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1 ph Popl Adaptd from: Whr Ar th Frogs? in Projct WET: Curriculum & Activity Guid. Bozman: Th Watrcours and th Council for Environmntal Education, ph Grad Lvl: basic Duration: minuts Stting: classroom or fild sit Summary: Studnts bcom th atoms in watr molculs to act out changs in ph. Objctivs: Studnts will gain an undrstanding of th concpts bhind ph, rcognizing what happns at th atomic lvl, and undrstanding how watr is acidic and basic. Rlatd Modul Rsourcs: ph Tst #1, #2, #3, #4, #5 ph Information/Fact Sht ph mtr Hach ph kit ph papr HANBOOK: ph sction FIELD MANUAL: p Vocabulary: dissociat, ions, ph, nutral, acidic, basic, alkalinity Matrials (Includd in Modul): 20 hydrogn ion (H+) labls 10 oxygn ion (O -2 ) labls 30 labls (nam tags) Additional Matrials (NOT Includd in Modul): additional labls if ndd ACADEMIC STANDARDS (ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY) 7 th Grad B Undrstand th rol of th watrshd. - Explain factors that affct watr quality and flow through a watrshd B. Dscrib how human actions affct th halth of th nvironmnt. - Explain how acid dposition can affct watr, soil and air quality. 12 th Grad C Analyz th paramtrs of a watrshd. - Intrprt physical, chmical and biological data as a mans of assssing th nvironmntal quality of a watrshd BACKGROUND: Watr molculs (H 2 O) ar mad up of two hydrogn atoms attachd to an oxygn atom. Howvr, watr molculs somtims dissociat or brak apart. Th watr molcul splits into a hydroxid ion (OH-) and a hydrogn ion (H+). Ions hav unqual numbrs of protons and lctrons. If an ion has mor protons than lctrons, it will hav a positiv charg. On th othr hand, if it has mor lctrons than protons, its charg will b ngativ. Vry fw watr molculs dissociat, but lif procsss dpnd on th small numbr that do. Whn watr dissociats, it producs an qual numbr of hydrogn ions and hydroxid ions. If anothr compound that dissociats is introducd, th ions of watr and of th compound can ract or combin with ach othr. Ions of hydrogn ar mor likly to ract with othr dissociatd compounds, but hydroxid ions can also. Exampls of compounds that dissociat and ract with ths ions includ sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) and calcium carbonat (CaCO 3 ). ph is a masur of th concntration of fr hydrogn ions, which will indicat whthr a solution is acidic or basic. Spcifically, ph is qual to th ngativ log of th hydrogn ion concntration (ph = -log 10 [H + ]). Th numrical valu dos not hav a unit (lik mg/l) pr s, but must b listd alongsid th trm ph. Th valus for ph ar arrangd on a scal from 0 to 14. A ph of 7 indicats th solution is nutral and th concntration of H + is qual to th concntration of OH -. Valus of ph lss than 7 ar considrd acidic

2 (mor H + ar prsnt, lss OH - ). Valus of ph gratr than 7 ar considrd basic (lss H + ar prsnt, mor OH - ). Bcaus ph is dtrmind basd upon a log scal, ach unit chang in ph indicats a tn-fold diffrnc in th concntration of hydrogn ions. For xampl, watr at ph 5 is tn tims mor concntratd with H + than watr at ph 6. Th ph of watr is vry important to watr quality bcaus it controls th typs and rats of many chmical ractions in watr, and aquatic organisms hav a spcific ph rang in which thy can liv. OVERVIEW: Through a simulation, studnts rprsnt th componnts of watr to gain a bttr undrstanding of ph. PROCEDURE: 1. Th class should b dividd into thirds. Th studnts from on group will rprsnt oxygn atoms and thos from th rmaining two groups ar hydrogn atoms. Giv thm th appropriat labls. Hav thm hold th labls in front of thm. Th hydrogns should also ach gt on labl to rprsnt thir lctron. Also hold this labl up. 2. Form groups of thr two hydrogns and on oxygn to rprsnt watr molculs. Th hydrogns should stand on ithr sid of th oxygn. Th class now rprsnts watr that has all molculs intact. 3. Explain to th class that watr molculs do not always stay complt. Somtims molculs will brak apart or dissociat. Hav two or thr of th groups brak up into hydroxid (OH-) and hydrogn (H+) ions. 4. Hav ach lon hydrogn ion giv his or hr to th hydroxid ion. This rprsnts an lctron that has bn lost by th hydrogn ion and gaind by th hydroxid. Explain that hydrogn is a positiv ion (possssing on proton and no lctrons) and hydroxid is a ngativ ion (possssing an xtra lctron). 5. Explain that th class now rprsnts a nutral watr sampl (ph = 7) bcaus thr ar qual numbrs of OH- and H+. Tll th studnts who split apart to rcombin (back to watr) and hav anothr two or thr groups dissociat th solution still rmains nutral (ph = 7). 6. Tll studnts that a compound or lmnt that attracts th OH- has bn addd to th solution. Rmov thr or four hydroxids (OH-) from th mix. Tll studnts that thr ar now mor H+ than OH-. Explain that this maks th solution acidic (ph < 7). 7. Hav th hydroxids (OH-) go back in solution. Som things ract with th hydrogn ions, so rmov som hydrogn ions. Explain that th solution is now basic (ph > 7).

3 8. Somtims things ar addd to watr that add hydrogn ions. For instanc, acid rain (sulfuric acid H 2 SO 4 or nitric acid HNO 3 ) will dissociat (brak down) and produc xtra hydrogn ions (H 2 SO 4 2H + + SO 4-2 ; HNO 3 H + + NO 3 - ). So this tim, you th tachr, grab a bunch of hydrogn ion labls and add yourslf to th group. Who bttr to b acid rain than th tachr. 9. Explain that thr ar compounds that can attach to xtra hydrogn ions in th watr. For instanc, carbonat (CO 3-2 ) and bicarbonat (HCO 3 - ) ar prsnt in many Pnnsylvania watrways. Bcaus thy hav a ngativ charg and ar unstabl, thy ar agr to find an xtra hydrogn or two to combin with. Carbonat (CO 3-2 ) will ract with a fr hydrogn ion (H + ) to form bicarbonat (HCO 3 - ). Bicarbonat will ract with a fr hydrogn ions to crat carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3 ). This rducs th numbr of fr hydrogn ions in th watr, thus raising th ph. Alkalinity is a masur of th ability of a watr systm to rsist changs in ph (gts rid of xtra hydrogn ions that ar addd). S th Alkalinity Information Sht for mor information on this procss. DISCUSSION: What is ph actually masuring? ph is a masur of th concntration of fr hydrogn ions (H + ). How might mor hydrogn ions b addd to watr, making it mor acidic? Additions lik acid rain (nitric or sulfuric acid dissociats producing xtra hydrogn ions), acid min drainag, or an industrial pollutant that has a low ph. Also, a compound may b addd that attracts th hydroxids (OH-). EVALUATION: Explain what basic and acidic man on an atomic lvl. EXTENSIONS AND MODIFICATIONS: Draw th watr molcul or crat modls of th watr molcul. Us this as an introduction to any of th ph Tst activitis. Discuss how acid rain dissociats adding xtra H+ to watr. Discuss how alkalinity can buffr against th xtra H+. NOTES (TEACHERS, PLEASE WRITE ANY SUGGESTIONS YOU HAVE FOR TEACHERS USING THIS ACTIVITY IN THE FUTURE): Activity Vrsion: Sptmbr 2001

4 Hydrogn (H + ) Hydrogn (H + )

5 Oxygn (O -2 ) Oxygn (O -2 )

6 If you hav bcom a hydroxid ion (hydrogn prson + oxygn prson) both of you display this labl togthr Hydroxid Ion (OH - ) If you hav bcom a hydroxid ion (hydrogn prson + oxygn prson) both of you display this labl togthr Hydroxid Ion (OH - ) Photo copy onto th back of th hydrogn sht

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