees. Those giraffes breed more successfully that year. C. Dogs of the same breed that have a desirable coat color are bred with one another to produce more puppies with that same coat color. D. People kill rattlesnakes that rattle when approached by humans are killed, but people do no kill rattlesnakes that remain silent. The quiet snakes survive and breed. 16. Which of the following best describes a population? A. all of the mammals in Africa B. all of the Masai giraffes in Africa C. all of the mammals in the northern Masai Mara park in Kenya D. all of the Masai giraffes in the northern Masai Mara park in Kenya

4 ANSWER QUESTIONS 17. AND 18. using the diagram below which shows the changes over time in a population of mice in the wild after a population of hawks has moved into their environment. The white and dark mice differ only in color. 17. Which statement is the most likely explanation for why the mouse population changed over time? A. The hawks eat more dark mice than white mice because the dark mice taste better. B. The white mice are able to reproduce more successfully than the dark mice do. C. The hawks eat more white mice than dark mice because they can see the white mice more easily. D. The hawks eat more dark mice than white mice, because they can see the dark mice more easily. 18. Which part of natural selection is best shown over the 3 steps in this diagram? A. selective breeding B. overproduction C. selection D. variation 19. Which of these answers best describes a fossil? A. thick layers of rock B. organism from which other organisms are descended C. body of an organism that died recently but has not decomposed D. remains of a once-living organism found in layers of rock, ice, or amber 20. Kathy is studying adaptations in tropical fish. Which of the following is not an adaptation to prevent predators from eating a fish? A. camouflage B. a spiny tail C. the ability to change direction quickly D. a sucker-like mouth 21. Which of the following is an example of a species? A. birds B. birds of prey C. owls D. spotted owl

5 22. Mr. Van listed the following four topics on the board. 1. relationships between extinct and living organisms 2. ancestors of living organisms 3. ways that groups of species are related 4. genetic similarities and differences between extinct and modern-day species For which of these topics does the fossil record provide evidence? A. 1 only B. 1 and 2 C. 1, 2, and 3 D. 1, 2, 3, and Which of these statements best explains how structures that are reduced in size and function provide evidence for evolution? A. They provide evidence that organisms can improve the functions of their organs over time. B. They are found only in extinct organisms, thus providing evidence that an organism must evolve to survive. C. They are similar to organs in other species but serve different functions, thus providing evidence that species are closely related. D. They are reduced in size and function in living organisms compared to the organisms ancestors, thus providing evidence that organisms change over time. 24. Which of these statements is true about DNA and evolution? A. 2 species that have the same DNA provide evidence that evolution has taken place. B. Two species with very similar DNA likely evolved from a common ancestor. C. Each living species has DNA made from different ingredients, showing that organisms have evolved. D. DNA from related species is identical, providing evidence that all organisms have evolved in the same way. 25. The picture below shows the rock layers in one part of the Grand Canyon. Based on the law of superposition, what is the order of these rock layers, from oldest to youngest? A. 1, 2, 3, 4 B. 2, 1, 4, 3 C. 3, 4, 1, 2 D. 4, 3, 2, 1

6 26. What materials does radiometric dating use to determine the age of objects? A. fossils B. isotopes C. tree rings D. rock layers 27. What is the approximate age of Earth? A. 4.6 billion years B. 4.6 million years C. 46,000 years D. 4,600 years 28. Which of these is an example of the way a geologist would use relative dating? A. determining the minerals that make up rocks B. placing rock layers in order of oldest to youngest C. classifying rocks as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic D. using radioactive isotopes to determine the exact age of rock samples 29. Which of the following events can produce an earthquake? A. the force of tsunamis in the oceans B. a sudden release of energy from the mantle C. movement of tectonic plates along a fault D. the violent shaking of sections of the lithosphere 30. Israel observed a bolt of lightning during a storm as shown in the figure below. Which of the following forms of energy does a bolt of lightning produce? A. light B. mechanical C. nuclear D. potential

7 31. Ms. Lewis is a chemist mixing two solutions together. A chemical reaction takes place, and the solution becomes warm. Which statement best describes what has happened? A. Energy has been created in the form of thermal energy. B. Energy has been transformed from one form to another. C. More energy has been created than has been destroyed. D. The chemical energy of the solution has been destroyed. 32. Which of the following is a way to gather empirical evidence? A. conduct research on the Internet and in textbooks B. gather opinions from classmates, teachers, and scientists C. make first-person observations during an experiment D. read reports from other experiments that have some of the same variables as your experiments 33. The innermost physical layers of Earth are the inner core and outer core. Which two metals are the inner and outer core mostly made of? A. lead & iron B. iron & nickel C. lead & mercury D. nickel & mercury 34. Feng shines a thin beam of light onto a prism. The light contains wavelengths of red, violet, green, and yellow light. The diagram below shows how the four colors of light bend in different amounts and travel through the prism. Which of the wavelengths is color 4? A. red light B. violet light C. green light D. yellow light Use PEQUITA to answer the following questions. 35. Scientists recently discovered the fossils of a dinosaur adapted for a warm climate frozen in the Antarctic ice. What can you conclude about Antarctic s climate? 36. Explain why igneous rocks are usually the best types of rock for radiometric dating. 37. Identify and describe an example of natural selection. 38. How do scientists use DNA to provide evidence for evolution? 39. Describe how an adaptation may have allowed giraffes to survive in the savannah ecosystem.

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