Turbomachinery Flow Physics and Dynamic Performance

Transcription

1 Turbomachinery Flow Physics and Dynamic Performance Bearbeitet von Meinhard T Schobeiri 1. Auflage Buch. XXI, 522 S. Hardcover ISBN Format (B x L): 15,5 x 23,5 cm Gewicht: 2070 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Technik > Werkstoffkunde, Mechanische Technologie > Aerodynamik schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, ebooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte.

2 Contents I Turbomachinery Flow Physics 1 Introduction, Turbomachinery, Applications, Types Turbine Compressor Application of Turbomachines Power Generation, Steam Turbines Power Generation, Gas Turbines Aircraft Gas Turbines Diesel Engine Application Classification of Turbomachines Compressor Types Turbine Types Working Principle of a Turbomachine References, Chapter Kinematics of Turbomachinery Fluid Motion Material and Spatial Description of the Flow Field Material Description Jacobian Transformation Function and its Material Derivative Spatial Description Translation, Deformation, Rotation Reynolds Transport Theorem References, Chapter Differential Balances in Turbomchinery Differential Mass Flow Balance in Stationary Frame of Reference Incompressibility Condition Differential Momentum Balance in Stationary Frame of Reference Relationship Between Stress Tensor and Deformation Tensor Navier-Stokes Equation of Motion Special Case: Euler Equation of Motion Some Discussions on Turbomachinery Flow, Navier-Stokes Equations Energy Balance in Stationary Frame of Reference Mechanical Energy Thermal Energy... 39

3 X Contents Total Energy Entropy Balance Differential Balances in Rotating Frame of Reference Velocity and Acceleration in Rotating Frame Continuity Equation in Rotating Frame of Reference Equation of Motion in Rotating Frame of Reference Energy Equation in Rotating Frame of Reference Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes Equations, Intermittency Physics of Intermittently Laminar-Turbulent Boundary Layer Identification of Intermittent Behavior of Steady Flows Turbulent/Non-Turbulent Decisions Identification of Intermittent Behavior of Unsteady Flows Implementation of Intermittency into Navier Stokes Equations Reynolds-Averaged Equations for Fully Turbulent Flow Conditioning the RANS for Intermittency Implementation Modeling the Unsteady Intermittency for Turbomachinery Flow References, Chapter Integral Balances in Turbomachinery Mass Flow Balance Balance of Linear Momentum Balance of Moment of Momentum Balance of Energy Energy Balance Special Case 1: Steady Flow Energy Balance Special Case 2: Steady, Constant Mass Flow Application of Energy Balance to Turbomachinery Components Application: pipe, diffuser, nozzle Application: Combustion Chamber Application: Turbine, Compressor Uncooled turbine Cooled turbine Uncooled compressor Irreversibility and Total Pressure Losses Application of Second Law to Turbomachinery Components Flow at High Subsonic and Transonic Mach Numbers Density Changes with Mach Number, Critical State Effect of Cross-Section Change on Mach Number Flow though Channels with Constant Cross Section Normal Shock Wave Relations Oblique Shock Wave Relations Detached Shock Wave Prandtl-Meyer Expansion References, Chapter

4 Contents XI 5 Theory of Turbomachinery Stages Energy Transfer in Turbomachinery Stages Energy Transfer in Relative Systems General Treatment of Turbine and Compressor Stage Dimensionless Stage Parameters Relation Between Degree of Reaction and Blade Height Effect of Degree of Reaction on the Stage Configuration Effect of Stage Load Coefficient on Stage Power Unified Description of a Turbomachinery Stage Unified Description of Stage with Constant Mean Diameter Generalized Dimensionless Stage Parameters Special Cases Case 1, Constant Mean Diameter Case 2, Constant Meridional Velocity Ratio Increase of Stage Load Coefficient, Discussion References, Chapter Turbine and Compressor Cascade Flow Forces Blade Force in an Inviscid Flow Field Blade Forces in a Viscous Flow Field The Effect of Solidity on Blade Profile Losses Relationship Between Profile Loss Coefficient and Drag Optimum Solidity Generalized Lift-Solidity Coefficient Turbine Stator Turbine Rotor References, Chapter II Turbomachinery Losses, Efficiencies, Blades 7 Losses in Turbine and Compressor Cascades Profile Losses Viscous Flow in Compressor Cascade Calculation of Viscous Flows Boundary Layer Thicknesses Boundary Layer Integral Equation Application of Boundary Layer Theory to Compressor Blades Effect of Reynolds Number Stage Profile Losses Trailing Edge Thickness Losses Losses Due to Secondary Flows Calculation of Secondary Flow Losses for Unshrouded Blades Secondary Flow Losses in Shrouded Blading Losses Due to Leakage Flow in Shrouds

5 XII Contents 7.5 Exit Loss Trailing Edge Ejection Mixing Losses of Gas Turbine Blades Calculation of Mixing Losses Trailing Edge Ejection Mixing Losses Effect of Injection Velocity Ratio on Mixing Loss Optimum Trailing Edge Mixing Losses Stage Total Loss Coefficient References, Chapter Efficiency of Multi-stage Turbomachines Polytropic Efficiency Isentropic Turbine Efficiency, Recovery Factor Compressor Efficiency, Reheat Factor Polytropic vs. Isentropic Efficiency References, Chapter Incidence and Deviation Cascade with Low Flow Deflection Conformal Transformation Flow Through an Infinitely Thin Circular Arc Cascade Thickness Correction Optimum Incidence Effect of Compressibility Deviation for High Flow Deflection Calculation of Exit Flow Angle References, Chapter Simple Blade Design Compressor Blade Design Low Subsonic Compressor Blade Design Intermediate Subsonic Compressor Blades Transonic, Supersonic Compressor Blades Simple Turbine Blade Design References, Chapter Radial Equilibrium Derivation of Equilibrium Equations Application of Streamline Curvature Method to Turbomachinery Step-by-Step Solution Procedure Examples Special Cases Free Vortex Flow Forced vortex flow Flow with Constant Flow Angle References, Chapter

6 Content XIII III Turbomachinery Dynamic Performance 12 Nonlinear Dynamic Simulation of Turbomachinery Components and Systems Theoretical Background Preparation for Numerical Treatment One-Dimensional Approximation Time Dependent Equation of Continuity Time Dependent Equation of Motion Time Dependent Equation of Total Energy Numerical Treatment References, Chapter Generic Modeling of Turbomachinery Components and Systems Generic Component Configuration Group 1: Modular Configuration of Inlet, Exhaust, Pipe Group 2: Heat Exchangers, Combustion Chamber Group 3: Adiabatic Compressor and Turbine Components Group 4: Diabatic Turbine and Compressor Components Group 5: Control System, Valves, Shaft, Sensors Coupling Module Plenum Modular System Configuration Concept Configuration of Systems of Partial Differential Equations References, Chapter Modeling of Inlet, Exhaust, and Pipe Systems Unified Modular Treatment Physical and Mathematical Modeling of Modules Modeling of a Shock Tube Shock Tube Dynamic Behavior References, Chapter Modeling of Heat Exchangers, Combustion Chambers, Afterburners Modeling the Recuperators Recuperator Hot Side Transients Recuperator Cold Side Transients Coupling Condition Hot, Cold Side Recuperator Heat Transfer Coefficient Modeling Combustion Chamber Mass Flow Transients Temperature Transients Combustion Chamber Heat Transfer

7 XIV Contents 15.3 Example: Startup, Shutdown of a Combustor-Preheater System Modeling of Afterburners References, Chapter Modeling Compressor Component, Design, Off-Design Compressor Losses Profile Losses Diffusion Factor Generalized Maximum Velocity Ratio for Cascade, Stage Compressibility Effect Shock Losses Correlations for Boundary Layer Momentum Thickness Influence of Different Parameters on Profile Losses Mach Number Effect Reynolds number effect Blade thickness effect Compressor Aerodynamic Design and Off-Design Performance Stage-by-stage and Row-by-Row Adiabatic Compression Stage-by-stage calculation of compression process Row-by-row adiabatic compression Off-design efficiency calculation Generation of Steady State Performance Map Modeling the Compressor Module for Dynamic Performance Module Level 1: Using Performance Maps Quasi dynamic modeling using performance maps Simulation example Module Level 2: Row-by-Row Adiabatic Calculation Active surge prevention Simulation example Module Level 3: Row-by-Row Diabatic Compression Description of diabatic compressor module Heat transfer closure equations References, Chapter Turbine Aerodynamic Design and Off-design Performance Stage-by-Stage and Row-by-Row Adiabatic Design, Off-Design Stage-by-Stage Calculation of Expansion Process Row-by-Row Adiabatic Expansion Off-Design Efficiency Calculation Behavior Under Extreme Low Mass Flows Example: Steady Design and Off-Design Behavior of a Multi-Stage Turbine Off-Design Calculation Using Global Turbine Characteristics Modeling Turbine Module for Dynamic Performance Simulation Module Level 1: Using Performance Characteristics

8 Contents XV Module Level 2: Row-by-Row Adiabatic Expansion Module Level 3: Row-by-Row Diabatic Expansion Diabatic turbine module, description method Diabatic turbine module, description method Heat transfer closure equations References, Chapter Gas Turbine Engines Design and Off-design Dynamic Performance Gas Turbine Processes, Steady Design Operation Gas Turbine Process Improvement of Gas Turbine Thermal Efficiency Non-Linear Gas Turbine Dynamic Simulation State of Dynamic Simulation, Background Engine Components, Modular Concept, ModuleIdentification Levels of Gas Turbine Engine Simulations, Cross Coupling Non-Linear Dynamic Simulation Case Studies Case Study 1: Compressed Air Energy Storage Gas Turbine Simulation of emergency shutdown Simulation of a cold startup Case Study 2: Power Generation Gas Turbine Engine Case Study 3: Simulation of a Multi-Spool Gas Turbines A Byproduct of Dynamic Simulation: Detailed Efficiency Calculation Summary Part 3, Further Development References, Chapter A Vector and Tensor Analysis 485 A. 1 Tensors in Three-Dimensional Euclidean Space A.1.1 Index Notation A.2 Vector Operations: Scalar, Vector and Tensor products A.2.1 Scalar product A.2.2 Vector or cross product A.2.3 Tensor product A.3 Contraction of Tensors A.4 Differential Operators in Fluid Mechanics A.4.1 Substantial derivatives A.4.2 Differential operator L A5 Operator L Applied to Different Functions A5.1 Scalar Product of L and V A5.2 Vector product of L and V A5.3 Tensor Product of L and V A5.4 Scalar Product of L and a Second Order Tensor References, Appendix A

9 XVI Contents B Tensor Operations in Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinate Systems 501 B.1 Change of Coordinate System B.2 Co- and Contravariant Base Vectors, Metric Coefficients B.3 Physical Components of a Vector B.4 Derivatives of the Base Vectors, Christoffel Symbols B.5 Spatial Derivatives in Curvilinear Coordinate System B.5.1 Application of L to Tensor Functions B.6 Application Example 1: Inviscid Flow Motion B.6.1 Equation of Motion in Curvilinear Coordinate Systems B.6.2 Special Case: Cylindrical Coordinate System B.6.3 Base Vectors, Metric Coefficients B.6.4 Christoffel Symbols B.6.5 Introduction of Physical Components B.7. Application Example 2: Viscous Flow Motion B.7.1 Equation of Motion in Curvilinear Coordinate Systems B.7.2 Special Case: Cylindrical Coordinate System References, Appendix B Index 515