On the Reformulated Zagreb Indices of Certain Nanostructures
|
|
- Dylan Carroll
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 lobal Joural o Pur ad Applid Mathmatics. ISSN Volum, Numbr 07, pp Rsarch Idia Publicatios O th Rormulatd Zagrb Idics o Crtai Naostructurs Krthi. Mirajar ad Priyaa Y.B Dpartmt o Mathmatics, Karata Uivrsity s Karata Arts Collg, Dharwad , Karataa, Idia. Corrspodc Author: Krthi. Mirajar Abstract Th Zagrb idics ar th bst ow ad widly usd topological idics or a molcular graph i chmical graph thory, th irst ad scod rormulatd Zagrb idics o a graph ar obtaid rom th Zagrb idics by rplacig vrtx dgr with dg dgr did as, dg ad dg dg ` E E, whr dg dots th dgr o th dg ad mas that dgs ad ar adjact. I this articl, w giv xplicit ormula or th irst ad scod rormulatd Zagrb idics or th aostructurs. AMS Subjct Classiicatio: 05C99 Kywords: Rormulatd Zagrb idics, Naostar Ddrimr, D-Lattic, Naotub, Naotorus.. INTRODUCTION Lt =V,E b a coctd simpl graph with = V vrtics ad m = E dgs. Th dgr o a vrtx v is dotd as dgv or dv. W ollow[5] or trmiologis ad otatios. A chmical graph or a molcular graph is a graph rlatd to th structur o a chmical compoud. Each vrtx o this graph rprst a atom o th molcul ad covalt bods btw atoms ar rprstd by dgs btw th corrspodig vrtics. I thortical chmistry, th physio chmical proprtis o chmical compouds ar ot modld by th molcular graph basd molcular
2 88 Krthi. Mirajar ad Priyaa Y.B structur dscriptors which ar also rrd to as topological idics[4]. Such amog th varity o thos idics, Zagrb idics ar vry importat ad thy hav promit rol i chmistry, spcially i QSPR ad QSAR study. Th irst Zagrb idx M uals to th sum o suars o th vrtx dgrs ad th scod Zagrb idx M uals to th sum o product o dgrs o pairs o adjact vrtics[4]. M M M d v vv M d u d v uve Proprtis o th Zagrb idics may b oud i th umbr o rports[,,,8,,4,5]. I 004 Miličvič, Niolic ad Triajstić rormulatd th Zagrb idics i trms o dg dgr istad o vrtx dgrs[0]. ad d E d d E Whr dg dotd th dgr o th dg i ad ~ implis that th dgs ad ar adjact ad shar a commo vrtx i. Dgr o a dg is did by dg = dgu + dgv - with = uv ad shar a commo vrtx i. Whr is th irst rormulatd Zagrb idx ad is th scod rormulatd Zagrb idx.. NANOSTRUCTURE I this sctio w comput rormulatd Zagrb idics or a iiit amily o aostar ddrimr D[], D-lattics, aotub ad aotorus o T C [ 4C8 p, ]. Ddrimrs ar hypr-brachd macromolculs with a rigorously tailord architctur ad ar o o th mai objcts o Nao biotchology. Thy ca b sythsizd, i a cotrolld mar, ithr by a divrgt or a covrgt procdur. Ddrimrs hav gaid a wid rag o applicatio i supra-molcular chmistry, particularly i host gust ractios ad sl assmbly procss. Thir applicatios i chmistry, biology ad aoscic ar ulimitd. I this articl w dot th th growth o aostar ddrimr by D[], N. It has VD[] = + umbr o vrtics or atoms bcaus i th structur o ddrimr aostar D[]thr ar vrtics or atoms with dgr, + vrtics o D[] with dgr ad 5 8 vrtics with dgr. Ad also thr ar ED[] = [ ] = 4 + dgs or bods i th Naostar ddrimr
3 O th Rormulatd Zagrb Idics o Crtai Naostructurs 89 D[]. Rctly, th topological idics o som ddrimr aostars hav b ivstigatd i [7,9,]. Figur. Naostar ddrimr D[] From th structur o ddrimr aostar D[] i th th growth o aostar ddrimr i igur, w s that a lmt as igur calld La is addd to D[-]i th th growth o aostar ddrimr. Figur : La o Naostar Ddrimr D[] Not. I D[], th lavs ar coctd with vrtics/atoms N, to costruct th proo w cosidr ctral vrtx/atom as N ad th rmaiig vrtics/atoms as N'. Rctly Nadm t.al.[] ad S.M.Hosamai t.al.[6] obtaid xprssios or crtai topological idics o aostructurs. I this papr w study th D-Lattic, aotub ad aotorus o T C [ 4C8 p, ], whr p ad dot th umbr o suars i a row ad th umbr o rows o suars, rspctivly.
4 80 Krthi. Mirajar ad Priyaa Y.B Figur : a D Lattic, b Naotub, C Naotorus o T C C p, ] I igur, D-lattic, aotub ad aotorus o T C C p, ] ar dpictd. Th ordr ad siz o D-lattic, aotub ad aotorus o T C [ 4C8 p, ] ar 4p ad 6p p, 4p ad 6p, 4p ad 6p rspctivly.. RESULTS Thorm.. Lt b a graph o aostar ddrimr D[], th th irst rormulatd Zagrb idx is, 5 Proo. Lt = D[] b a graph o aostar ddrimr,. W costruct th proo cosidrig th ollowig stps. Stp I. Cosidr th dgr o th dgs i D[] which ar icidt with ctral vrtx N which is 4. Th th irst rormulatd Zagrb idx is 4 =6 =48. Ad th irst rormulatd Zagrb idx o rmaiig dgs icidt with N' is, E N dg 44 Stp II. Cosidr th dgr o th dgs i lavs o D[] which ar ot adjact with dgs icidt with ctral vrtx N is, th th irst rormulatd Zagrb idx is =4. Ad th irst rormulatd Zagrb idx o rmaiig dgs o lavs i D[] which ar adjact to th vrtx N' is, E N dg 4
5 O th Rormulatd Zagrb Idics o Crtai Naostructurs 8 Stp III. Now w cosidr th dgr o th dgs i lavs which ar adjact to th dgs icidt with ctral vrtx N which is, th th irst rormulatd Zagrb idx is, 9 =08. Ad th irst rormulatd Zagrb idx o rmaiig dgs o lavs i D[] which ar adjact to th vrtx N' is, E N dg 08 Stp IV. Cosidr th dgr o th dgs cotaiig pdt vrtx i D[] which is, th th irst rormulatd Zagrb idx is =. From th abov stps I, II, III ad IV, th irst rormulatd Zagrb idx o D[] is, D E N [ ] dg Thorm.. Lt b a graph o aostar ddrimr D[], th th scod rormulatd Zagrb idx is, Proo. Lt = D[] b a graph o aostar ddrimr,. W us th ollowig stps to prov th thorm. Stp I. Lt us cosidr th structur o D[]with ctral vrtx N ad th lavs which ar icidt with ctral vrtx N. Thr ar thr dgs icidt with ach vrtx N. Cosidr th lavs, i ach la, thr ar 4-dgs adjact with dgs o dgr ad -dgs adjact with dgs o dgr. Thror th scod rormulatd Zagrb idx o this structur is, d E d Stp II. Sic thr ar umbr o N' vrtics/atoms cotaiig -pairs o mutually adjact dgs with dgr 4. Th th scod rormulatd Zagrb idx is,
6 8 Krthi. Mirajar ad Priyaa Y.B E ~ dg dg Stp III. Now w cosidr 4 pairs o adjact dgs with dgr ad dgr 4 o all th lavs i D[]. Th th scod rormulatd Zagrb idx is, E ~ ` dg dg Stp IV. Now w cosidr th 4 - pair o adjact dgs o ach la with dgr ad dgr which is tims. Th th scod rormulatd Zagrb idx is, E ~ dg dg Stp V. Fially cosidr th pdt dgs with dgr which ar adjact with dgs o dgr. Sic thr ar pdt dgs i D[], th th scod rormulatd Zagrb idx is, E 6 dg dg ~ From th abov stps I, II, III, IV ad V, th scod rormulatd Zagrb idx o D[] is, dg dg ] [ ~ E D Thorm.. Lt b a graph o D-lattic o ], 8 [ 4 p C C T th th irst rormulatd Zagrb idx is, p p Proo. Lt b D-lattic o ], 8 [ 4 p C C T graph with 6p p - umbr o dgs.
7 O th Rormulatd Zagrb Idics o Crtai Naostructurs 8 I D-lattic o T C [ 4C8 p, ], 4-dgs ar o dgr, [p--4] dgs ar o dgr ad rmaiig 6p-5p++4 dgs ar o dgr 4. Th th irst rormulatd Zagrb idx o D-lattic is, D E N [ ] dg 4 4 p 4 6 p 5 p 4 96 p 44 p 8 Thorm.4. Lt b a graph o D-lattic o T C [ 4C8 p, ] th th scod rormulatd Zagrb idx is, 6p[8 p p 7] Proo. Lt b D-lattic o T C C p, ] graph with dgs. W us th ollowig stps to costruct th proo. Stp I. I D-lattic o T C [ 4C8 p, ], 8-pairs o dgs dgr ad dgr, thror th scod rormulatd Zagrb idx is, E dg dg 8 48 Stp II. Sic thr ar 4[p+-] pairs o dgs with dgr ad dgr 4 i a graph o D-lattic o T C C p, ]. Thror th scod rormulatd Zagrb idx is, E dg dg 4 4[ p ] 96 p Stp III. Similarly, thr ar 8[p-p-+] pairs o dgs with dgr 4 i a graph o D-lattic o T C C p, ]. Thror th scod rormulatd Zagrb idx is, E dg dg 4 Thror, rom th stps I, II ad III, w gt E 8 [ p p ] 8[ p p ] dg dg 48 96[ p ] 8[ p p ] 6 8 p p.
8 84 Krthi. Mirajar ad Priyaa Y.B Thorm.5. Lt b a graph o aotub o T C [ 4C8 p, ], th th irst rormulatd Zagrb idx is, 4p[4 ] Proo. Lt b aotub o T C C p, ] graph with 6p-p umbr o dgs. Th dgr o all th dgs o aotub o T C [ 4C8 p, ] ar ual to 4 xcpt 4p dgs which ar o dgr. Thror, th irst rormulatd Zagrb idx o aotub o T C C p, ] is, E N dg 4 p 4 [6 p p 4 p] 6 p 6 p 5p 4 p[4 ]. Thorm.6. Lt b a graph o aotub o T C [ 4C8 p, ], th th scod rormulatd Zagrb idx is, p[64 5] Proo. Lt b a graph o aotub o T C C p, ] with 6p-p umbr o dgs. Stp I. T C C W us th ollowig stps to costruct th proo. Thr ar p-pairs o dgs with dgr i graph o aotub o p, ] thror th scod rormulatd Zagrb idx is, E dg dg p 8p Stp II. Now w cosidr 8p-pairs o dgs with dgr ad dgr 4 i graph o aotub o T C C p, ]. Thror th scod rormulatd Zagrb idx is E dg dg 4 8p 96 p Stp III. Sic thr ar 8p-4p pairs o dgs with dgr 4 i a graph o aotub o T C C p, ]. Thror th scod rormulatd Zagrb idx is, E dg dg 4 Thror, rom th stps I, II, ad III, w gt 4 p p 64 p p
9 O th Rormulatd Zagrb Idics o Crtai Naostructurs 85 E dg dg 8p 96 p 64 p p p[64 5] Thorm.7. Lt b a graph o aotorus o T C [ 4C8 p, ], th th irst rormulatd Zagrb idx is, 96p Proo. Lt b a graph o aotorus o T C C p, ] with 6p umbr o dgs. Th dgr o all th dgs i aotorus o T C C p, ] is 4. Th irst rormulatd Zagrb idx is, 4 6 p 96 p dg E Thorm.8. Lt b a graph o aotorus o T C [ 4C8 p, ], th th scod rormulatd Zagrb idx is, 9p Proo. Lt b a graph o aotorus o T C C p, ] with 6p umbr o dgs. Th dgr o all th dgs i aotorus o T C C p, ] is 4. Sic ach pair o dgs is rpatd twic i T C C p, ]. Th scod rormulatd Zagrb idx is, E 4 6 p 9 p dg dg 4. CONCLUSION I mathmatical chmistry, umbrs codig crtai structural aturs o orgaic molculs ad drivd rom th corrspodig molcular graph, ar calld molcular topologyor topological idics, it has widly dmostratd its high prormac i th discovry ad dsig o w drugs. I this papr w studid ad computd w
10 86 Krthi. Mirajar ad Priyaa Y.B rsults o rormulatd Zagrb idics or aostructurs such as aostar ddrimr D[] ad D-lattic, aotub, aotorus o T C [ 4C8 p, ] ad which ar hav may chmical applicatios. Furthr this study ca b xtdd to comput w rsults o topological idics o various amilis o chmical structurs. 5. ACKNOWLEDENT Th authors ar thaul to Uivrsity rats CommissioUC, ovt. o Idia or th iacial support through UC-RNF-04-5-SC-KAR-75098/SAIII/ REFERENCES [] Bollobás B., Erdos, P., 998, raph o xtrmal wight, Ars Combi, 50, pp. 5-. [] Das, K. C., ad utma, I., 004, Som proprtis o th scod Zagrb idx, MATCH Commu. Math. Comput. Chm., 5, pp. 0-. [] utma, I., ad Das. K.C., 004, Th irst Zagrb idx 0 yars atr, MATCH Commu. Math. Comput. Chm., 50, pp [4] utma, I., ad Triajastić, N., 97, raph thory ad molcular orbitals. Total π-lctro rgy o altrat hydrocarbos, Chm. Phys. Ltt., 7, pp [5] Harary, F., 969, raph thory, Addiso-Wsly, Radig. [6] Hosamai, S. M., ad Zaar, S., O topological proprtis o th li graphs o subdivisio graphs o crtai aostructurs-ii, pr-prit. [7] Hydari, A., ad Tari, B., 007, Szgd idx o aotubs, MATCH Commu. Math. Comput. Chm., 57, pp [8] Jažić, D., Miličvič, A., Niolič, S., Triajstić, N., ad Vuičvić, D., 007, Zagrb idics: xtsio to wightd graphs rprstig molculs cotiig htroatoms, Croat Chm Acta, 80, pp [9] Li, Y., Ya, L., Farahi, M. R., Alai, A. N., Pajsh Kaa, M. R., ad Pradp Kumar, R., 06, Th dg cctric coctivity idx o aostar Ddrimr D[], Itratioal Joural o Biology, Pharmacy ad Allid Scics, 57, pp [0] Miličvić, A., Niolić, S., ad Triajastić, N., 004, O rormulatd Zagrb idics, Mol. Divrs., 8, pp [] Nadm, M. F., Zaar, S., ad Zahid, Z., 06, O topological proprtis o th li graph o crtai aostructurs, Appl. Math. Comput., 7, pp [] Nwom,. R., Moorild, C.N., ad Vogtl, F., 00, Ddrimr ad Ddros cocpts, sythsis, Applicatios, Wily-VCH vrlag mbh ad Co. Kgaa. [] Niolić, S., Kovačvić,., Miličvič, A., ad Triajstić, N., 00, Th Zagrb idics 0 yars atr, Croat. Chm. Acta., 76, pp. -4.
11 O th Rormulatd Zagrb Idics o Crtai Naostructurs 87 [4] Zhou, B., 004, Zagrb idics, MATCH Commu. Math. Comput. Chm., 5, pp. -8. [5] Zhou, B., utma, I., 005, Furthr proprtis o Zagrb idics, MATCH Commu. Math. Comput. Chm., 54, pp.-9.
12 88 Krthi. Mirajar ad Priyaa Y.B
NEW VERSION OF SZEGED INDEX AND ITS COMPUTATION FOR SOME NANOTUBES
Digst Joural of Naomatrials ad Biostructurs Vol 4, No, March 009, p 67-76 NEW VERSION OF SZEGED INDEX AND ITS COMPUTATION FOR SOME NANOTUBES A IRANMANESH a*, O KHORMALI b, I NAJAFI KHALILSARAEE c, B SOLEIMANI
More informationOn the approximation of the constant of Napier
Stud. Uiv. Babş-Bolyai Math. 560, No., 609 64 O th approximatio of th costat of Napir Adri Vrscu Abstract. Startig from som oldr idas of [] ad [6], w show w facts cocrig th approximatio of th costat of
More informationFurther Results on Pair Sum Graphs
Applid Mathmatis, 0,, 67-75 http://dx.doi.org/0.46/am.0.04 Publishd Oli Marh 0 (http://www.sirp.org/joural/am) Furthr Rsults o Pair Sum Graphs Raja Poraj, Jyaraj Vijaya Xavir Parthipa, Rukhmoi Kala Dpartmt
More informationThe Equitable Dominating Graph
Intrnational Journal of Enginring Rsarch and Tchnology. ISSN 0974-3154 Volum 8, Numbr 1 (015), pp. 35-4 Intrnational Rsarch Publication Hous http://www.irphous.com Th Equitabl Dominating Graph P.N. Vinay
More informationNEW APPLICATIONS OF THE ABEL-LIOUVILLE FORMULA
NE APPLICATIONS OF THE ABEL-LIOUVILLE FORMULA Mirca I CÎRNU Ph Dp o Mathmatics III Faculty o Applid Scincs Univrsity Polithnica o Bucharst Cirnumirca @yahoocom Abstract In a rcnt papr [] 5 th indinit intgrals
More informationInternational Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences
Itratioal Joural of Advacd ad Applid Scics x(x) xxxx Pags: xx xx Cotts lists availabl at Scic Gat Itratioal Joural of Advacd ad Applid Scics Joural hompag: http://wwwscic gatcom/ijaashtml Symmtric Fuctios
More informationWorksheet: Taylor Series, Lagrange Error Bound ilearnmath.net
Taylor s Thorm & Lagrag Error Bouds Actual Error This is th ral amout o rror, ot th rror boud (worst cas scario). It is th dirc btw th actual () ad th polyomial. Stps:. Plug -valu ito () to gt a valu.
More informationIndependent Domination in Line Graphs
Itratoal Joural of Sctfc & Egrg Rsarch Volum 3 Issu 6 Ju-1 1 ISSN 9-5518 Iddt Domato L Grahs M H Muddbhal ad D Basavarajaa Abstract - For ay grah G th l grah L G H s th trscto grah Thus th vrtcs of LG
More informationA Simple Proof that e is Irrational
Two of th most bautiful ad sigificat umbrs i mathmatics ar π ad. π (approximatly qual to 3.459) rprsts th ratio of th circumfrc of a circl to its diamtr. (approximatly qual to.788) is th bas of th atural
More informationJournal of Modern Applied Statistical Methods
Joural of Modr Applid Statistical Mthods Volum Issu Articl 6 --03 O Som Proprtis of a Htrogous Trasfr Fuctio Ivolvig Symmtric Saturatd Liar (SATLINS) with Hyprbolic Tagt (TANH) Trasfr Fuctios Christophr
More informationDiscrete Fourier Transform (DFT)
Discrt Fourir Trasorm DFT Major: All Egirig Majors Authors: Duc guy http://umricalmthods.g.us.du umrical Mthods or STEM udrgraduats 8/3/29 http://umricalmthods.g.us.du Discrt Fourir Trasorm Rcalld th xpotial
More informationTotal Prime Graph. Abstract: We introduce a new type of labeling known as Total Prime Labeling. Graphs which admit a Total Prime labeling are
Itratoal Joural Of Computatoal Egrg Rsarch (crol.com) Vol. Issu. 5 Total Prm Graph M.Rav (a) Ramasubramaa 1, R.Kala 1 Dpt.of Mathmatcs, Sr Shakth Isttut of Egrg & Tchology, Combator 641 06. Dpt. of Mathmatcs,
More informationNew Sixteenth-Order Derivative-Free Methods for Solving Nonlinear Equations
Amrica Joural o Computatioal ad Applid Mathmatics 0 (: -8 DOI: 0.59/j.ajcam.000.08 Nw Sixtth-Ordr Drivativ-Fr Mthods or Solvig Noliar Equatios R. Thukral Padé Rsarch Ctr 9 Daswood Hill Lds Wst Yorkshir
More informationTriple Play: From De Morgan to Stirling To Euler to Maclaurin to Stirling
Tripl Play: From D Morga to Stirlig To Eulr to Maclauri to Stirlig Augustus D Morga (186-1871) was a sigificat Victoria Mathmaticia who mad cotributios to Mathmatics History, Mathmatical Rcratios, Mathmatical
More informationHadamard Exponential Hankel Matrix, Its Eigenvalues and Some Norms
Math Sci Ltt Vol No 8-87 (0) adamard Exotial al Matrix, Its Eigvalus ad Som Norms İ ad M bula Mathmatical Scics Lttrs Itratioal Joural @ 0 NSP Natural Scics Publishig Cor Dartmt of Mathmatics, aculty of
More information1985 AP Calculus BC: Section I
985 AP Calculus BC: Sctio I 9 Miuts No Calculator Nots: () I this amiatio, l dots th atural logarithm of (that is, logarithm to th bas ). () Ulss othrwis spcifid, th domai of a fuctio f is assumd to b
More informationWashington State University
he 3 Ktics ad Ractor Dsig Sprg, 00 Washgto Stat Uivrsity Dpartmt of hmical Egrg Richard L. Zollars Exam # You will hav o hour (60 muts) to complt this xam which cosists of four (4) problms. You may us
More informationNormal Form for Systems with Linear Part N 3(n)
Applid Mathmatics 64-647 http://dxdoiorg/46/am7 Publishd Oli ovmbr (http://wwwscirporg/joural/am) ormal Form or Systms with Liar Part () Grac Gachigua * David Maloza Johaa Sigy Dpartmt o Mathmatics Collg
More informationz 1+ 3 z = Π n =1 z f() z = n e - z = ( 1-z) e z e n z z 1- n = ( 1-z/2) 1+ 2n z e 2n e n -1 ( 1-z )/2 e 2n-1 1-2n -1 1 () z
Sris Expasio of Rciprocal of Gamma Fuctio. Fuctios with Itgrs as Roots Fuctio f with gativ itgrs as roots ca b dscribd as follows. f() Howvr, this ifiit product divrgs. That is, such a fuctio caot xist
More informationLECTURE 13 Filling the bands. Occupancy of Available Energy Levels
LUR 3 illig th bads Occupacy o Availabl rgy Lvls W hav dtrmid ad a dsity o stats. W also d a way o dtrmiig i a stat is illd or ot at a giv tmpratur. h distributio o th rgis o a larg umbr o particls ad
More informationStatistics 3858 : Likelihood Ratio for Exponential Distribution
Statistics 3858 : Liklihood Ratio for Expotial Distributio I ths two xampl th rjctio rjctio rgio is of th form {x : 2 log (Λ(x)) > c} for a appropriat costat c. For a siz α tst, usig Thorm 9.5A w obtai
More informationFolding of Hyperbolic Manifolds
It. J. Cotmp. Math. Scics, Vol. 7, 0, o. 6, 79-799 Foldig of Hyprbolic Maifolds H. I. Attiya Basic Scic Dpartmt, Collg of Idustrial Educatio BANE - SUEF Uivrsity, Egypt hala_attiya005@yahoo.com Abstract
More informationInternational Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 7, July ISSN
Intrnational Journal of Scintific & Enginring Rsarch, Volum 6, Issu 7, July-25 64 ISSN 2229-558 HARATERISTIS OF EDGE UTSET MATRIX OF PETERSON GRAPH WITH ALGEBRAI GRAPH THEORY Dr. G. Nirmala M. Murugan
More informationFORBIDDING RAINBOW-COLORED STARS
FORBIDDING RAINBOW-COLORED STARS CARLOS HOPPEN, HANNO LEFMANN, KNUT ODERMANN, AND JULIANA SANCHES Abstract. W cosidr a xtrmal problm motivatd by a papr of Balogh [J. Balogh, A rmark o th umbr of dg colorigs
More information1 Minimum Cut Problem
CS 6 Lctur 6 Min Cut and argr s Algorithm Scribs: Png Hui How (05), Virginia Dat: May 4, 06 Minimum Cut Problm Today, w introduc th minimum cut problm. This problm has many motivations, on of which coms
More informationThey must have different numbers of electrons orbiting their nuclei. They must have the same number of neutrons in their nuclei.
37 1 How may utros ar i a uclus of th uclid l? 20 37 54 2 crtai lmt has svral isotops. Which statmt about ths isotops is corrct? Thy must hav diffrt umbrs of lctros orbitig thir ucli. Thy must hav th sam
More informationSOME PARAMETERS ON EQUITABLE COLORING OF PRISM AND CIRCULANT GRAPH.
SOME PARAMETERS ON EQUITABLE COLORING OF PRISM AND CIRCULANT GRAPH. K VASUDEVAN, K. SWATHY AND K. MANIKANDAN 1 Dpartmnt of Mathmatics, Prsidncy Collg, Chnnai-05, India. E-Mail:vasu k dvan@yahoo.com. 2,
More informationPROOF OF FIRST STANDARD FORM OF NONELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS
Intrnational Journal Of Advanc Rsarch In Scinc And Enginring http://www.ijars.com IJARSE, Vol. No., Issu No., Fbruary, 013 ISSN-319-8354(E) PROOF OF FIRST STANDARD FORM OF NONELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS 1 Dharmndra
More informationCharacter sums over generalized Lehmer numbers
Ma t al. Joural of Iualitis ad Applicatios 206 206:270 DOI 0.86/s3660-06-23-y R E S E A R C H Op Accss Charactr sums ovr gralizd Lhmr umbrs Yuakui Ma, Hui Ch 2, Zhzh Qi 2 ad Tiapig Zhag 2* * Corrspodc:
More informationChapter Taylor Theorem Revisited
Captr 0.07 Taylor Torm Rvisitd Atr radig tis captr, you sould b abl to. udrstad t basics o Taylor s torm,. writ trascdtal ad trigoomtric uctios as Taylor s polyomial,. us Taylor s torm to id t valus o
More informationSession : Plasmas in Equilibrium
Sssio : Plasmas i Equilibrium Ioizatio ad Coductio i a High-prssur Plasma A ormal gas at T < 3000 K is a good lctrical isulator, bcaus thr ar almost o fr lctros i it. For prssurs > 0.1 atm, collisio amog
More informationThe Interplay between l-max, l-min, p-max and p-min Stable Distributions
DOI: 0.545/mjis.05.4006 Th Itrplay btw lma lmi pma ad pmi Stabl Distributios S Ravi ad TS Mavitha Dpartmt of Studis i Statistics Uivrsity of Mysor Maasagagotri Mysuru 570006 Idia. Email:ravi@statistics.uimysor.ac.i
More information3.1 Atomic Structure and The Periodic Table
Sav My Exams! Th Hom of Rvisio For mor awsom GSE ad lvl rsourcs, visit us at www.savmyxams.co.uk/ 3. tomic Structur ad Th Priodic Tabl Qustio Par Lvl IGSE Subjct hmistry (060) Exam oard ambridg Itratioal
More information5.1 The Nuclear Atom
Sav My Exams! Th Hom of Rvisio For mor awsom GSE ad lvl rsourcs, visit us at www.savmyxams.co.uk/ 5.1 Th Nuclar tom Qustio Papr Lvl IGSE Subjct Physics (0625) Exam oard Topic Sub Topic ooklt ambridg Itratioal
More informationMATH 681 Notes Combinatorics and Graph Theory I. ( 4) n. This will actually turn out to be marvelously simplifiable: C n = 2 ( 4) n n + 1. ) (n + 1)!
MATH 681 Nots Combiatorics ad Graph Thory I 1 Catala umbrs Prviously, w usd gratig fuctios to discovr th closd form C = ( 1/ +1) ( 4). This will actually tur out to b marvlously simplifiabl: ( ) 1/ C =
More informationHow many neutrons does this aluminium atom contain? A 13 B 14 C 27 D 40
alumiium atom has a uclo umbr of 7 ad a roto umbr of 3. How may utros dos this alumiium atom cotai? 3 4 7 40 atom of lmt Q cotais 9 lctros, 9 rotos ad 0 utros. What is Q? calcium otassium strotium yttrium
More informationLinear Algebra Existence of the determinant. Expansion according to a row.
Lir Algbr 2270 1 Existc of th dtrmit. Expsio ccordig to row. W dfi th dtrmit for 1 1 mtrics s dt([]) = (1) It is sy chck tht it stisfis D1)-D3). For y othr w dfi th dtrmit s follows. Assumig th dtrmit
More informationFirst derivative analysis
Robrto s Nots on Dirntial Calculus Chaptr 8: Graphical analysis Sction First drivativ analysis What you nd to know alrady: How to us drivativs to idntiy th critical valus o a unction and its trm points
More informationDTFT Properties. Example - Determine the DTFT Y ( e ) of n. Let. We can therefore write. From Table 3.1, the DTFT of x[n] is given by 1
DTFT Proprtis Exampl - Dtrmi th DTFT Y of y α µ, α < Lt x α µ, α < W ca thrfor writ y x x From Tabl 3., th DTFT of x is giv by ω X ω α ω Copyright, S. K. Mitra Copyright, S. K. Mitra DTFT Proprtis DTFT
More informationWeek 3: Connected Subgraphs
Wk 3: Connctd Subgraphs Sptmbr 19, 2016 1 Connctd Graphs Path, Distanc: A path from a vrtx x to a vrtx y in a graph G is rfrrd to an xy-path. Lt X, Y V (G). An (X, Y )-path is an xy-path with x X and y
More informationFigure 1: Closed surface, surface with boundary, or not a surface?
QUESTION 1 (10 marks) Two o th topological spacs shown in Figur 1 ar closd suracs, two ar suracs with boundary, and two ar not suracs. Dtrmin which is which. You ar not rquird to justiy your answr, but,
More informationTechnical Support Document Bias of the Minimum Statistic
Tchical Support Documt Bias o th Miimum Stattic Itroductio Th papr pla how to driv th bias o th miimum stattic i a radom sampl o siz rom dtributios with a shit paramtr (also kow as thrshold paramtr. Ths
More informationCombinatorial Networks Week 1, March 11-12
1 Nots on March 11 Combinatorial Ntwors W 1, March 11-1 11 Th Pigonhol Principl Th Pigonhol Principl If n objcts ar placd in hols, whr n >, thr xists a box with mor than on objcts 11 Thorm Givn a simpl
More informationElements of Statistical Thermodynamics
24 Elmnts of Statistical Thrmodynamics Statistical thrmodynamics is a branch of knowldg that has its own postulats and tchniqus. W do not attmpt to giv hr vn an introduction to th fild. In this chaptr,
More informationSTIRLING'S 1 FORMULA AND ITS APPLICATION
MAT-KOL (Baja Luka) XXIV ()(08) 57-64 http://wwwimviblorg/dmbl/dmblhtm DOI: 075/МК80057A ISSN 0354-6969 (o) ISSN 986-588 (o) STIRLING'S FORMULA AND ITS APPLICATION Šfkt Arslaagić Sarajvo B&H Abstract:
More informationProbability & Statistics,
Probability & Statistics, BITS Pilai K K Birla Goa Campus Dr. Jajati Kshari Sahoo Dpartmt of Mathmatics BITS Pilai, K K Birla Goa Campus Poisso Distributio Poisso Distributio: A radom variabl X is said
More informationAPPENDIX: STATISTICAL TOOLS
I. Nots o radom samplig Why do you d to sampl radomly? APPENDI: STATISTICAL TOOLS I ordr to masur som valu o a populatio of orgaisms, you usually caot masur all orgaisms, so you sampl a subst of th populatio.
More informationOn a problem of J. de Graaf connected with algebras of unbounded operators de Bruijn, N.G.
O a problm of J. d Graaf coctd with algbras of uboudd oprators d Bruij, N.G. Publishd: 01/01/1984 Documt Vrsio Publishr s PDF, also kow as Vrsio of Rcord (icluds fial pag, issu ad volum umbrs) Plas chck
More informationThomas J. Osler. 1. INTRODUCTION. This paper gives another proof for the remarkable simple
5/24/5 A PROOF OF THE CONTINUED FRACTION EXPANSION OF / Thomas J Oslr INTRODUCTION This ar givs aothr roof for th rmarkabl siml cotiud fractio = 3 5 / Hr is ay ositiv umbr W us th otatio x= [ a; a, a2,
More informationH2 Mathematics Arithmetic & Geometric Series ( )
H Mathmatics Arithmtic & Gomtric Sris (08 09) Basic Mastry Qustios Arithmtic Progrssio ad Sris. Th rth trm of a squc is 4r 7. (i) Stat th first four trms ad th 0th trm. (ii) Show that th squc is a arithmtic
More informationCounting Polynomials and Related Indices by Edge Cutting Procedures
MATCH Commuicatios i Mathmatical ad i Computr Chmistry MATCH Commu. Math. Comput. Chm. 64 (010) 569-590 ISSN 0340-653 Coutig Polyomials ad Rlatd Idics by Edg Cuttig Procdurs M. V. Diuda Faculty of Chmistry
More informationCOLLECTION OF SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS CALCULUS II
COLLECTION OF SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS I. CHAPTER 6 --- Trscdtl Fuctios CALCULUS II A. FROM CALCULUS BY J. STEWART:. ( How is th umbr dfid? ( Wht is pproimt vlu for? (c ) Sktch th grph of th turl potil fuctios.
More information10. EXTENDING TRACTABILITY
Coping with NP-compltnss 0. EXTENDING TRACTABILITY ining small vrtx covrs solving NP-har problms on trs circular arc covrings vrtx covr in bipartit graphs Q. Suppos I n to solv an NP-complt problm. What
More informationRestricted Factorial And A Remark On The Reduced Residue Classes
Applid Mathmatics E-Nots, 162016, 244-250 c ISSN 1607-2510 Availabl fr at mirror sits of http://www.math.thu.du.tw/ am/ Rstrictd Factorial Ad A Rmark O Th Rducd Rsidu Classs Mhdi Hassai Rcivd 26 March
More informationAn Introduction to Asymptotic Expansions
A Itroductio to Asmptotic Expasios R. Shaar Subramaia Dpartmt o Chmical ad Biomolcular Egirig Clarso Uivrsit Asmptotic xpasios ar usd i aalsis to dscrib th bhavior o a uctio i a limitig situatio. Wh a
More informationSearching Linked Lists. Perfect Skip List. Building a Skip List. Skip List Analysis (1) Assume the list is sorted, but is stored in a linked list.
3 3 4 8 6 3 3 4 8 6 3 3 4 8 6 () (d) 3 Sarching Linkd Lists Sarching Linkd Lists Sarching Linkd Lists ssum th list is sortd, but is stord in a linkd list. an w us binary sarch? omparisons? Work? What if
More informationPURE MATHEMATICS A-LEVEL PAPER 1
-AL P MATH PAPER HONG KONG EXAMINATIONS AUTHORITY HONG KONG ADVANCED LEVEL EXAMINATION PURE MATHEMATICS A-LEVEL PAPER 8 am am ( hours) This papr must b aswrd i Eglish This papr cosists of Sctio A ad Sctio
More informationBayesian Estimations in Insurance Theory and Practice
Advacs i Mathmatical ad Computatioal Mthods Baysia Estimatios i Isurac Thory ad Practic VIERA PACÁKOVÁ Dpartmt o Mathmatics ad Quatitativ Mthods Uivrsity o Pardubic Studtská 95, 53 0 Pardubic CZECH REPUBLIC
More informationWEIGHTED SZEGED INDEX OF GRAPHS
BULLETIN OF THE INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICAL VIRTUAL INSTITUTE ISSN (p) 2303-4874, ISSN (o) 2303-4955 www.imvib.org /JOURNALS / BULLETIN Vo. 8(2018), 11-19 DOI: 10.7251/BIMVI1801011P Formr BULLETIN OF THE
More informationReview Exercises. 1. Evaluate using the definition of the definite integral as a Riemann Sum. Does the answer represent an area? 2
MATHEMATIS --RE Itgral alculus Marti Huard Witr 9 Rviw Erciss. Evaluat usig th dfiitio of th dfiit itgral as a Rima Sum. Dos th aswr rprst a ara? a ( d b ( d c ( ( d d ( d. Fid f ( usig th Fudamtal Thorm
More informationOn the irreducibility of some polynomials in two variables
ACTA ARITHMETICA LXXXII.3 (1997) On th irrducibility of som polynomials in two variabls by B. Brindza and Á. Pintér (Dbrcn) To th mmory of Paul Erdős Lt f(x) and g(y ) b polynomials with intgral cofficints
More informationLimiting value of higher Mahler measure
Limiting valu of highr Mahlr masur Arunabha Biswas a, Chris Monico a, a Dpartmnt of Mathmatics & Statistics, Txas Tch Univrsity, Lubbock, TX 7949, USA Abstract W considr th k-highr Mahlr masur m k P )
More informationCLONES IN 3-CONNECTED FRAME MATROIDS
CLONES IN 3-CONNECTED FRAME MATROIDS JAKAYLA ROBBINS, DANIEL SLILATY, AND XIANGQIAN ZHOU Abstract. W dtrmin th structur o clonal classs o 3-connctd ram matroids in trms o th structur o biasd graphs. Robbins
More informationAS 5850 Finite Element Analysis
AS 5850 Finit Elmnt Analysis Two-Dimnsional Linar Elasticity Instructor Prof. IIT Madras Equations of Plan Elasticity - 1 displacmnt fild strain- displacmnt rlations (infinitsimal strain) in matrix form
More informationStatistical Thermodynamics: Sublimation of Solid Iodine
c:374-7-ivap-statmch.docx mar7 Statistical Thrmodynamics: Sublimation of Solid Iodin Chm 374 For March 3, 7 Prof. Patrik Callis Purpos:. To rviw basic fundamntals idas of Statistical Mchanics as applid
More informationDiscrete Fourier Transform. Nuno Vasconcelos UCSD
Discrt Fourir Trasform uo Vascoclos UCSD Liar Shift Ivariat (LSI) systms o of th most importat cocpts i liar systms thory is that of a LSI systm Dfiitio: a systm T that maps [ ito y[ is LSI if ad oly if
More informationln x = n e = 20 (nearest integer)
H JC Prlim Solutios 6 a + b y a + b / / dy a b 3/ d dy a b at, d Giv quatio of ormal at is y dy ad y wh. d a b () (,) is o th curv a+ b () y.9958 Qustio Solvig () ad (), w hav a, b. Qustio d.77 d d d.77
More informationStrongly Connected Components
Strongly Connctd Componnts Lt G = (V, E) b a dirctd graph Writ if thr is a path from to in G Writ if and is an quivalnc rlation: implis and implis s quivalnc classs ar calld th strongly connctd componnts
More informationFinding low cost TSP and 2-matching solutions using certain half integer subtour vertices
Finding low cost TSP and 2-matching solutions using crtain half intgr subtour vrtics Sylvia Boyd and Robrt Carr Novmbr 996 Introduction Givn th complt graph K n = (V, E) on n nods with dg costs c R E,
More informationFourier Transforms and the Wave Equation. Key Mathematics: More Fourier transform theory, especially as applied to solving the wave equation.
Lur 7 Fourir Transforms and th Wav Euation Ovrviw and Motivation: W first discuss a fw faturs of th Fourir transform (FT), and thn w solv th initial-valu problm for th wav uation using th Fourir transform
More informationCh. 24 Molecular Reaction Dynamics 1. Collision Theory
Ch. 4 Molcular Raction Dynamics 1. Collision Thory Lctur 16. Diffusion-Controlld Raction 3. Th Matrial Balanc Equation 4. Transition Stat Thory: Th Eyring Equation 5. Transition Stat Thory: Thrmodynamic
More information07 - SEQUENCES AND SERIES Page 1 ( Answers at he end of all questions ) b, z = n
07 - SEQUENCES AND SERIES Pag ( Aswrs at h d of all qustios ) ( ) If = a, y = b, z = c, whr a, b, c ar i A.P. ad = 0 = 0 = 0 l a l
More informationCDS 101: Lecture 5.1 Reachability and State Space Feedback
CDS, Lctur 5. CDS : Lctur 5. Rachability ad Stat Spac Fdback Richard M. Murray 7 Octobr 3 Goals: Di rachability o a cotrol systm Giv tsts or rachability o liar systms ad apply to ampls Dscrib th dsig o
More informationSome Results on E - Cordial Graphs
Intrnational Journal of Mathmatics Trnds and Tchnology Volum 7 Numbr 2 March 24 Som Rsults on E - Cordial Graphs S.Vnkatsh, Jamal Salah 2, G.Sthuraman 3 Corrsponding author, Dpartmnt of Basic Scincs, Collg
More informationEEO 401 Digital Signal Processing Prof. Mark Fowler
EEO 401 Digital Signal Procssing Prof. Mark Fowlr Dtails of th ot St #19 Rading Assignmnt: Sct. 7.1.2, 7.1.3, & 7.2 of Proakis & Manolakis Dfinition of th So Givn signal data points x[n] for n = 0,, -1
More informationDerangements and Applications
2 3 47 6 23 Journal of Intgr Squncs, Vol. 6 (2003), Articl 03..2 Drangmnts and Applications Mhdi Hassani Dpartmnt of Mathmatics Institut for Advancd Studis in Basic Scincs Zanjan, Iran mhassani@iasbs.ac.ir
More informationOption 3. b) xe dx = and therefore the series is convergent. 12 a) Divergent b) Convergent Proof 15 For. p = 1 1so the series diverges.
Optio Chaptr Ercis. Covrgs to Covrgs to Covrgs to Divrgs Covrgs to Covrgs to Divrgs 8 Divrgs Covrgs to Covrgs to Divrgs Covrgs to Covrgs to Covrgs to Covrgs to 8 Proof Covrgs to π l 8 l a b Divrgt π Divrgt
More informationBlackbody Radiation. All bodies at a temperature T emit and absorb thermal electromagnetic radiation. How is blackbody radiation absorbed and emitted?
All bodis at a tmpratur T mit ad absorb thrmal lctromagtic radiatio Blackbody radiatio I thrmal quilibrium, th powr mittd quals th powr absorbd How is blackbody radiatio absorbd ad mittd? 1 2 A blackbody
More informationCDS 101: Lecture 5.1 Reachability and State Space Feedback
CDS, Lctur 5. CDS : Lctur 5. Rachability ad Stat Spac Fdback Richard M. Murray ad Hido Mabuchi 5 Octobr 4 Goals: Di rachability o a cotrol systm Giv tsts or rachability o liar systms ad apply to ampls
More informationOn Certain Conditions for Generating Production Functions - II
J o u r n a l o A c c o u n t i n g a n d M a n a g m n t J A M v o l 7, n o ( 0 7 ) On Crtain Conditions or Gnrating Production Functions - II Catalin Anglo Ioan, Gina Ioan Abstract: Th articl is th scond
More informationCS 491 G Combinatorial Optimization
CS 49 G Cobinatorial Optiization Lctur Nots Junhui Jia. Maiu Flow Probls Now lt us iscuss or tails on aiu low probls. Thor. A asibl low is aiu i an only i thr is no -augnting path. Proo: Lt P = A asibl
More informationBasic Polyhedral theory
Basic Polyhdral thory Th st P = { A b} is calld a polyhdron. Lmma 1. Eithr th systm A = b, b 0, 0 has a solution or thr is a vctorπ such that π A 0, πb < 0 Thr cass, if solution in top row dos not ist
More informationSolution to 1223 The Evil Warden.
Solutio to 1 Th Evil Ward. This is o of thos vry rar PoWs (I caot thik of aothr cas) that o o solvd. About 10 of you submittd th basic approach, which givs a probability of 47%. I was shockd wh I foud
More informationTraveling Salesperson Problem and Neural Networks. A Complete Algorithm in Matrix Form
Procdigs of th th WSEAS Itratioal Cofrc o COMPUTERS, Agios Nikolaos, Crt Islad, Grc, July 6-8, 7 47 Travlig Salsprso Problm ad Nural Ntworks A Complt Algorithm i Matrix Form NICOLAE POPOVICIU Faculty of
More informationSOME IDENTITIES FOR THE GENERALIZED POLY-GENOCCHI POLYNOMIALS WITH THE PARAMETERS A, B AND C
Joural of Mathatical Aalysis ISSN: 2217-3412, URL: www.ilirias.co/ja Volu 8 Issu 1 2017, Pags 156-163 SOME IDENTITIES FOR THE GENERALIZED POLY-GENOCCHI POLYNOMIALS WITH THE PARAMETERS A, B AND C BURAK
More informationConstruction of asymmetric orthogonal arrays of strength three via a replacement method
isid/ms/26/2 Fbruary, 26 http://www.isid.ac.in/ statmath/indx.php?modul=prprint Construction of asymmtric orthogonal arrays of strngth thr via a rplacmnt mthod Tian-fang Zhang, Qiaoling Dng and Alok Dy
More information2008 AP Calculus BC Multiple Choice Exam
008 AP Multipl Choic Eam Nam 008 AP Calculus BC Multipl Choic Eam Sction No Calculator Activ AP Calculus 008 BC Multipl Choic. At tim t 0, a particl moving in th -plan is th acclration vctor of th particl
More informationph People Grade Level: basic Duration: minutes Setting: classroom or field site
ph Popl Adaptd from: Whr Ar th Frogs? in Projct WET: Curriculum & Activity Guid. Bozman: Th Watrcours and th Council for Environmntal Education, 1995. ph Grad Lvl: basic Duration: 10 15 minuts Stting:
More informationComputing and Communications -- Network Coding
89 90 98 00 Computing and Communications -- Ntwork Coding Dr. Zhiyong Chn Institut of Wirlss Communications Tchnology Shanghai Jiao Tong Univrsity China Lctur 5- Nov. 05 0 Classical Information Thory Sourc
More informationTwo Products Manufacturer s Production Decisions with Carbon Constraint
Managmnt Scinc and Enginring Vol 7 No 3 pp 3-34 DOI:3968/jms9335X374 ISSN 93-34 [Print] ISSN 93-35X [Onlin] wwwcscanadant wwwcscanadaorg Two Products Manufacturr s Production Dcisions with Carbon Constraint
More informationChapter 2 Infinite Series Page 1 of 11. Chapter 2 : Infinite Series
Chatr Ifiit Sris Pag of Sctio F Itgral Tst Chatr : Ifiit Sris By th d of this sctio you will b abl to valuat imror itgrals tst a sris for covrgc by alyig th itgral tst aly th itgral tst to rov th -sris
More information(Upside-Down o Direct Rotation) β - Numbers
Amrican Journal of Mathmatics and Statistics 014, 4(): 58-64 DOI: 10593/jajms0140400 (Upsid-Down o Dirct Rotation) β - Numbrs Ammar Sddiq Mahmood 1, Shukriyah Sabir Ali,* 1 Dpartmnt of Mathmatics, Collg
More informationSquare of Hamilton cycle in a random graph
Squar of Hamilton cycl in a random graph Andrzj Dudk Alan Friz Jun 28, 2016 Abstract W show that p = n is a sharp thrshold for th random graph G n,p to contain th squar of a Hamilton cycl. This improvs
More informationDigital Signal Processing, Fall 2006
Digital Sigal Procssig, Fall 6 Lctur 9: Th Discrt Fourir Trasfor Zhg-Hua Ta Dpartt of Elctroic Systs Aalborg Uivrsity, Dar zt@o.aau.d Digital Sigal Procssig, I, Zhg-Hua Ta, 6 Cours at a glac MM Discrt-ti
More information11/13/17. directed graphs. CS 220: Discrete Structures and their Applications. relations and directed graphs; transitive closure zybooks
dirctd graphs CS 220: Discrt Strctrs and thir Applications rlations and dirctd graphs; transiti closr zybooks 9.3-9.6 G=(V, E) rtics dgs dgs rtics/ nods Edg (, ) gos from rtx to rtx. in-dgr of a rtx: th
More informationOuterplanar graphs and Delaunay triangulations
CCCG 011, Toronto ON, August 10 1, 011 Outrplanar graphs and Dlaunay triangulations Ashraful Alam Igor Rivin Ilana Strinu Abstract Ovr 0 yars ago, Dillncourt [1] showd that all outrplanar graphs can b
More informationApproximation and Inapproximation for The Influence Maximization Problem in Social Networks under Deterministic Linear Threshold Model
20 3st Intrnational Confrnc on Distributd Computing Systms Workshops Approximation and Inapproximation for Th Influnc Maximization Problm in Social Ntworks undr Dtrministic Linar Thrshold Modl Zaixin Lu,
More information(Reference: sections in Silberberg 5 th ed.)
ALE. Atomic Structur Nam HEM K. Marr Tam No. Sctio What is a atom? What is th structur of a atom? Th Modl th structur of a atom (Rfrc: sctios.4 -. i Silbrbrg 5 th d.) Th subatomic articls that chmists
More informationHardy-Littlewood Conjecture and Exceptional real Zero. JinHua Fei. ChangLing Company of Electronic Technology Baoji Shannxi P.R.
Hardy-Littlwood Conjctur and Excptional ral Zro JinHua Fi ChangLing Company of Elctronic Tchnology Baoji Shannxi P.R.China E-mail: fijinhuayoujian@msn.com Abstract. In this papr, w assum that Hardy-Littlwood
More informationUNIT 2: MATHEMATICAL ENVIRONMENT
UNIT : MATHEMATICAL ENVIRONMENT. Itroductio This uit itroducs som basic mathmatical cocpts ad rlats thm to th otatio usd i th cours. Wh ou hav workd through this uit ou should: apprciat that a mathmatical
More information