Use of GIS & Remote Sensing in Multi-Temporal Change analysis of Chas-Bokaro, Jharkhand in VHR data

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1 Use of GIS & Remote Sensing in Multi-Temporal Change analysis of Chas-Bokaro, Jharkhand in VHR data Gaurav Sahni 1, Satish Kumar 2, Ravish Kumar 3 1, 2, Amity Institute of Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India 3 Jharkhand Space Application Centre Abstract: This study detects important changes in the Municipal region of Chas and parts of Bokaro. The complete study helps in analyzing and change detection of Land use and Land cover of 2006 and 2012 with the very high-resolution satellite data. Attempts are done on the scale of 1:1,500 in overall key factors of Geodatabase and various changes have occurred. The population increase in the area leads to a huge increase in built-up area and a drastic decrease in agriculture area of Chas. The result obtained from this work gave the Multi-Temporal aspects and the differences in the change pattern of LU/LC of both the areas. In achieving the Land Consumption rate and Land Usage percentage of the VHR data is used to detect the Quantitative Assessment of the observed changes. For the evaluation of the study, two VHR satellite data are being used, i.e., of Worldview- II (1.5 m) merged with high spatial resolution data (0.46 m) for 2012 and of Quick bird (0.65 m) for This particular study has been validated by ground survey and the use of Topology editing tools of Arc GIS, the quality assessment shows that the spatial accuracy of the classes is relatively high. This work can be suggested to the planners and policy makers for better management of the area. About the Author: Mr. Gaurav Sahni A Geoinformatics student pursuing Masters in Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing from Amity University (UP), completed a bachelor's degree of arts in Geography (H.) from University of Delhi. Present Research Interest lies in Urban Hydrology & Water Resource Management and its application in context to modeling. id:1gauravsahni92@gmail.com Contact: /1 Key Words: Remote Sensing, GIS, Change Detection. Page 1 of 8

2 Introduction The use of GIS and Remote Sensing techniques are proving its potential and finding or digging out new approaches, scopes and techniques along with its integration to different branches because of its synoptic view from space, now this is making the man is of worth by doing new techniques and exploring. This present work explains the importance with its own output with the use of Very High Resolution (VHR) satellite data, i.e., Quick Bird and World View-2 merged with pan, by providing the opportunity to obtain information at urban scales for large areas. As Land use and Land cover is a very Basic technique for any further work, but it acts as Jack of all. Urban Developers works very efficiently and correctly so as for this Remote Sensing and techniques of GIS acts as the raw material to this work, as the population is growing rapidly everywhere accepts the 5 th stage counties fall in the Demographic Transition Model (DTM), they require up-to-date information for the painstaking work that leads to the overall development and growth. The outcome of land use and land cover of any region/area shows the Natural (endogenic), Socio-economic and Human changes (exogenic) those are being occurring in any area that is because of the above reasons. Due to this above process and change that occurred during the period of 06 years, indirectly it calculates and shows the growth with its pattern of that area leads to the growth (positive or may be negative). Land cover refers to the physical and the endogenic status of the land covers with the distribution of vegetation, water, soil and other physical features of the land, including those created solely by human activities e.g., settlements. While land use refers the way of utilization of the land by human habitat, economic and social activities i.e., schools, societies, industries. Land use affects land cover and changes in land cover affect land use. Changes in the land cover by land use do not necessarily imply degradation of the land (Rawat.J and Kumar.M, 2015). As the use of VHR satellite data; it gives the very wide source of information and scopes to see and extracts the useful multi-temporal data. This helps in extracting the urban sprawl and its growth direction with the reduction of another attribute for the reason of an increase in urban land. Fig: 1 Image of study area Chas-Bokaro District of Jharkhand Page 2 of 8

3 Data Use 1. REMOTE SENSING DATA To study the Urban Change Analysis of Municipal Boundaries of Chas and parts of Bokaro, High Multi- Spectral Data and Spatial Data is being used to find out the characteristics of the area and the minute changes in context to study of the Multi-Temporal Change Analysis. For 2006 Quick Bird Image is used and for the 2012 Image World-View 2 commercial VHR Data is used. 2. GEOGRAPHIC DATA As a Base & supplementary to the Remote sensing and to improve the quality with accuracy of the work, different types of geographic data is used such as; the large scale topographic map, Guide Map, GCP s and other information. Study Area Bokaro is a district of Indian state Jharkhand, as the population start grows in Bokaro as the hub of iron and steel leads to Bokaro Steel Plant, than its southern part was divided in Chas. The Municipalities are different for both districts. The coordinates of Chas is o N o E and of Bokaro is o N o E, located in North-Eastern Part of India.Geographically, this area is a Plateau, which is situated at the elevation of about 210m and geologically this area is rich in Coal and Iron Ore. Bokaro and Chas is divided by the River Ghagra a tributary of Ganga River. Methodology OBJECTIVES FOR LAND USE / LAND COVER MAP PROCESSING AND DATA MERGING INITIAL LAND USE /LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION RECONNAISANCE SURVEY PRE FIELD INTERPRETATION EDITING IN PREVIOUS LANDUSE/LANDCOVER MAP FIELD VISIT / SURVEY FOR THE FINAL CHECK UP POST UPDATION & PRODUCTION OF LAND USE/LAND COVER MAPS CHANGE DETECTION BY VISIUAL ANALYSIS CHANGE PREDICTION FOR PLANNING, MANAGEMENT Fig: 2 Cartographic Methods of Making the Maps Page 3 of 8

4 The following methodology is being used in obtaining the land use and land cover Map of Built-up and Agriculture on the data of World view-2 and Quick bird for 2012 and 2006 respectively, which provides the very high spatial resolution data for the extraction of the changes for the period of 2006 to 2012, i.e., of 06 years. Land use, land cover is one of the oldest and a unique method which is available to us and it gives us the most important results, although the visual interpretation in which the interpretation keys are being used for the output and helps to detect the changes which are being made by the changes of time and endogenic and exogenic forces of the earth. As the migration to the Chas and Bokaro region is very high due to the Bokaro-steel plant and it gives employment which directly results to the migration and increase in the buildup and it drastically decreases the agriculture of the south-eastern part of Chas, and is making urban sprawl. Results & Discussions The results which are being taken out through the Multi-temporal change analysis through two satellite data explained above. The complete study is being done on 1:1500 scales as it is VHR satellite data, so the complete interpretation is done on the Base Map Fig.3 which includes the Road Network and the water body of the region for the traveling purpose. As on the Base Map and toposheet with guide map, field survey is being done with Global Positioning System (GPS) and Field ObservationMap Fig.4, which includes Ground Control Points (GCP s). Through this study, we got to know the land use and land cover pattern and the distribution with its growing pattern of the Bokaro what the citizens and municipality have faced and managed. Previously the scenario, what the other district Chas has followed from Bokaro in 2012 due to the Bokaro Steel Plant which leads to higher income and development, migration to Bokaro and its outskirts that became Chas due to the Steel Plant and the development of Bokaro and Chas became the wholesale market hub. Fig: 3 Base Map of the study area Fig: 4 Map of GCP s of the study area Page 4 of 8

5 Built-up Land Due to the migration pattern of the district as it became one of the most developed and industrial zones of the Jharkhand in Iron ore and raw material, people have migrated to Bokaro and Chas which shows the distribution pattern of the Urban/Built-up area has increased from 25% to 29% of total land, percentage wise shown in Fig.14 and Fig.15, Multi-temporal Built-up maps shown in Fig., 5 and 6, for the following year wise 2012 and 2006 respectively. In the study, we also find out the area is now urbanized and it also follows an urban sprawl i.e., in Chas and Bokaro beyond the Municipal Boundary. Fig: 5 Built-up Map of Chas-Bokaro, 2012 Fig: 6 Built-up Map of Chas-Bokaro, 2006 As the above two maps explain the land distribution of the study area through visual interpretation, In Fig.7 and Fig.8 graph explains the statistical distribution of the Built-up area of 2012 and 2006 respectively, Which explains the Overall changes that has been shown in the graph i.e., from hectare to hectares of land has increased by 04% during the chosen time period. Fig: 7 Statistical Frequency distribution of 2012 Fig: 8 Statistical Frequency distribution of 2006 Page 5 of 8

6 Agricultural Land Due to migration and increase of land use pattern in Urban/Built-up as people are migrating to Chas and Bokaro in search of employment and better livelihood, previously this complete area was also mainly utilized for agriculture because of Ganga flood plain leads to the fertile alluvial soil. As people are migrating that leads to the increase in Built-up and decrease in agricultural land which is from 15% to 10% of the total land percentage wise data is shown Fig.14 and Fig.15, Multi-temporal Agricultural Maps are in Fig.9 and Fig.10 of 2012 and of 2006 respectively. Fig: 9 Agricultural Map of Chas-Bokaro, 2012 Fig: 10 Agricultural Map of Chas-Bokaro, 2006 As explained above about the maps, Fig.11 and Fig.12 explains the graph of Overall Change, i.e., from hectares to hectares of land that have decreased by 05% during the chosen time period, it also shows the distribution and the utilization pattern which is changing through various factors explained above in this change detection. A statistical frequency distribution shows the changes that have taken out from this Frequency distribution technique. Fig: 11 Statistical Frequency Distribution of 2012 Fig: 12 Statistical Frequency Distribution of 2006 Page 6 of 8

7 As ESRI is working in this field from decades and is still showing its importance by developing numbers of tools and techniques in this field of Remote Sensing and GIS individually. By the use ESRI (Environmental Systems Research Institute) product Arc Map in Arc GIS 9.3 we are able to check or inspect our output with the Topology tool to remove the Dangles and Errors like overshoot, undershoot and doubling of Features that can occur during digitization in this study. As after running topology the output is error free and don t have any issues on its accuracy level. Fig: 13 Error Inspector option of Topology, Arc GIS Conclusion As remote sensing have showed its immense importance by the use of VHR data and GIS by the analysis in a Multitemporal aspect. The overall changes which we have found, is decrease in Chas area in the South-East direction and it is now converting into Built-up areas and people are selling their agricultural fields and new construction and societies are being developed in the areas, and this area is now getting developed mainly due to Bokaro Steel Plant. The Urban/Builtup area of Chas and Bokaro has noticeable enlarge, from the analysis we can clearly see the increase in Built-up land by 04% in the chosen period of 6 years Whereas Agricultural areas has decreased due to the increase in Urban/Built-up land and the Migration of people towards city is relatively high and increasing day by day in search of better livelihood and Employment, the change in agricultural pattern i.e., decrease by 05% in the chosen time. Results and complete study can be further study and utilize to see the overall growth pattern of the area in all spheres and urban sprawl. Fig: 14 Land use trend in Chas-Bokaro (in %) Fig: 15 Land use trend in Chas-Bokaro (in %) Acknowledgement I would like to express my gratitude to my dept., AIGIRS and JSAC for the masterly guidance and for helping in data and techniques. I thank my internal guide Dr. Prafull Singh and I also acknowledge two seniors of my dept., Mr. Abhishek Banarjee (Ph.D. Scholar, Amity University), and Mr. Ankit Gupta(SRF, ICAR-IISWC, Vasad) for promoting and helping me during the paper. Last but not the least my family and friends who motivated me to work and study. Page 7 of 8

8 References 1. Remote Sensing Applications by NRSC (Chapter 2: Land use and Land cover analysis) 2. Principles of Remote Sensing by JENSEN (c 2009 by ITC, Enschede, Netherlands) 3. Remote Sensing of the Environment by J R JENSEN (c 2007, Pearson Education Inc.) 4. Chas Report of Rajiv Awas Yojna (Slum Area Mapping, by JSAC) 5. Project Report of Zubair, Ayodeji Opeyemi, Dept. of Geography in University of Ibadan, October Frauman e.1 and Wolff e.², March 2006, change detection in urban areas using very high spatial resolution satellite images: acase study in Brussels, 1st Earsel Workshop of the Sig Urban Remote Sensing Humboldt-University of Berlin. 7. Kiran. V, October 2013,Change Detection In Landuse/Landcover Using Remote Sensing & G.I.S Techniques: A Case Study of Mahananda Catchment, West Bengal, International Journal of Research in Management Studies (IJRMS), Vol. 2, No. 2, pp Rawat & Kumar. M, 2015.The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Sciences, 18, pp Ibrahim Rizk Hegazy a, Mosbeh Rashed Kaloop b, International Journal of Sustainable Built Environment (2015) 4, pp Shen Ping, Zhang Jing, Zhenghua Su, 2011, Procedia Environmental Sciences 10, pp Adeniyi P.O and Omojola A. (1999) Land Use Landcover change evaluation in Sokoto Rima Basin of North Western Nigeria based on Archival of the Environment (AARSE) on Geoinformation Technology Applications for Resource and Environmental Management in Africa. pp Pandy.C and Nathawat. M, Land Use Land Cover Mapping Through Digital Image Processing of Satellite Data A case study from Panchkula, Ambala and Yamunanagar Districts, Haryana State, India. 13. Evaluation of change detection techniques for monitoring land-cover changes: A case study in new Burg El-Arab area 14. Majumder.B , Land use & landcover change detection study at sukinda valley using Remote Sensing & GIS, Department of Mining Engineering, NIT, Rourkela [online]. Accessed on 07 th August 2015, 13: [online]. Accessed on 07 th August 2015, 13: World View-2:Datasheet Available at Accessed on 04 th July2015, 10: Quick Bird:Datasheet Available at Accessed on 18 th September 2015, 18:57. Page 8 of 8