The Long Shadows of Spanish and French Colonial Education. Horst Feldmann. Appendix A. List of variables

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1 1 Supplementary Information for The Long Shadows of Spanish and French Colonial Education Horst Feldmann Kyklos, Vol. 69 (2016), No. 1 Average years of schooling Average years of schooling females Appendix A. List of variables Average years of schooling attained for aged 25 years and older Barro and Lee Average years of schooling attained for female aged 25 years and older Barro and Lee Death rate Number of deaths per 100 people World Bank Eastern religions Ethnic fractionalization Female net secondary Decimal fraction of the adhering to an Eastern religion (Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism, Shinto, Taoism, Jainism and Confucianism). Because the data are available at five-year intervals only, the author of this paper has filled the gaps by linear interpolation. One minus the Herfindahl index of ethnic group shares, reflecting the probability that two randomly selected individuals from a belong to different groups. The definition of ethnicity involves a combination of racial and linguistic characteristics. The s reflect the judgments of ethnologists and anthropologists on the appropriate definition of ethnicity. Girls of official school age for secondary education enrolled in school as a percentage of girls of this school age Maoz and, Alesina et al. (2003) World Bank

2 2 Female primary Female secondary Former British colony Former French colony Former Spanish colony GDP growth rate Girls enrolled in primary education, regardless of age, as a percentage of girls in the age group that officially corresponds to this level of education. Girls enrolled in secondary education, regardless of age, as a percentage of girls in the age group that officially corresponds to this level of education. Dummy variable that takes the value one if the respective country is a former British overseas colony. Former British settler colonies that enjoyed broad privileges of home rule are excluded (Australia, Canada, Israel, New Zealand and United States) World Bank World Bank Author s Dummy variable that takes the value one if the respective country is a former French overseas colony Author s Dummy variable that takes the value one if the respective country is a former Spanish overseas colony Author s Annual growth rate of real GDP; decimal fraction IMF, World Bank GDP per capita Expenditure side real GDP per capita at chained purchasing power parity rates, in tens of thousands of 2005 US dollars Feenstra et al., Inflation rate Annual change in the consumer price index; decimal fraction IMF, World Bank Landlocked Dummy variable that takes the value 1 if a country has no coastal territory on an ocean or on a sea linked to an ocean Author s Latitude The absolute value of the latitude of the country s capital city, scaled to take values between 0 and La Porta et al. (1999) Life expectancy Life expectancy at birth in years World Bank

3 3 Muslim Decimal fraction of the adhering to Islam. Because the data are available at five-year intervals only, the author of this paper has filled the gaps by linear interpolation. Natural disasters Total number of persons affected by natural disasters as a decimal fraction of the. Natural disasters include climate-related disasters (e.g., storms, floods and droughts), geological disasters (e.g., earthquakes, volcanic eruptions) and biological disasters (e.g., epidemics, insect infestations). For a disaster to be counted, it needs to meet at least one of the following criteria: 10 or more people reported killed, 100 or more people reported otherwise affected, a state of emergency was declared or a call for international assistance was issued. Total number of persons affected includes those killed, injured, homeless or requiring immediate assistance. Navigable water Share of land area within 100 km of an ocean or ocean-navigable river, excluding coastline above the winter extent of sea ice and the rivers that flow to this coastline. Net secondary Children of official school age for secondary education enrolled in school as a percentage of the of this school age Maoz and, Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters - CRED, World Bank, Center for International Development (2001) World Bank Openness Sum of exports and imports of goods and services as a decimal fraction of GDP World Bank Physical capital stock Physical investment Real physical capital stock at constant 2005 national prices, in trillion 2005 US dollars Feenstra et al. Gross capital formation as a decimal fraction of GDP. It consists of outlays on additions to the fixed assets of the economy plus net changes in the level of inventories World Bank

4 4 Political rights & civil liberties Population ages 0-14 Population ages 65+ Population growth rate Primary Private credit Protestant Public spending on education Religious fractionalization Average of political rights and civil liberties ratings. Political rights include the right to form political parties, to compete for public office and to elect representatives who have a decisive vote on public policies. Civil liberties include religious, ethnic, economic, linguistic, gender and family rights, personal freedoms and freedom of the press, belief and association. The index, which is based on surveys among analysts and academics, is scaled to range from 0 to 1, with higher values representing more political rights and civil liberties (or more respect for or more protection of political rights and civil liberties) Freedom House, Population between the ages 0 to 14 years as a percentage of the total World Bank Population ages 65 years and older as a percentage of the total World Bank Annual percentage growth rate of the World Bank Children enrolled in primary education, regardless of age, as a percentage of the age group that officially corresponds to this level of education. The financial resources provided to the private sector by deposit money banks and other financial institutions as a decimal fraction of GDP. Domestic money banks comprise commercial banks and other financial institutions that accept transferable deposits, such as demand deposits. Decimal fraction of the adhering to Protestantism. Because the data are available at five-year intervals only, the author of this paper has filled the gaps by linear interpolation. Public spending on education as a decimal fraction of GDP. It consists of current and capital public expenditure on education and includes government spending on educational institutions (both public and private), education administration as well as subsidies for private entities (students/households and other private entities). One minus the Herfindahl index of religious group shares, reflecting the probability that two randomly selected individuals from a belong to different groups. The variable is based on data covering 294 different religions in 215 countries and dependencies World Bank World Bank Maoz and, World Bank Alesina et al. (2003)

5 5 Roman Catholic Secondary Systemic banking crises Decimal fraction of the adhering to Roman Catholic religion. Because the data are available at five-year intervals only, the author of this paper has filled the gaps by linear interpolation. Children enrolled in secondary education, regardless of age, as a percentage of the age group that officially corresponds to this level of education. Dummy variable that takes the value 1 if, in the respective year, the country experienced a systemic banking crisis. A banking crisis is defined as systemic if two conditions are met: first, significant signs of financial distress in the banking system (as indicated by significant bank runs, losses in the banking system, or bank liquidations) and second, significant banking policy intervention measures in response to significant losses in the banking system Maoz and, World Bank Laeven and Valencia Tropical area Share of land area in geographical tropics Center for International Development (2001) Urbanization rate People living in urban areas as a decimal fraction of the total World Bank Wars Military and civilian deaths in battle-related conflicts, per 1,000 people World Bank, Years compulsory at secondary level Number of years of compulsory secondary education UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2015),

6 6 Appendix B. References for list of variables Alesina, Alberto, Arnaud Devleeschauwer, William Easterly, Sergio Kurlat and Romain Wacziarg (2003), Fractionalization, Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp Barro, Robert and Jong-Wha Lee, Educational Attainment Dataset, Version 1.3. Available at accessed 14 August Center for International Development (2001), physfact_rev.xls (Excel file), Cambridge (Mass.): Center for International Development at Harvard University. Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters - CRED, International Disasters Database (EM- DAT). Available at accessed 20 June Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer, Penn World Table 8.0. Available at accessed 23 July Freedom House, Freedom in the World Available at accessed 20 April IMF, World Economic Outlook Database, April 2014 Edition. Available at accessed 9 May La Porta, Rafael, Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes, Andrei Shleifer and Robert Vishny (1999), The Quality of Government, Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp Laeven, Luc and Fabian Valencia, Systemic Banking Crises Database, IMF Economic Review, Vol. 61, No. 2, pp Maoz, Zeev and Errol A., The World Religion Dataset, Version 1.1. Available at accessed 11 February UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2015), Education Statistics. Available at accessed 26 May World Bank, Global Financial Development Database. Available at accessed 6 January World Bank, World Development Indicators. Available at accessed 6 June 2014.