Financing Urban Transport. UNESCAP-SUTI Event

Transcription

1 Financing Urban Transport UNESCAP-SUTI Event October 2017

2 Urban Transport in Context 2

3 The spiky urban economy of global cities 3

4 Mass transit networks converge towards a characteristic structure with a dense and interconnected core with branches Degree centrality describes how connective a station is, that-is how many lines it connects (major interchanges have high degree centrality values) Closeness centrality describes how close a station is from all the other stations in the network (closeness centrality is a measure of accessibility to a station within the network) Source: QuantUrb, CASA Betweenness centrality describes how many routes go through a given station (the more routes through the network pass through a station, the more in between this station is) 4

5 Densities are Uneven Development Unequally Distributed Articulated urban densities are shaped by the transport network Higher densities are enabled at well-connected nodes that are most accessible to the region These areas have the highest demand for space and therefore the highest land values At right: example of high densities along well-connected Yamanote Line loop in Tokyo 5

6 LAND DEVELOPMENT AND ACCESSIBILITY Only 15% of new development in the access range of metro stations in 2015 >>Guaranteed future congestion 6

7 MEASURING JOB ACCESSIBILITY a. Line 1, 2, and 3 and walking: 12% b. Scenario a plus bus: 28% Zhengzhou Population:6.4 million GDP per capita: US$11k Peak hour accessibility c. Scenario b plus TOD: 39% d. Scenario c plus bicycle: 46% Percent of jobs accessible within 45 minutes by public transit Source: The 3V Framework (World Bank) 7

8 SETTING A VISION WITH CLEAR TARGETS By 2030 in Singapore 8 in 10 households living within a 10 minute walk from a train station 85% of public transport journeys (less than 20 km) completed within 60 minutes Source: Alain Bertaud 75% of all journeys in peak hours undertaken on public transport Land Transport Master Plan

9 Financing Urban Transport

10 You will only have a piece of paper, worthless, unless you can find money for it H.E Mr. Nimal Siripala de Silva 10

11 FINANCING NEEDS

12 UNDERFUNDING TRAP: STRUCTURAL CAUSES LOW REVENUES DUE TO INEFFICIENT PRICING AND ECONOMIC DISTORTIONS that creates unbalance in favor of unsustainable modes LOW INVESTMENT causes construction and maintenance lag vicious cycle and deterioration IMBALANCE IN INVESTMENT RESPONSIBILITIES AND FINANCIAL CAPACITY at the city level INSTITUTIONAL COMPLEXITY: diverse levels (global, national, local) and sectors (public, private) PERIODICITY MISMATCH between Revenue and Expenditure

13 LOW REVENUE - IMPLICIT SUBSIDIES

14 LOW REVENUE - IMPLICIT SUBSIDIES PUBLIC TRANSPORT PRIVATE CARS

15 ESCAPING THE UNDERFUNDING TRAP A comprehensive multi-level financial strategy that corrects structural causes from revenue and expenditure side

16 Source World Bank 16

17 ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK TO ASSESS AND DESIGN URBAN TRANSPORT FINANCING FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY (Innovative financing) stability, political acceptance, and administrative ease of instrument implementation TRANSPORT SUSTAINABILITY (Wise investment) And economic efficiency, social equity, and environmental impact REVENUE LEVEL, COST COVERED, PERIODICITY and RISK

18 KEY QUESTIONS Urban Transport Objectives Priorities Aligning land use and transport Related indicators (current and future value) Accessibility to jobs, service and amenities Share of residents within a 45 minutes commute Coverage of public transport/mass transit Transport affordability for citizens and city Share of GDP spent on transport Mean travel time during peak hours Trip distance by capita Green Mode share CO2 emissions Deaths caused by road accidents Aligning financing with objectives Project preparedness and land availability Phasing for impact: Quick Wins/Long Term Plans Constraints Physical space Fiscal space Affordability/willingness to pay Ability to implement 18

19 DOWNLOAD THE BOOK HERE Sustainable Urban Transport Financing from the Sidewalk to the Subway or here: org/handle/10986/23521 For more Gerald Ollivier Singapore Transport Cluster Leader