STONE. What is Dimension Stone? 3/23/17
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1 3/23/17 What is Dimension Stone? STONE A rock material that has been harvested from its in-situ position in the earth and cut, machined, and finished to a specified size & shape with alteration of the interior fabric of the rock. Origin, Composition, & Properties Presented by: Chuck Muehlbauer Technical Director MIA + BSI 1 Igneous Stone Igneous: (Born of Fire) Scientific vs. Industry? Stone Industry: Veined Granite Geologists: Gneiss Stone Industry: Homogenous Granite Geologists: Granite Physical Geology Exploring the Earth 4th Edition, James S. Monroe & Reed Wicander, Figure 1.17, Page 20 1
2 3/23/17 Metamorphic Stone Sedimentary Stone Limestone, Sandstone, Travertine & Onyx Metamorphic: (Changed in Structure) Gneiss Quartzite Slate Marble Gneiss made from granite or a sedimentary stone Quartzite made from quartz sandstone Slate - made from shale or siltstone Marble made from limestone Composition of Stone There are more than 3,000 different minerals on earth Only about a dozen make up the vast majority of dimensional stone Quartz, Feldspar, Mica, Calcite, Garnet, Iron, Copper, Magnesium, etc. Composition What Stone Is Made Of Two general categories: Silicates (glass) Calcium Carbonate (sea shells) Acid resistant Acid sensitive Very hard & durable Softer & less durable Examples Granite Gneiss Sandstone Slate Quartzite Schist Examples Limestone Travertine Marble Onyx 2
3 Determining Composition Acid Sensitivity Calcium Carbonates are acid sensitive Silicates are not acid sensitive Mineral Hardness The Granite is not scratched by steel, Marble is! Acid Sensitivity No Acid Sensitivity Scratch test Mohs Picks Friedrich Mohs German Mineralogist Mohs Scale of Relative Hardness Published in
4 10 Diamond 9 Corundum 8 Topaz 7 Quartz 4
5 Orthoclase (Feldspar) 5 Apatite 4 Fluorite 3 Calcite 5
6 2 Gypsum 1 Talc Mohs Scale of RELATIVE Hardness 10 Diamond 9 Corundum 8 Topaz 7 Quartz 6 Orthoclase 5 Apatite 4 Fluorite 3 Calcite 2 Gypsum 1 Talc 10 Diamond 9 Corundum, Ruby 8 Topaz, Aluminum Oxide 7 Quartz 6½ Hardened Steel File, Pyrite 6 Orthoclase/Feldspar 5½ Pocketknife Blade, Window Glass 5 Apatite 4 to 5 Iron 4 to 4½ Platinum 4 Fluorite, Iron Nail 3½ Copper Penny 3 Calcite 2½ to 3 2½ Gold, Silver Fingernail 2 Gypsum 1 Talc, Baby Powder 6
7 Hardness of Minerals Absolute Hardness of Minerals Mohs (Relative) Mineral Sclerometer (Absolute) 10 Diamond Corundum Topaz Quartz Orthoclase 72 5 Apatite 48 4 Fluorite 21 3 Calcite 9 2 Gypsum 2 1 Talc Talc Gypsum Calcite Fluorite Apatite Orthoclase Quartz Topaz Corundum Diamond The Silicate Family Silicates (glass) Acid resistant Hard & durable Examples 1 - Granite 2 Gneiss 3 Sandstone 4 Slate 5 Quartzite 6 Schist Granite Granite is an intrusive igneous stone Formed from the cooling and crystallization of magma (molten rock) deep inside the earths crust The slower magma cools the larger the mineral crystals become 7
8 This is Not where granite comes from! Extrusive igneous rock is formed here! Quartzite Quartzite is a Metamorphic stone It does not show light and dark banding or crystal structure Derived from quartz sandstone Sandstone The Processing of Sandstone Sandstone is a sedimentary rock that can be made up of any mineral particle between 1 / 16 & 2 mm in size Quartz sandstone is the most common type of sandstone and made up of beach sand Sandstone is a product of decomposed granite When exposed to metamorphism (heating and pressure) Sandstone may become quartzite 8
9 The Creation of Slate The Layers of Slate Slate is a very fine-grained metamorphic rock that commonly exhibits layering and usually splits easily along bedding planes Slate is created from silt deposited in lakes and lagoons Slate is the result of low-grade metamorphism of shale, or more rarely, volcanic ash Slate exhibits layers called cleft Soapstone Soapstone is a sedimentary silicate stone Formed from compressed Talc - not acid sensitive It s Mohs hardness ranges from 1-3 It can sometimes be scratched with a fingernail Has excellent heat retention properties The Calcium Carbonate Family Acid sensitive Softer then Granite Examples 1 Limestone 2 Marble 3 Travertine 4 Onyx
10 The Creation of Limestone Limestone forms in the ocean Limestone Varieties Organisms such as plankton, corals and shell fish extract calcium carbonate from sea water As these organisms die their structures pile up on the ocean floor sometimes exhibiting fossilized shells These layers can be compressed and heated under hundreds or even thousands of feet of rock The Creation of Travertine Travertine Formations Acidic groundwater dissolves Limestone, transports it underground where it may be returned to the surface by way of a geothermal (hot) spring Voids are caused by gas bubbles migrating up through the hot springs as the calcium carbonate is being deposited 10
11 Quarrying NOMENCLATURE Vein Cut Travertine Processing Cross Cut Rift Vein Cut Fleuri Cut Onyx the cold Marble Onyx (growth rings) Onyx is created when dissolved calcium carbonate is deposited in a very cold environment such as deep caverns Stalactites and Stalagmites grow slowly from the inside out, forming growth rings like icicles Onyx is EXTREMELY acid sensitive 11
12 The Creation of Marble True marble is created when limestone is compressed by overlaying rock layers and subjected to heat from inside the earth Norwegian Rose and White Carrara This causes a metamorphic process or a change in structure Calcium Carbonate changes to Calcite True marble is acid sensitive just as limestone, travertine and onyx Serpentine the Other Marble Serpentine is sometimes referred to as a marble by the stone industry Serpentine However it is not geologically classified as a marble It is composed of metamorphosed volcanic ash It s composition is silicate, not a calcium carbonate Serpentine Warps in the presence of water 12
13 MEASURING PHYSICAL & MECHANICAL ASTM DOCUMENTS ASTM International Standards (Specifications) Guides Procedures PROPERTIES ASTM COMMITTEE C18 ASTM Committee C18 on Dimension Stone Executive Committee C18.90 Chairman, Vice-Chairman, Secretary, Subcommittee Chairs Subcommittee C18.01 Test Methods Subcommittee C18.03 Specifications Subcommittee C18.06 Attachments Subcommittee C18.07 Environmental Subcommittee C18.08 Stone Selection Subcommittee C18.91 Nomenclature 51 ASTM Guides for Dimension Stone C 119 Nomenclature C 1242 Stone Anchorage C1496 Assessment & Maintenance of Exterior Dimension Stone Masonry Walls and Facades C 1515 Cleaning of Exterior Stone C 1528 Stone Selection C 1721 Petrographic Examination C 1799 Test Specimen Sampling & Prep 52 13
14 ASTM Standard Test Methods for Dimension Stones C 97 Absorption & Density C 99 Modulus of Rupture C 170 Compressive Strength C 241 Abrasion Resistance C1353 Abrasion Resistance by Taber Abraser ASTM Standard Test Methods for Dimension Stones (cont d) C 880 Flexural Strength C 1028 Static Coefficient of Friction (Withdrawn) C 1201 Structural Performance of Stone Cladding C 1352 Flexural Modulus of Elasticity C 1354 Individual Stone Anchorages ASTM Standard Specifications for Dimension Stone Types C 503 Standard Specification for MARBLE Dimension Stone C 568 Standard Specification for LIMESTONE Dimension Stone C 615 Standard Specification for GRANITE Dimension Stone C 616 Standard Specification for QUARTZ-BASED Dimension Stone C 629 Standard Specification for SLATE Dimension Stone C 1526 Standard Specification for SERPENTINE Dimension Stone C 1527 Standard Specification for TRAVERTINE Dimension Stone Testing and Properties ABSORPTION The amount of water taken on by the stone when in a saturated condition Expressed as the percentage of weight difference between the saturated and dry conditions Ref: ASTM C
15 Testing and Properties DENSITY Testing and Properties ASTM C 97 The unit weight of the stone Expressed as kg/m 3 or lbs/ft 3 Ref: ASTM C ANISOTROPY (RIFT) ANISOTROPY (RIFT)
16 Compressive Stress C170 Compressive Strength A Stone with a Density of lbs/ft 3 would weigh 1 / 10 of a pound per cubic inch Therefore, a column of solid stone that measured 15,833-4 high (3 miles) would create a compressive stress of 19,000 lbs/in² at the bottom of the column 62 Testing and Properties COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH The failure stress when the stone sample is loaded under uniaxial compression, reported as MPa or lbs/in² (Ref: ASTM C170) ASTM C 241 or.. Abrasion Resistance
17 Abrasion Resistance Petrography ASTM C 1721 ASTM C Testing and Properties BENDING STRENGTH BENDING - C99 The flexural breaking stress of a stone sample under a bending load Expressed as lbs/in² or MPa Ref: ASTM C 880, or C
18 3/23/17 Testing and Properties BENDING C880 BENDING STRENGTH TESTS C 99 Modulus of Rupture C 880 Flexural Strength Testing and Properties C 880 FLEXURAL STRENGTH TEST 18
19 C 880 Flexural Strength Test l C 99 Modulus of Rupture Test l FRICTION TESTING l / 4 l / 4 l / 2 l / 2 Load Load R 1 R 2 d Load R 1 R 2 d Coefficient of Friction Static versus Dynamic DCOF AcuTest MOMENT MOMENT Adopted March 2012 by ANSI Committee A108 for Ceramic Tile Uses the BOT 3000 Data Currently Under Study to Evaluate Reliability/Repeatability in Natural Stone Products SHEAR SHEAR FRICTION TESTING Testing and Properties ANCHOR STRENGTH Total load upon failure of the anchor/stone connection during uniform and smooth force application Expressed in N or lbs Ref: ASTM C
20 3/23/17 Standard Performance Minimum for Adhesive Mortars Testing and Properties ASTM C 1354 ANCHOR TEST 350 kpa When Tested in Shear per ASTM C Full Panel Test C 1201 Tensile Strength
21 Structural Performance of Exterior Dimension Stone Cladding Systems by Uniform Static Air Pressure Difference (ASTM-C 1201) Questions Discussion Chuck Muehlbauer MIA + BSI Tel: (320) Mobile: (320) cmuehlbauer@marble-institute.com 83 21
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