South Portland 2014 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Inventory

Transcription

1 South Portland 2014 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions Inventory December 2016 Prepared for the City of South Portland, Maine by the Greater Portland Council of Governments 1

2 Contents Background and Overview... 3 Tools & Methodology... 4 Methodology Differences... 6 Summary 2014 GHG Emissions... 8 Comparison of 2007 and 2014 Emissions Operational & Infrastructure Changes Conclusion - Has South Portland Met Its Goal? Appendices:

3 Background and Overview In 2007, the City of South Portland signed the U.S. Mayors Climate Protection Agreement. This agreement called for the City to focus on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through programs that provide economic and quality of life benefits such as reduced energy bills in residential, commercial and public buildings, green space preservation, air quality improvements, reduced traffic congestion, improved transportation choices, and economic development and job creation through energy conservation and new energy technologies. 1 The Mayor s Agreement set the specific goal of reducing GHG emissions 17 percent by The City established a three-phased approach to climate action, targeting this reduction in municipal operations first as phase I, with phases II and III to subsequently focus on commercial/industrial and residential emissions. With its focus set, the City took two key steps in pursuit of its goal: first to inventory and benchmark municipal GHG emissions, and second, to identify actions to reduce these emissions. In 2011, the City completed its first GHG Emissions Inventory using 2007 data. That initial inventory established a baseline measure of GHG emissions for South Portland municipal operations and would be used to measure future changes in emissions. The 2011 inventory measured emissions of three greenhouse gases: Carbon Dioxide (CO 2), Nitrous Oxide (N 2O) and Methane (CH 4) and showed that municipal operations resulted in 10,100 metric tons of GHG emissions from buildings, facilities and vehicles. In order to reach the goal of reducing emissions 17 percent by 2017, the City needed to cut at least 1,700 metric tons of GHG emissions. The City aimed to meet or exceed this goal by implementing 25 actions laid out in its Municipal Climate Action Plan, which was adopted by City Council in The actions identified in this plan focused on: using energy more efficiently to keep municipal operating costs low; harnessing renewable energy to power City buildings; enhancing access to sustainable transportation modes; recycling local waste in order to keep dollars in the local economy; supporting local green jobs; and improving community quality of life. 2 The purpose of this report is to present updated municipal GHG emissions data for 2014 to assess the City s progress in reducing its emissions. Overall, this report answers two questions: 1) Did the City of South Portland s municipal operations use more or less energy in 2014 than in 2007? and 2) Did the City meet its goal of reducing GHG emissions 17 percent by 2017? A companion to this report is the MCAP Status Update, which outlines progress on the 25 actions identified in the MCAP. Taken together, these two reports present a complete picture of the city s progress toward its emissions reduction goal. 1 Summarized from letter written by City Manager Jim Gailey to introduce the Climate Action Plan to the City Council on ( 2 Ibid. 3

4 Tools & Methodology The focus of this report is municipal operations of the City only. It does not encompass residential, commercial, or industrial energy use. The City used the ICLEI USA ClearPath Pro online energy and emissions management software and the Local Government Operations Protocol (LGO Protocol) to develop this 2016 GHG inventory update report. The LGO Protocol provides detailed guidance on: accounting for emissions from the buildings, facilities and vehicles operated by a local government; 3 defining organizational and operational boundaries of the inventory and assigning the scope of accounting. The 2016 GHG Emissions Inventory uses the same organizational boundary operational control as the 2011 inventory. Operational control means the municipal government of South Portland accounts for 100 percent of the GHG emissions from operations over which it has operational control. It does not account for GHG emissions from operations in which it owns an interest but has no operational control. As defined by the LGO Protocol, a local government has operational control when it wholly owns an operation, facility, or source and/or has the full authority to introduce and implement its operating policies at the operation. 4 GHG emissions under the City s operational control come from multiple sources of energy used to fuel and power its buildings, infrastructure, and operations. For the purpose of GHG accounting and reporting, these emissions are organized into boundaries and scopes. Direct emissions are emissions from within the City s organizational boundary that come from the following sources: Stationary Combustion: burning of #2 oil, natural gas, propane or kerosene in City owned boilers, furnaces or heaters and in wastewater pump stations and generators. Mobile Combustion: burning of gasoline and diesel in City owned automobiles, trucks, buses and other mobile equipment. Fugitive Emissions: intentional and unintentional emissions from wastewater treatment and leaks in equipment joints, seals associated with transmission, storage and use of fuels. Indirect emissions are emissions that occur outside the City s organizational boundary but are the result of activities taking place within the City s organizational boundary. For example, emissions that occur at a remote power plant as a result of electricity purchased for municipal use represent one type of indirect emissions. Another type of indirect emissions comes from sources and activities related to municipal operations, but that take place outside the organizational boundary such as employee commuting, business travel, and waste disposal LGO Protocol Version General Reporting Protocol for the Voluntary Reporting Program January

5 Scope 1 emissions are direct emissions from stationary combustion sources (boilers, furnaces, wastewater pump stations and generators), emissions from mobile combustion sources (gasoline and diesel for the transit and vehicle fleet) and nitrous oxide (N 2O) emissions from the wastewater treatment plant. Scope 2 emissions are indirect emissions associated with the consumption of purchased electricity. This includes municipal electricity use associated with buildings, wastewater pump stations, street lights and traffic signals, and some water delivery for municipal purposes. 5 Scope 3 emissions are all other indirect emissions. These emissions come from sources over which the City does not have operational control and include emissions from Portland Water District facilities (water delivery) and ecomaine facilities (solid waste disposal). The 2016 GHG update report includes scope 1 and scope 2 emissions only. These are direct and indirect emissions that occur within the organizational boundary of the GHG inventory and over which South Portland municipal government has operational control. Scope 3 emissions were not included in this inventory because these are emissions from sources over which the City does not have operational control. The City Sustainability Office compiled energy use data 6 for municipal buildings, facilities, operations and vehicles under the City s operational control. These data are organized according to the following 5 sectors as outlined under the LGO Protocol: Buildings, Wastewater, Vehicle Fleet, Lights & Traffic Signals, and Transit Fleet. GPCOG then used the ClearPath software to process the municipal energy use data in order to determine emissions of the following greenhouse gases: CO 2: Carbon Dioxide; N 2O: Nitrous Oxide; CH 4: Methane. To simplify the data output, the LGO Protocol suggests that all GHGs be accounted for and reported in metric tons of CO 2 equivalent (CO 2e). 7 Converting emissions from non-co 2 gases to units of CO 2e allows GHGs to be compared on a common basis (i.e. on the ability of each GHG to trap heat in the atmosphere). Non-CO 2 gases are converted to CO 2e using internationally recognized Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors. GWPs were developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to represent the heat-trapping ability of each GHG relative to that of CO 2. The GWP values used in this report are from the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5 2014), and represent the warming potential of these gases averaged over a 100 year timespan. For example, one metric ton of N 2O has 265 times more ability to trap heat in the atmosphere than one metric ton of carbon dioxide, so the program multiplies the mass of N 2O emitted by 265 (the emissions factor for N 2O) to obtain the CO 2 equivalent value. One metric ton of CH 4 has 28 times more ability to 5 Water delivery for municipal purposes is included in scope 2 emissions because it accounts for electricity usage for irrigation pumps at Wainwright Field and the golf course as well as minimal usage for the Mill Creek Park fountain pump. 6 Energy use data is presented in British Thermal Units (BTUs) either thousand (kbtu) or million (MMBTU) to allow for the direct comparison of electricity and different fuels based on their individual energy content. 7 LGO Protocol Version General Reporting Protocol for the Voluntary Reporting Program January

6 trap heat in the atmosphere than one metric ton of CO 2. CO 2e provides a useful measure of greenhouse gas emissions because it incorporates all greenhouse gases into a single, uniform unit. In this report, greenhouse gas emissions are expressed in terms of either metric tons or kilograms of CO 2e. Methodology Differences Important differences between the first GHG Emissions Inventory and this update, in how data was collected, analyzed and displayed, are outlined below. - Emissions and Energy Use Analysis Software Change For the 2011 inventory (using 2007 data), the City used ICLEI USA s Clean Air-Climate Protection downloadable software. For the 2016 inventory (using 2014 data), the City used the ICLEI USA ClearPath Pro online energy and emissions management software. Both tools follow The Climate Registry s Local Government Operations (LGO) Protocol and approach energy use and emissions estimation in similar ways, differing primarily in terms of user interface. - Data Collection 2014 municipal energy use data is both more accurate and comprehensive compared to 2007 data. The initial GHG emissions inventory process revealed gaps and inconsistencies in municipal energy use data collection which prompted the City to improve its energy tracking (see Action #1 in the Municipal Climate Action Plan). This included pulling electricity usage and costs for all City accounts off CMP bills and maintaining this data in a detailed spreadsheet. The school department also began detailed energy tracking for heating, electricity and water in school buildings. Some departments began keeping their own records, and the Planning & Development Office went a step further to input their data into EPA s EnergyStar Portfolio Manager. - In 2015, the City established the Sustainability Office and hired its first Sustainability Coordinator (see Action #3 in the Municipal Climate Action Plan). Because the Sustainability Coordinator has greater access to billing, a close working relationship with City staff, and a more in-depth understanding of City buildings and operations, the Office has been able to collect more accurate and up to date municipal energy use data, which it manages in a comprehensive building energy database. - The City did not scrutinize or recalculate any energy data that was collected and reported in the 2007 GHG Emissions Inventory. This would have required significant time and resources. Instead, this report explains differences between 2007 and 2014 data and identifies changes that may be attributed to increases and decreases in energy use and emissions. Staff s focus is on improving energy data collection and analysis going forward. - Water Delivery and Port Facilities Sectors Combined into Buildings Sector - Emissions for municipal Water Delivery and Port Facilities are attributed to the use of electricity. These emissions are quite small relative to the other municipal sectors in the inventory therefore for simplicity s sake, these sectors have been included in the Buildings: Electricity sector of the 2016 inventory instead of as individual sectors as they were in the 2011 inventory report. Municipal 6

7 Water Delivery accounted for electricity used for irrigation pumps located at Wainwright Field and the municipal golf course as well as for the fountain pump at Mill Creek Park pond. (Energy use associated with water delivery by Portland Water District is considered Scope 3 and not included in this report.) Municipal Port Facilities accounted for electricity used at Thomas Knight Park, the Pier at Knightville Landing, the Portland Street Pier and the boat ramps at Madison Street. For more detailed information about these sectors please refer to the 2007 GHG Emissions Report. - Emissions Factors Both the 2011 and 2016 GHG emissions inventories use the EPA egrid default emissions factors to determine emissions from municipal electricity consumption. Between 2011 and 2016, this emissions factor decreased from lbs. CO 2/MWh of electricity in New England to lbs. CO 2/MWh of electricity in New England. This considerable decrease is most likely primarily due to the transition from coal to cleaner-burning natural gas for electricity generation in New England, as well as an increase in the use of low-carbon, renewable sources (such as hydropower, wind, solar and biomass) over the last decade. 8 This change in emissions factors resulted in a dramatic decrease in emissions associated with electricity consumption in South Portland municipal operations from 2007 to Weather Differences between 2007 and 2014 Energy use and emissions are often influenced by the weather each year colder winters require more energy consumption to heat buildings, just as hotter summers require more energy to cool them. An analysis of Heating Degree Days and Cooling Degree Days for given years enables a quantitative comparison of the differences in weather between these years. Heating Degree Days (HDD) is a measurement designed to estimate the demand for energy needed to heat a building in the winter (or cool a building in the summer, in the case of Cooling Degree Days (CDD)). HDD represents the difference between the ideal interior building temperature (usually 65 F) and the average outdoor temperature for a particular day. Annual HDD values represent the total of all the individual HDD values for each day in the year. When the average outdoor daily temperature is lower than the interior building temperature, heating is generally required. Thus, larger HDD totals generally correlate with colder winters and increased heating demand, while larger CDD totals generally correlate with hotter summers and increased cooling demand. Table 1: Heating and Cooling Degree Days for Portland Maine % Change Heating Degree Days (HDD) 7,268 7,112-2% Cooling Degree Days (CDD) % 8 J.R Killigrew, ICLEI USA Local Governments for Sustainability - Personal Communication May 4 th, Location: Portland International Jetport weather station. Source: download from 7

8 These data suggest that while winter 2014 was slightly warmer than 2007, heating needs during the 2007 and 2014 cold seasons generally didn t differ considerably. However, the summer of 2007 was a significantly warmer summer than 2014, making it likely that there may have been a greater need for building cooling during the summer of 2007 as compared to While this weather data has not been used to scale or normalize the 2007 and 2014 energy consumption results against each other, it is helpful for identifying the amount to which weather during those two years may have contributed to differences in the results. - Changes to Building Inventory Municipal building and facility square footage increased by 23 percent overall between 2007 and This was the result of the addition of square footage as part of a major renovation of South Portland High School and a loss of square footage resulting from the decommissioning of underutilized facilities. For some buildings, square footage data was updated to reflect all conditioned spaces using data from the South Portland Assessor s database (see Changes in Building & Facility Square Footage section below for a more detailed explanation). Summary 2014 GHG Emissions This municipal GHG emissions inventory is divided into five* main sectors: Buildings: Emissions resulting from energy use in municipal buildings, broken down by energy source (type of fuel) and end use (Heat & Hot Water vs. Electricity). Wastewater: Emissions resulting from wastewater facility energy use, as well as emissions from the treatment process. Vehicle Fleet: Emissions resulting from fuel use by City-owned vehicles. Lights and Traffic Signals: Emissions resulting from electricity use for street and traffic lights. Transit Fleet: Emissions resulting from fuel use by City owned-and-operated South Portland Bus Service transit buses. * Water Delivery & Port Facilities sectors from 2007 inventory have been combined into the Buildings sector in this inventory report. Energy costs, consumption, and CO 2 equivalent emissions are summarized for each of these five sectors in the following table. 8

9 Table 2: 2014 Cost, Energy Use and Emissions 2014 Costs 2014 Energy Use 2014 Emissions Sector $ % MMBTU % Metric Tons CO 2e Buildings: Heat & Hot Water $638, , , Buildings: Electricity $607, , , Total Buildings $1,245, , , Wastewater $364, , , Vehicle Fleet $535, , , Lights & Traffic Signals $350, , Transit Fleet $150, , Total $2,647, , , % Figure 1: Total 2014 energy consumed (MMBTU) and emissions produced (CO 2e) by energy source from all sectors of South Portland municipal operations. Numbers above bars indicate the percentage of total energy consumed (dark green) and emissions produced (light green) for each type of energy source. 9

10 When total municipal energy use in South Portland is examined across all sectors (Figure 1, previous), it is evident that natural gas, electricity, diesel and gasoline were the four major energy sources used in the City (Figure 2). Note that electricity made up 31 percent of the City s energy use, and 39 percent of its emissions this discrepancy is due to inefficiencies in electricity generation, transmission and distribution, which give it a high emissions-intensity (emissions produced per unit of energy consumed) as compared to other energy sources. In contrast, natural gas accounted for 37 percent of the City s total energy use, and only 28 percent of its emissions, demonstrating that its emissions-intensity is relatively low. Comparison of 2007 and 2014 Emissions Between 2007 and 2014, South Portland reduced overall energy costs by 13 percent, energy use by 3 percent and associated emissions by 23 percent (for an annual savings of 2,331 metric tons of CO 2e in 2014) Emissions (metric tons CO 2e) 2014 Emissions (metric tons CO 2e) Figure 2: Comparison of total 2007 and 2014 emissions produced (CO 2e), by energy source from all sectors of South Portland municipal operations. Emissions from Building Heat & Hot Water usage decreased as a portion of total emissions from 2007 to 2014, as did emissions associated with Wastewater treatment (Figure 2, above). In contrast, the portion of emissions due to South Portland s Vehicle and Transit Fleets increased over this same period. Table 3 on the following page summarizes the energy cost, consumption, and CO 2 equivalent emissions for each sector from 2007 to The percentage difference between the two years is also included. Potential explanations of the observed changes are included in the following section. 10

11 Table 3: Comparison of 2007 vs 2014 Energy Costs, Energy Use and Emissions Energy Costs ($) Sector Buildings: Heat & Hot Water Buildings: Electricity Total Buildings % Change Energy Use (MMBTU) % Change Emissions (Metric Tons CO2e) % Change $894,294 $638, ,539 44, ,767 2, $797,731 $607, ,767 19, ,209 1, $1,692,025 $1,245, ,306 64, ,975 4, Wastewater $399,040 $364, ,454 11, ,834 1, Vehicle Fleet $446,292 $535, ,086 23, ,380 1, Lights & Traffic Signals $357,526 $350, ,993 4, Transit Fleet $143,877 $150, ,603 6, Total $3,038,760 $2,647, , , ,095 7, Operational & Infrastructure Changes Since 2007, South Portland has implemented numerous changes to its facilities, fleet, infrastructure, and operations, many of which have contributed to the changes in energy use and emissions between 2007 and The following section provides an overview of how these changes likely impacted emissions for each sector. Buildings - Energy use reduced by 11% and emissions reduced by 31% between 2007 and There was an overall reduction of both energy use (heating/hot water and electricity) and emissions for municipal buildings in Separately, energy use for heating and hot water decreased by 18 percent while electricity consumption increased by nearly 10 percent (see Appendix A for detailed building energy data). The increase in electricity consumption and simultaneous decrease in electricity emissions is likely the result of changes in emissions factors discussed above fewer pounds of CO 2 emitted per kwh of electricity used. The general decrease in energy and emissions confirms that there was an improvement in building efficiency (in terms of energy use) and a move toward cleaner sources of energy (in terms of emissions). Changes in Building & Facility Square Footage 11

12 Overall municipal building and facility square footage increased by 23 percent (net increase of 193,984 sq. ft.) between 2007 and 2014 (see Table 4 on the following page). A major renovation and update of South Portland High School on Highland Ave increased its square footage from 189,349 ft 2 in 2007 to 307,192 ft 2 in 2014, almost doubling its size. Yet total energy use for the High School decreased slightly, and emissions were also reduced, suggesting that the energy efficiency of the expanded building was increased during renovations and contributed dramatically to the observed building energy and emissions savings in There were many improvements in the new building that contributed to this, including: a change from #2 heating oil to high efficiency natural gas which increased the efficiency and lowered heating costs; the addition of solar thermal heating for domestic water; the addition of radiant floor heat and improvements to the building enclosure so that the insulation and windows had a higher insulating R value than the old walls. Lastly, lighting was made more efficient. In addition to these improvements, the school did not fully open until January of 2015, so the pattern of use likely was quite different in A number of small, lightly-used facilities have been decommissioned by the City. These include the Armory, Maine Military Museum, Ferry Village Fire Station, Public Works former engineer s building (currently used for storage) and the Wilkinson Function Hall. The decommissioning of these buildings meant that the City no longer had to electrify or heat them, helping to reduce the overall energy use and emissions of the City s facilities, as well as the average energy use and emissions per square foot of the City s facilities (referred to as Energy Intensity, and Emissions Intensity see Table 4, following page). The City also discontinued its lease of the South Portland Planning Department s stand-alone building and relocated the department to the former Hamlin School facility. Staff corrected the square footage for the Main Library, Public Safety facility, and Public Works Admin & Garage Bay 1 facilities, to reflect all conditioned spaces. Square footages are listed in Appendix A, according to data taken from the Assessor s Online Database. Energy Performance and Efficiency Improvements In 2011, the City entered into a building energy performance contract with an energy service company (ESCO). Facility improvements made under the performance contract likely contributed dramatically to the observed building energy and emissions savings in The ESCO performed walk-through audits and energy use analyses of many of the City s buildings, and implemented energy efficiency upgrades which were financed by the anticipated energy cost savings once the upgrades were in place. Improvements included lighting retrofits to most City buildings, including occupancy sensors, building envelope improvements to many City buildings (such as weather stripping, joint sealing, and targeted insulation), conversion of City Hall and the South Portland Community Center from heating oil to natural gas, and other various actions. 10 In total, these upgrades were guaranteed to save over 400,000 kwh of 10 For a complete list of energy upgrades included in the performance contract, see 12

13 electricity (1,365 MMBTU), over 27,000 gallons of fuel oil (3,726 MMBTU), over 1,400 gallons of propane (130 MMBTU), and roughly $115,000 in energy costs annually. 11 The South Portland School Department decommissioned a number of desktop computers, computer servers, and printers, while adding ipad tablets and laptop computers. Increase in Renewable Energy Use An 18 kw electricity-generating solar photovoltaic (PV) array was installed on the roof of the Planning Department and Assessor s Office at the old Hamlin School facility in This array provides netmetered electricity that helps offset electricity consumption for that facility and the Assessor s Office. The installation reduced the City s grid-electricity needs by nearly 23,000 kwh (78 MMBTU) and emissions by 10 metric tons in For additional details on energy use in City buildings, see the table in Appendix A, which compares the energy use and emissions of individual City buildings between 2007 and Table 4: 2007 vs 2014 Facility Square Footage, Emissions and Energy Use Intensities Change Total Municipal Facility Square Footage 826,965 1,020,949 23% Total Municipal Facility Energy Use(MMBTU) 72,306 64,162-11% Energy Intensity (MMBTU/1,000 SF) % Total Municipal Facility Emissions 5,975 4,115-31% Emissions Intensity (MT CO2e/1,000 SF) % *Municipal facilities include buildings and water resources, but not wastewater facilities. As shown in Table 4, South Portland realized an 11 percent reduction in facility energy use, and a 31 percent reduction in corresponding emissions, while the overall municipal building and facility square footage increased by 23 percent. As a result, the average energy intensity of the City s municipal buildings and facilities decreased by 28 percent, and the emissions intensity decreased by 44 percent. These figures, when considered along with the improvements to facility infrastructure and equipment described above provide additional evidence that the overall efficiency of South Portland s facilities have improved since Performance Contracting Agreement between City of South Portland and Siemens Industry, Inc. PUBLIC Custom version, *Note - The energy savings from these improvements were not directly tracked or verified under the current 2014 inventory update. 12 SoPo Solar, LLC Solar Power Purchase Agreement Annual Report (Y2) ReVision Energy. August 3,

14 Wastewater Energy use reduced by 4% and emissions reduced by 37% between 2007 and Emissions associated with South Portland s wastewater treatment plant can be broken down into two main categories a) emissions produced from the energy consumed to power and heat the wastewater facilities used to treat the wastewater; and b) emissions produced from the treatment processes of the wastewater itself. Improvements made to the City s wastewater treatment facilities and processes resulted in considerable decreases in emissions from both of these categories. Upgrades & conservation measures Between 2007 and 2014, the City completed a number of facility upgrades and established conservation measures at the wastewater treatment plant. These measures include: Conversion of aeration basins from mechanical aerators to fine bubble diffusers in a 2 stage project that occurred in 2006 and This reduced facility electricity consumption by approximately 40 percent. Control systems upgrades for all 28 city owned pump stations allowed for greater control of pump start and stops which resulted in more efficient pumping of wastewater. Replacement of the treatment plant heating system oil boiler with a more energy efficient natural gas boiler system. These and other improvements resulted in a reduction of electrical load at the wastewater facilities from close to 3 megawatts down to less than 2 megawatts. 13 There was also a 66 percent decrease in wastewater treatment process Nitrous Oxide (N 2O) emissions relative to This decrease was likely due to a combination of process improvements that have been made at the facility (such as the utilization of Contact Stabilization and Low Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Tanks in the processing of wastewater) as well as greater scrutiny of nitrogen levels during processing. Increased nitrogen level scrutiny also enabled more precise estimation of N 2O emissions associated with wastewater treatment. Vehicle Fleet Energy use and emissions both increased by 21% between 2007 and A total of 190 vehicles were included in the 2007 base year inventory, compared to 214 vehicles in This apparent increase in fleet size (24 vehicles, 13 percent) may help explain the 21 percent increase in vehicle fleet energy use and emissions (Table 3, previous). The City has taken some initial steps to improve the overall fuel economy of its fleet. Most significantly, the City added two fully-electric Nissan Leaf sedans to its fleet in November Paul M. Collins, Water Resource Protection Treatment Systems Manager, City of South Portland - Personal Communication April 13 th,

15 While the City does track individual fuel consumption for many of the vehicles in the fleet, the current tracking system is not comprehensive, and does not clearly link to the City s vehicle inventory list. Similarly, comprehensive and reliable Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT) data was not available for either 2007 or 2014, so it is not known whether average per-vehicle mileage or fuel economy has changed. Improved tracking and data integration in the future would enable more meaningful and actionable assessments of the City s vehicle fleet energy use and emissions. Lights & Traffic Signals Energy use increased by 0.5% and emissions reduced by 30% between 2007 and There are a total of 1,744 streetlights and 40 traffic-signalized intersections that are operated by the City. While there was a minor (0.5 percent) increase in overall energy use by Lights & Traffic Signals in 2014, there was a dramatic decrease in emissions (-31 percent). This is due to the updated EPA egrid emissions factors for electricity described earlier in this report. Transit Fleet Energy use increased by 20% and emissions increased by 21% between 2007 and A total of 10 transit vehicles were included in the 2007 base year inventory, compared to 10 vehicles in The percent increase in transit fleet energy use and emissions is likely due primarily to increased transit service in 2014 compared to 2007, in the form of additional bus frequency, longer service hours and associated VMT increases. Specifically, the South Portland Bus Service added eight-hours of daily service frequency on their Route 24B to the Maine Mall in 2010, and in 2014 added eight-hours of daily service frequency to their Route 21, as well as six-hours of additional daily service frequency to their Route 24A. These changes, while resulting in a slight increase to the City s overall energy use and emissions, have improved the viability of the City s transit service as an alternative to personal vehicle use, and should help to decrease City-wide energy use and emissions from personal vehicles. Conclusion - Has South Portland Met Its Goal? The City of South Portland intended to meet or exceed the goal of 17 percent emissions reduction by 2017 as set forth in the City s Municipal Climate Action Plan. The Action Plan also states that the inventory will be updated regularly in order to form the basis for further reduction goals. Based on the results of this inventory, the City achieved a 3 percent reduction in overall energy use since 2007, while simultaneously realizing a 23 percent reduction in overall emissions. This means that the City has not only achieved its 17 percent emissions reduction goal, but actually exceeded it, reaching the goal three years in advance of the initial deadline of While the City has made considerable strides in 15

16 improving the efficiency of its operations and transitioning to cleaner energy, external factors such as emissions reductions associated with the regional electricity grid and differences in weather between 2007 and 2014 likely played a considerable role in reducing overall emissions. As noted in the Methodology section, numerous differences exist between the 2007 and 2014 inventories most notably improved record-keeping and data collection in 2014 relative to 2007, as well as a dramatic decrease in emissions associated with electricity consumption in the New England power supply. Recognition of these differences is important when interpreting the results of this inventory, and highlights the many challenges involved with assessing current conditions and comparing them to past results. A certain degree of difference is inherent to follow-up inventories (especially ones that span more than a couple years between updates), and thus should not be used to undermine the validity of the overall results. While some of the significant emissions reductions that the City has seen since 2007 can be attributed to factors outside of its control, the City s efforts to improve efficiency and reduce emissions should not be minimized. This shows that action at the regional, state and local levels can be mutually beneficial and could lead to significantly greater reductions in emissions over time. Greater focus on energy use and ongoing improvements in the way that the City collects and analyzes data will lead to further improvements in efficiency, reductions of emissions and cost savings. This in turn will allow the City to continue to expand its climate action efforts by expanding programs that provide economic and quality of life benefits to the entire South Portland Community. As noted in the City s Climate Action Plan, the basis of this updated inventory, and the savings realized since 2007, may be used to inform the deliberation and adoption of future emissions reduction goals. Appendices: Appendix A: Building-Specific Fuel and Energy Use, Emissions, and Square Footage, 2007 vs 2014 Appendix B - Buildings and Facilities Inventory Record (This table has detailed energy consumption and emissions for all sectors, 2014) 16

17 Appendix A - Building-Specific Fuel and Energy Use, Emissions, and Square Footage, 2007 vs Change Building Name Square Footage Fuel Type Energy Output GHG Emissions (eco 2 ) Square Footage Fuel Type Energy Output GHG Emissions (eco2) % Change in Energy Use (MMBTUs) % Change in GHG Emissions (eco2) Armory 24,904 Electricity ,904 Electricity % Amory (Elec) 24,904 Total ,904 Total % 1 13% Assessing 1,444 Natural Gas ,444 Natural Gas % 1,444 Electricity ,444 Electricity % Assessing (Elec, Natgas) 1,444 Total ,444 Total % -18% Bus Service, Garage 6,251 Natural Gas ,251 Natural Gas % 6,251 Electricity ,251 Electricity % Bus Service, Garage (Elec, NatGas) 6,251 Total ,251 Total % 2-7% Bus Service, Office 480 Kerosene Kerosene % 480 Electricity Electricity % Bus Service, Office (Elec, Kero) 480 Total Total % 3-47% City Hall 8,500 # ,750 # ,500 Natural Gas ,750 Natural Gas ,500 Heat Total ,750 Heat Total % 8,500 Electricity ,750 Electricity % City Hall (Elec, #2 > NatGas) 8,500 Total 1, ,750 Total 1, % -37% Fire Dept, Cash Corner/Front 7,250 # ,250 # % 7,250 Electricity ,250 Electricity % Fire Dept, Cash Corner/Front (Elec, #2) 7,250 Total ,250 Total % -1% Fire Dept, Cash Corner/Rear 896 Propane Propane % 896 Electricity Electricity % Fire Dept, Cash Corner/Rear (Elec, Prop) 896 Total Total % 4-31% Fire Dept, Central 14,288 #2 1, ,288 # ,288 Natural Gas ,288 Natural Gas 1, ,288 Heat Total 1, ,288 Heat Total 1, % 14,288 Electricity ,288 Electricity % Fire Dept, Central (Elec, #2 > NatGas) 14,288 Total 1, ,288 Total 1, % -24% Fire Dept, Ferry Village Station 1,760 # ,760 # % 1,760 Natural Gas ,760 Natural Gas % 1,760 Electricity ,760 Electricity % 1,760 Total ,760 Total % -100% Fire Dept, Thornton Heights 1,628 # ,628 # ,628 Propane ,628 Propane ,628 Heat Total ,628 Heat Total % 1,628 Electricity ,628 Electricity % Fire Dept, Thornton Heights (Elec, #2 > Prop) 1,628 Total ,628 Total % -29% Fire Dept, West End Station 10,698 Natural Gas ,698 Natural Gas % 10,698 Electricity ,698 Electricity % Fire Dept, West End Station (Elec, NatGas) 10,698 Total 1, ,698 Total 1, % 5-6%

18 Change Building Name Square Footage Fuel Type Energy Output GHG Emissions (eco 2 ) Square Footage Fuel Type Energy Output GHG Emissions (eco2) % Change in Energy Use (MMBTUs) % Change in GHG Emissions (eco2) Fire Dept, Willard Square Station 4,576 # ,576 # ,576 Natural Gas ,576 Natural Gas ,576 Heat Total ,576 Heat Total % 4,576 Electricity ,576 Electricity % Fire Dept, Willard Square Station (Elec, #2 > NatGas) 4,576 Total ,576 Total % 6-7% Golf Course Maint. Bldng 1,664 Electricity ,664 Electricity % 1,664 Propane ,664 Propane % Golf Course Maint. Bldng (Elec, Prop) 1,664 Total ,664 Total % 7 162% Library, Branch, Wescott & Golf Course Club House 4,642 Propane ,650 Propane % 4,642 Electricity ,650 Electricity % Library, Branch, Wescott & Golf Course Club House (Elec, Pro 4,642 Total ,650 Total % 8-64% Library, Public, Broadway 12,300 # ,600 # ,300 Natural Gas ,600 Natural Gas ,300 Waste Oil ,600 Waste Oil ,300 Heat Total ,600 Heat Total % 12,300 Electricity ,600 Electricity % Library, Public, Broadway (Elec, #2 > NatGas, Waste Oil) 12,300 Total ,600 Total % 9-39% Maine Military Museum 704 # # % 704 Electricity Electricity % 704 Total Total % -100% Parks, Greenhouse 960 # # % 960 Electricity Electricity % Parks, Greenhouse (Elec, #2) 960 Total Total % 10-24% Parks, Maintenance Bldng 2,800 # ,800 # % 2,800 Electricity ,800 Electricity % Parks, Maintenance Bldng (Elec, #2) 2,800 Total ,800 Total % 11-26% Parks, Mill Creek Park Pumphouse N/A Electricity N/A Electricity % Parks, Mill Creek Park Pumphouse (Elec) N/A Total N/A Total % 12-76% Parks, Wainwright Field, Community Bldng 2,504 Propane ,504 Propane % 2,504 Electricity ,504 Electricity % Parks, Wainwright Field, Community Bldng (Elec, Prop) 2,504 Total ,504 Total % 13-11% Parks, Willard Beach Beach House 1,408 Electricity ,408 Electricity % Parks, Willard Beach Beach House (Elec) 1,408 Total ,408 Total % -32% Planning & Development 4,546 Natural Gas ,546 Natural Gas % 4,546 Electricity ,546 Electricity % 4,546 Total ,546 Total % -100% Schools, Hamlin > Planning & Development 7,858 #2 1, ,416 # ,858 Natural Gas ,416 Natural Gas ,858 Heat Total 1, ,416 Heat Total % 7,858 Electricity ,416 Electricity % Schools, Hamlin > Planning & Development (Elec, #2 > NatGa 7,858 Total 1, ,416 Total % 14-46%

19 Change Building Name Square Footage Fuel Type Energy Output GHG Emissions (eco 2 ) Square Footage Fuel Type Energy Output GHG Emissions (eco2) % Change in Energy Use (MMBTUs) % Change in GHG Emissions (eco2) Police Electricity 6,161 Electricity ,322 Electricity % Public Safety (Police/Fire Admin) Electricity 6,814 Electricity ,628 Electricity % 6,814 Electricity ,628 Electricity % 12,975 Electricty Total 1, ,950 Electricity Total % Police & Public Safety Heat 12,975 #2 1, ,950 #2 1, % Police & Public Safety (Police/Fire Admin) (Elec, #2) 12,975 Total 2, ,950 Total 2, % -55% Police, Garage 1,000 # ,600 # % 1,600 Electricity ,600 Electricity % Police, Garage (Elec, #2) 1,600 Total Total % 15-38% Public Works, Admin Office & Garage Bay 1 6,600 # ,600 # ,600 Natural Gas ,600 Natural Gas Public Works, Garage Bay 2 4,800 Natural Gas ,800 Natural Gas Public Works, Admin Office & Garage Bays 1 & 2 11,400 Heat Total 1, ,400 Heat Total 1, % Public Works, Admin Office & Garage Bays 1 & 2 11,400 Electricity ,400 Electricity % Public Works, Admin Office & Garage Bays 1 & 2 (Elec, #2 > N 11,400 Total 1, ,400 Total 1, % -25% Public Works, Dugout & Sign Shop 4,262 # ,990 # % 4,262 Electricity ,990 Electricity % Public Works, Dugout & Sign Shop (Elec, #2) 4,262 Total ,990 Total % -16% Public Works, Engineer's Bldg 1,664 # ,664 # % 1,664 Electricity ,664 Electricity % Public Works, Engineer's Bldg (Elec, #2) 1,664 Total ,664 Total % -68% Public Works, Salt Shed 5,026 Electricity ,026 Electricity % Public Works, Salt Shed (Elec) 5,026 Total ,026 Total % 16 89% Public Works, Transfer Station Entrance Shed 400 Electricity Electricity % 400 Propane Propane % Public Works, Transfer Station Entrance Shed (Elec, Prop) 400 Total Total % 17 6% Recreation, Community Center 49,888 Natural Gas 1, ,888 Natural Gas 1, % 49,888 Electricity 1, ,888 Electricity % 49,888 Total 2, ,888 Total 2, % -29% Recreation, Pool 3,690 #2 3, ,690 # ,690 Natural Gas ,690 Natural Gas 3, ,690 Heat Total 3, ,690 Heat Total 3, % -38% Recreation, Community Center & Pool (Elec, #2 > NatGas) 53,578 Total 6, ,578 Total 6, % -34% Recreation, Redbank Gym 11,674 Natural Gas ,050 Natural Gas % 11,674 Electricity ,050 Electricity % Recreation, Redbank Gym (Elec, NatGas) 11,674 Total ,050 Total % 18-38% Recreation, Wilkinson Function Hall 2,748 # ,748 # % 2,748 Electricity ,748 Electricity % 2,748 Total ,748 Total % -100% Schools, Brown 31,774 Natural Gas 2, ,276 Natural Gas 2, % 31,774 Electricity ,276 Electricity % Schools, Brown (Elec, NatGas) 31,774 Total 3, ,276 Total 2, % -23%

20 Change Building Name Square Footage Fuel Type Energy Output GHG Emissions (eco 2 ) Square Footage Fuel Type Energy Output GHG Emissions (eco2) % Change in Energy Use (MMBTUs) % Change in GHG Emissions (eco2) Schools, Dyer 29,278 Natural Gas 1, ,278 Natural Gas 1, % 29,278 Electricity ,278 Electricity % Schools, Dyer (Elec, NatGas) 29,278 Total 2, ,278 Total 2, % -29% Schools, Kaler 30,728 Natural Gas 1, ,274 Natural Gas 1, % 30,728 Electricity ,274 Electricity % Schools, Kaler (Elec, NatGas) 30,728 Total 1, ,274 Total 1, % -21% Schools, Mahoney 62,060 #2 3, ,090 # ,060 Natural Gas ,090 Natural Gas 2, ,060 Heat Total 3, ,090 Heat Total 2, % 62,060 Electricity ,090 Electricity % Schools, Mahoney (Elec, #2 > NatGas) 62,060 Total 4, ,090 Total 3, % -44% Schools, Memorial 77,074 #2 8, # ,074 Natural Gas ,074 Natural Gas 6, ,074 Heat Total 8, ,074 Heat Total 6, % 77,074 Electricity 1, ,074 Electricity 1, % School, Memorial (Elec, #2 > NatGas) 77,074 Total 10, ,074 Total 8, % -43% Schools, School Bus Building 6,925 # ,925 # ,925 Kerosene ,925 Kerosene ,925 Propane ,925 Propane ,925 Heat Total 1, ,925 Heat Total % 42,528 Electricity ,528 Electricity % Schools, School Bus Building (Elec, #2, Kero > Prop) 42,528 Total 2, ,528 Total 1, % -40% Schools, Skillin 50,290 #2 2, ,290 # ,290 Natural Gas ,290 Natural Gas 2, ,290 Heat Total 2, ,290 Heat Total 2, % 50,290 Electricity ,290 Electricity % Schools, Skillin (Elec, #2 > NatGas) 50,290 Total 3, ,290 Total 2, % -40% Schools, Small 30,728 Natural Gas 1, ,274 Natural Gas 1, ,728 Propane - 36,274 Propane ,728 Heat Total 1, ,274 Heat Total 1, % 30,728 Electricity ,274 Electricity % Schools, Small (Elec, NatGas, Prop) 30,728 Total 2, ,274 Total 2, % 19-22% Schools, SPHS, Robotics (One Clsrm Prgrm Bldng) 1,920 # ,920 # % 1,920 Total ,920 Total % -100% Schools, SPHS 189,349 #2 13, ,192 # ,349 Natural Gas ,192 Natural Gas 10, ,349 Heat Total 13, ,192 Heat Total 10, % 189,349 Electricity 4, ,192 Electricity 7, % Schools, SPHS (Elec, #2 > NatGas) 189,349 Total 18, , ,192 Total 17, % 20-22% Water Resources, Office 1,360 Propane ,360 Propane % 1,360 Electricity ,360 Electricity Water Resources, Office (Elec, Prop) 1,360 Total ,360 Total % 21 14%

21 Change Building Name Square Footage Fuel Type Energy Output GHG Emissions (eco 2 ) Square Footage Fuel Type Energy Output GHG Emissions (eco2) % Change in Energy Use (MMBTUs) % Change in GHG Emissions (eco2) Water Resources, Sewer Maint. Garage 2,600 Propane ,600 Propane % 2,600 Electricity ,600 Electricity % Water Resources, Sewer Maint. Garage (Elec, Prop) 2,600 Total ,600 Total % 22-20% KEY: Greenish-brown shaded rows indicate decommissioned buildings Several buildings have multiple meters or multiple heating fuels. These were included and are shaded darker. NOTES: 1. The increase in electricity may be due to the Fire Department, who moved their vehicle maintenance facility into the Amory during non-occupancy. 2. The decrease in electricity may be due to more operations, equipment, and lighting upgrades. 3. The decrease in both heat and electricity may be due to more efficient equipment. One of two heaters was replaced, as was the refrigerator and fax/copy machine. IT equipment is also located on this meter and there were likely upgardes during this period. 4. The reason heating increased while electricity decreased may have been that call company for engine 3 was merged with another company so the space was not used as much. Likely lights were turned off but heat was left on. 5. The increase in heating was likely due to an inefficent and problematic dual pipe HVAC system that was providing both heat and AC. The kinks have since been worked out. 6. This station was not used as much in 2014, so likely lights were turned off but heating not turned down. 7. The building was expanded in 2006/2007 to include two heated bays. The heat may have started post 2007 or not been recorded. 8. This building was partially closed in 2014 for bridge renovation. Also, the rooftop unit was replaced and a programmable thermostat was added, saving both heat and electricty. 9. The decrease in electricity may be due to lighting upgrades implemented through the energy performance contract. There were also changes in building hours which may have affected heat and electricity. Lastly, the amount of waste oil was estimated by the Library Director and may be overstated. 10. The decrease in heating is likely because this is the year the City's landscaper left her position and the greenhosue was not used for winter crops. 11. The decrease in both heat and electricity may be due to the replacement of the furnace with a newer more efficient model and fewer employees working in this building. 12. During 2014, the park and fountain shut down for upgrade and replacement of fountain, which was not turned on at all in The increase in heating is likely because the building was not used very much in 2007 but by 2014 it was manned with staff doing maintentance. 14. A rooftop solar array was added in The decrease in heating is likely due to the installation of a waste oil burner. 16. The reason for the large increase in electricity is unkown. 17. The increase is due to the addition of propane heat. 18. The reason for the large decrease in electricity is unkown. 19. The addition of propane was for two portable classrooms. 20. The increase in electricity was due to the increase in sqare footage added in the 2013 renovation. The decrease in heat was likely due to more efficient systems and the addition of solar thermal heating. 21. This building was built in Not sure why heat registered but not electricity. 22. The reason for the decrease in heat and electricity is unkown.