Gateways and Corridors in Globalisation: Planning sustainable infrastructures for transcontinental spaces of flows

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1 Vancouver International Conference on Gateways and Corridors 2-44 May 2007 Gateways and Corridors in Globalisation: Planning sustainable infrastructures for transcontinental spaces of flows Kathy Pain Globalisation and World Cities (GaWC( GaWC) ) Study Group, Department of Geography, Loughborough University

2 Gateways and Corridors: Theory and Policy Terms originated in traditional geographical location/systems theory (Burghardt,1971; Whebell, 1969) Described ordering of urban places in C19th pre-globalisation era Applied in European Spatial Development Perspective (ESDP, 1999): Aims economic competitiveness, sustainable, balanced development (Lisbon, 2000; Gothenburg, 2001) NW Metropolitan Area Spatial Vision (NWMA, 2000): gateways and corridors are spatial policy tools/delivery vehicles

3 ESDP/NWMA Spatial Vision: The Pentagon Central principle: polycentricity Euro-Core to Euro- Periphery Structural Funds Promote growth in lessdeveloped regions/cities

4 UK Sustainable Communities (2003) North-South uneven development 4 SE Growth Areas: Thames Gateway ; Ashford ; Milton Keynes/South Midlands ; London-Stansted- Cambridge The Northern Way

5 Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL)

6 New Theories: City Hinterworld Hinterworld Relations in a Hinterland Space From Christaller (1933): focus local hierarchical hinterland relations to a world economy industrial manufacturing to advanced producer services, informationalisation Production geographically dispersed and concentrating in global cities (Sassen, 1991) Global gateway production and wholesale trading centres inter-linked by space of flows (Castells, 1996) Network organisations are city users, make links, (new corridors ) in a transcontinental hinterworld space

7 Global Network Connectivity (Taylor et al,, 2002)

8 POLYNET North-West Europe: EUR 2.4m Study Hall & Pain (2006)

9 Polycentric Mega-City Region Investigated the interrelationship between informational economy flows and city-region space GaWC quantitative analysis uses interlocking network model to derive city service connectivities at 4 scales regional to global Provides data on multi-scale hinterworlds Results show: (1) different gateway roles national and regional (2) different regional structures explored in > 600 interviews with senior service network actors (city users) 3 spatial paradoxes identified (Pain, 2007)

10 Spaces of Flows and Location of Production: Paradox 1 Urban gateway-hinterworld relations becoming more complex APS network corridors/trade flows extending + global functions concentrating Global connectivity and functions are crucial to MCR functional polycentricity e.g. London Other cities have a gateway role too (not just top global cities, one in each region) Inter-city functional complementarities can be exploited at multiple scales through policy

11 SE England Service Network

12 World-wide Gateways: Taylor et al, 2002 USA TR N W Europe ZU WS PR MS SE BJ Japan MX MI CA MD ML SH BK HK TP SP JB MB SG KL JK BA GATEWAYS: National and Regional SY

13 Spaces of Flows and Infrastructures: Paradox 2 Gateway & corridor roles are becoming more detached from and increasingly dependent on physical infrastructures ( space of places ) As trade flows are dematerialising (informationalisation/virtualisation), physical flow infrastructures (transport hubs/gateways + corridors) are becoming more important F-to-F + multi-sector clustering remain vital for hi-complexity, hi-tech/hi-touch service trading City flexibility/openness to virtual and physical flows is crucial in dynamic, competitive globalising markets

14 Business structures: W has network connections bypassing London SE England Networks and 2001 Commuting Replicate commuting: West is densely networked, cross-cutting hub & spoke infrastructures

15 Policy Dilemma EU policy attempts to redistribute vibrant development but so far unsuccessful Meanwhile transport is key threat to global APS clustering in all MCRs 4 infrastructures need to be supported: Process infrastructures regulatory, legislatory Material infrastructures multi-modal transportation Virtual infrastructures but stimulus to F-to-F contact and business travel Institutional infrastructures...

16 SE England: Flows Cross Jurisdictional Boundaries

17 Hinterland v Hinterworld Governance: Paradox 3 Institutional structures are inadequate to deal with global flows in all MCRs Multi-scale flows - do not relate to horizontal and vertical boundaries: 1. SE England MCR crosses 5 statutory regions/ boundaries, bisects 2 major growth corridors 2. Centralised governance, local NIMBYism 3. Public-private 4. Economic and spatial planning Hinterworlds increasingly impact at local level New policy network infrastructures are needed

18 The Polycentric Metropolis: Learning from Mega-City Regions in Europe Special Issues: Built Environment (May 2006) Regional Studies (forthcoming 2007)