Epoxy Polymers. New Materials and Innovations. Bearbeitet von Jean-Pierre Pascault, R. J. J Williams

Transcription

1 Epoxy Polymers New Materials and Innovations Bearbeitet von Jean-Pierre Pascault, R. J. J Williams 1. Auflage Buch. 384 S. Hardcover ISBN Format (B x L): 17 x 24 cm Gewicht: 930 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Technik > Werkstoffkunde, Mechanische Technologie > Materialwissenschaft: Polymerwerkstoffe Zu Leseprobe schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, ebooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte.

2 V Contents Preface XV List of Contributors XVII 1 General Concepts about Epoxy Polymers 1 Jean-Pierre Pascault and Roberto J.J. Williams 1.1 Polymerization Chemistry of Epoxy Monomers Typical Epoxy Monomers and Polymer Growth Mechanisms Step Growth Polymerization Chain Homopolymerization Chain Copolymerization Dual Polymerization Systems Transformations During the Formation of an Epoxy Network General Considerations Gelation Vitrification Reaction-Induced Phase Separation Transformation Diagrams General Properties of Epoxy Networks 11 References 12 Part One New Polymers/Materials 13 2 Thermoplastic Epoxy Polymers 15 Jerry E. White 2.1 Introduction Synthesis and Characterization of Epoxy Thermoplastics Poly(hydroxy ethers) and Poly(hydroxy ether sulfides) Poly(hydroxy ether sulfonamides) Poly(hydroxy ester ethers) Poly(hydroxy amino ethers) Fundamental Properties of Epoxy Thermoplastics Mechanical Behavior 27 Epoxy Polymers. Edited by Jean-Pierre Pascault and Roberto J. J. Williams Copyright 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim ISBN:

3 VI Contents Adhesive Characteristics Optical Properties of Poly(hydroxy amino ether) 19b Gas Barrier Properties of Epoxy Thermoplastics Conclusions 36 Acknowledgments 36 References 37 3 Epoxy Functional Acrylic Polymers for High Performance Coating Applications 39 Carmen Flosbach and Roger Fugier 3.1 Introduction Epoxy Functional Acrylic Polymers (Epoxy Acrylates) Synthesis of Epoxy Acrylates Semi-Batch Process Mass Polymerization Suspension Polymerization Polymerization in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Design of Epoxy Acrylates as Film-forming Components in Coatings Glass Transition Temperature Molar Mass Choice of Co-monomers Epoxy Acrylates with a Dual-Cure Structure of the Polymer: Block Copolymers Structure of the Polymer: Branched Epoxy Acrylates Cross-linking Reactions in Coating Systems Epoxy Acrylates in Etch-resistant One-Component Liquid Coatings Epoxy Acrylates in Powder Coatings Epoxy Acrylates in Water-Borne Coatings Conclusions 53 References 53 4 Epoxy Polymers Based on Renewable Resources 55 Alessandro Gandini 4.1 Introduction Synthesis and Polymerization of Monomers and Macromonomers Bearing Multiple Epoxy Functions Vegetable Oils Natural Rubber Lignin Cellulosics and Wood Sugars Terpenes Synthesis and Polymerization of Monomers Bearing a Single Epoxy Group 72

4 Contents VII Furyloxirane Other Monomers Conclusions 76 References 76 Part Two (Nano)Structured Epoxy Networks 79 5 Nanostructured Epoxies by the Use of Block Copolymers 81 Sixun Zheng 5.1 Introduction Formation Mechanisms of Nanostructures in Thermosets Self-Assembly Approach Reaction-Induced Microphase Separation Morphologies of Epoxy Thermosets Modified With Block Copolymers Selection of Block Copolymers Nanophase Behavior of Epoxies Containing Block Copolymers Demixing Behavior of Epoxy-Miscible Blocks Induced by Curing Reaction Thermomechanical Properties of Nanostructured Thermosets Glass Transition Temperatures Fracture Toughness of Nanostructured Thermosets Conclusions 104 References Self-Assembly of Epoxy-Based Polymers 109 Cristina E. Hoppe and Roberto J.J. Williams 6.1 Introduction Linear Nanostructured Epoxies Crosslinked Nanostructured Epoxies Modification of an Epoxy Network with a Linear Amphiphilic Epoxy Polymer Amphiphilic Epoxy Networks Based on the Epoxy Fatty Acid Chemistry Precursors Based on Monofunctional Epoxies Possible Applications of Nanostructured Epoxies 119 References Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal, Thermotropic and Other Responsive Epoxy Polymers 121 Agnieszka Tercjak and Iñaki Mondragon 7.1 Epoxy-Based Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal 121

5 VIII Contents 7.2 Polymer Dispersed Liquid Crystal Prepared by PIPS Block Copolymers Used as a Polymer Dispersing Agent for Liquid Crystal Epoxy Polymers Based on Azo-Benzene Organic Molecules Conclusions and Perspectives 135 References POSS and Other Hybrid Epoxy Polymers 137 Libor Matějka 8.1 Introduction Epoxy-Silica Hybrids Structure and Morphology of the Hybrids Thermomechanical Properties of the Hybrids Rubbery Hybrid Formation, Structure and Thermomechanical Properties Application of the Hybrids Epoxy POSS Hybrids Types of POSS Hybrids Structure and Morphology of the POSS Hybrid Network Reactivity of the Epoxy-Functional POSS Hybrids with Pendant POSS Hybrids with POSS as Network Junctions Hybrids with Unbound POSS Properties of POSS Hybrids Properties of Hybrids with Pendant POSS Properties of Hybrids with POSS in Junctions Self-Assembled Epoxy-POSS Hybrids Application of POSS Hybrids Conclusions 155 Acknowledgment 156 References Lamellar Silicate-Modified Epoxies 159 Jannick Duchet-Rumeau and Henry Sautereau 9.1 Introduction Structure and Properties of Lamellar (Phyllo) Silicates Morphologies of Lamellar Silicates-Polymer Nanocomposites Chemical Modification of Lamellar Silicates for Epoxy Networks Different Chemistries for Modification of Lamellar Silicates Dispersion and Structuration of Lamellar Silicates in the Initial Formulation Dispersion Methods Evolution of the OLS Structuration in the Initial Formulation Swelling Physical Gelation 167

6 Viscosity of Suspensions Thixotropy Structuration of Lamellar Silicates in a Reactive Medium Structuration During Reaction Catalytic Effect of OLS on Epoxy Reactions and Gel Time Structuration at the End of Reaction Mechanical Properties of Lamellar Silicates-Modified Epoxies Modeling the Modulus of Nanocomposites Stiffness and Toughness of Glassy Epoxy Nanocomposites Stiffness and Toughness of Rubbery Epoxy Nanocomposites Ternary Blends Based on Epoxy/Layered Silicates Barrier Properties of Nanoclay-Modified Epoxies Conclusions 180 References Epoxy/Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites 185 Luyi Sun and Hung-Jue Sue 10.1 Introduction Preparation of Epoxy/CNT Nanocomposites Processing Techniques Non-Covalent Functionalization Covalent Functionalization Effect of CNT on the Curing of Epoxy Alignment of CNTs in Nanocomposites Magnetic Field Electric Field Mechanical Deformation Epoxy Infusion into Pre-aligned CNTs Properties of Epoxy/CNT Nanocomposites Mechanical Properties Electrical Properties Thermal Properties Summary and Outlook 205 References 206 Contents IX Part Three Innovative Formulations and Processing Epoxy Adhesives: A View of the Present and the Future 215 Senén Paz Abuín 11.1 Introduction Requirements and Conditions for the Design of an Epoxy Formulation Surfaces (Adherents) 216

7 X Contents Temperature Mechanical Requirements Environmental Aging Toxicology Criteria for Selecting Adhesive Formulations Selection of Components Epoxy Prepolymers Curing Agents Additives Ambient-Cure Formulation (Steel/Concrete Adhesive) Medium to High-Temperature Cure Formulation (Steel/Steel Adhesive) Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Different Formulations Aging in Water at 60 C Conclusions and Perspectives 232 Acknowledgments 233 References UV-Cured Nanostructured Epoxy Coatings 235 Marco Sangermano 12.1 Introduction Organic Organic Nanocomposite Epoxy Coatings Block Copolymers as Organic Nanobuilding Blocks Hyperbranched Polymers Organic Inorganic Nanocomposite Epoxy Coatings Dispersion of Inorganic Nanobuilding Blocks In situ Generation of Inorganic Domains Conclusions 248 Acknowledgments 249 References Electron Beam Curing of Epoxy Composites 253 Felipe Wolff-Fabris and Volker Altstädt 13.1 Introduction to Electron Beam Curing Historical Aspects Curing Reaction Parameters Influencing the Curing Irradiation Energy Irradiation Dose Impurities Initiator Content Thermal History Curing Facilities and Safety Issues Material s Features Initiators Epoxy Monomers 261

8 Contents XI Toughness Modification Interfacial Properties Between Fibers and Matrix Manufacturing Process Perspectives Cost Analysis Thermal Curing Versus Electron Beam Curing Potential Applications 266 References Composite Processing: State of the Art and Future Trends 271 Stephan Costantino and Urs Waldvogel 14.1 Introduction Infusion Process SCRIMP Process Vacuum Assisted Process Controlled Atmospheric Pressure Resin Infusion Resin Transfer Molding Prepreg Process and Applications Out of Autoclave Prepregs Alternative Mold Heating Methods Roctool: The Cage System to make fast RTM Quickstep: Another Way to Cure Sheet Molding Compound (SMC)/Bulk Molding Compound (BMC) SMC BMC Features of SMC/BMC Technologies Filament Winding Process and Applications Automated Tape Laying Automated Fiber Placement Pultrusion Process and Applications Pullwinding Expandable Epoxy Systems Process and Applications Conti Duo Technology Conclusions and Trends for the Future 287 References Thermoplastic Curable Formulations 289 Thomas Fine, Raber Inoubli, Pierre Gérard, and Jean-Pierre Pascault 15.1 Introduction Engineering Thermosetting Epoxies 289

9 XII Contents BCPs as Additives for Controlling Properties BCPs as Additives for Controlling Processing Our Aim Typical Preparation of Thermoplastic Curable Formulations Materials Sample Preparation Rheological Behavior of Blends of Block Copolymer and Thermoset Precursors Choice of the Hardener Processing and Properties Thermoplastic Processing Properties Conclusions 301 Acknowledgments 301 References Structural Epoxy Foams 303 Lisa A. Mondy, Rekha R. Rao, Harry Moffat, Doug Adolf, and Mathew Celina 16.1 Background Continuum-Level Model for Foaming Materials Material Models and Experiments to Populate Numerical Model Variable Density and Gas Production Models Epoxy Polymerization Model Viscosity and Slip Models Thermal Properties Models Numerical Method Model Validation Experiment and Model Set-Up Results Discussion and Suggested Improvements to the Model New Foaming Strategies to Minimize Gravity-Induced Density Gradients Chemical Blowing Maleic Anhydride Polymerization and CO 2 Generation Epoxy Systems Foamed Via Maleic Anhydride Polymerization BOC Based Foaming and Enhanced Foam Stability Summary 321 Acknowledgments 322 References Self-Healing Epoxy Composites 325 Michael W. Keller 17.1 Introduction Sequestered Healing-Agent Systems 326

10 Contents XIII Microcapsule-Based Self-Healing Alternative Healing Chemistries Hollow-Fiber-Based Healing Microvascular Healing Systems Intrinsically Healing Materials Remendable Polymers Supramolecular Assembly Potential Applications of Self-Healing Materials in a Bio- Engineering Setting Outlook for Self-Healing Materials 343 References 343 Part Four Conclusions and Perspectives Conclusions and Perspectives 347 Jean-Pierre Pascault and Roberto J.J. Williams 18.1 Definitions of Epoxy Polymers New Monomers and Formulations Nanostructured Epoxies Engineering Properties Functional Properties Health-Related Issues Life-Cycle Assessment 354 References 355 Index 357

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