PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF POLE AMPLITUDE MODULATED THREE PHASE SQUIRREL-CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR

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1 Intnatinal Jnal f Emging Tchnlgy in Cmpt Scinc & Elctnics (IJETCSE) ISSN: Vlm 13 Iss 1 MARCH PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF POLE AMPLITUDE MODULATED THREE PHASE SQUIRREL-CAGE INDUCTION MOTOR L Chandaska 1, S Anbchandan 2, D.R Sanka 3 1 Scnd ya, Pw Elctnics and Divs, 2 Assciat Pfss, Dpatmnt f Elctical and Elctnics Engining, 3 Pfss and Had, Dpatmnt f Elctical and Elctnics Engining, SKR Engining Cllg, Chnnai. 1 lc.sivanavam@gmail.cm. Abstact Th a vais mthds f spd cntl f indctin mts a availabl and als psnt a innmabl applicatins. Bt nt all th mthds a sitabl f all applicatins. Th tw main mthds f spd cntl sing a Rbst, Rliabl Sil-cag indctin mt a: 1. Vaiabl Fncy divs & 2. Vaiatin f nmb f pls. Th a many ccasins wh nly tw distinct spds a id with almst n additinal cst t that f th mt lik pmp, fan and windmill gnat applicatins. In sch applicatins VFD divs a nt viabl cnmically spcially f lag ating f indctin mts. Hwv Spd cntl by simpl pl changing bst sit ths applicatins. Spd cntl sing pl-changing f 2:1 is an ld cncpt (cnsnt pl mthd) and is simpl. F atis th than 2:1, th dsign is cmplicatd. This pjct is aimd at dvlping an 8/6/4 pl-changing indctin mt nt by m cil cnnctins. Th tchni sd f this is Sinsidal Pmdlatin (PAM) Tchni. By this mthd w can achiv th dsid disct spds / ating sing singl mt with simpl pl chang div mchanism ths dcing th capital cst f invstmnt n VFD divs and ngy saving n pating cst f th cmplt systm. Indx Tms Pl Amplitd Mdlatin (PAM), Sil-cag Indctin mt (SQIM), High spd (HS), Lw spd (LS) I. INTRODUCTION Th a many ccasins wh vaiabl spd a.c. indctin divs a id and ths divs can b gpd as ith disct spd changing dvics cntinsly spd changing pw div. If disct spd-changing dvic is id th mt shld b n sch that it ns cntinsly at n tw dsid spds and th indctin mt f sil cag typ is ndbtdly favd. If cntinsly vaiabl spd is absltly id, n mst g ncssaily f cmplicatd aangmnt with attndant maintnanc pblms. Th mst imptant nd f spd-changing ccs in pcsss lik diving dills and in ctain th applicatins wh th ctting spd may nd t b changd with a chang f th matial bing handld. An ally imptant nd f spd chang is t sav ngy. Th bjctiv f this wk is t dsign a pl changing winding f a singl winding 3-phas 3-spd SQIM with a pl ati 8/6/4 sing PAM tchni and t analys th pfmanc paamt. Gnally, this pl changing can b dn by tw diffnt mthds. On is th nmal 8/6/4 pl changing by cnstcting indpndnt windings f ach pl in th sam stat (tp/ bttm / fnt / a f th stat c) nding m spac in th stat and ths m lss, ls fficint and vy xpnsiv. Oth is th Pl Amplitd Mdlatin (PAM) tchni thgh which th windings a hld in tw sctins p phas and vsing th cnt dictin in n sctin f ach phas with spct t th th. This tchni applis th lgic f amplitd-mdlatin t th spac-distibtin f th windings f an lctical machin. Th whl pcss f dsign is basd n tignmtical atins. T simlat th dsign f Spd cm ating chang lctnic div mchanism t cntl th spd/ating f 3-spd SQIM and t btain spd and acclatin cvs. Ev sinc th invntin f cag t indctin machins, th hav bn innmabl attmpts t mak it a vaiabl spd n. Th invstigats fllwd tw distinct ts: On appach has bn t achiv a cntinsly vaiabl spd cntl, and th th appach aims at disct spd cntl. Dahland s wll knwn pl-changing mt has bn in s sinc 1897 f 1:2 pl ati. In cntast, th spd changing mts dvisd by Rawcliff s nmal cils and his wk lats t th applicatin f Lgic knwn as: Pl Amplitd Mdlatin with spcific fnc t th phas machins iing 12 tminals nly in many cass. II. BRIEF REVIEW OF SPEED CONTROL An imptant basis f spd vaiatin f indctin mts is givn by th atin: Synchns Spd in.p.s., n=2f/p Wh f is th fncy in Hz, and p is th nmb f pls. Ths w hav th fllwing mthds: 1. Fncy Vaiatin: May b sd f bth Sil-cag and wnd t indctin mts. 2. Vaiatin f nmb f pls: A. Using mltipl windings B. Using Cnsnt Pl tchni C. By Pl Amplitd Mdlatin Ths mthds a nmally stictd t b sd with Sil-cag typ, sinc f stady pdctin f lctmagntic t chang f stat pls mst b accmpanid with chang f t pls, and whas a Sil-cag t adjsts n th nmb f pls f th stat in which it is instd, a wnd t has th nmb f pls f which it is wnd. 611

2 Intnatinal Jnal f Emging Tchnlgy in Cmpt Scinc & Elctnics (IJETCSE) ISSN: Vlm 13 Iss 1 MARCH Vaiatin f spply vltag: F bth Sil-cag and wnd t typs 4. Vaiatin f mt paamts: A. Rt Rsistanc F wnd t typ B. Stat Rsistanc F bth typs C. Stat and Rt Ractanc F wnd t typ 5. Cntl f Rt slip-pw: F wnd t mt A. VARIATION OF NUMBER OF POLES Sinc nmb f pls can nly b changd in vn nmbs, spd cntl by this mthd is stppd. F xampl, by changing nmb f pls f a 50Hz mt spds sch as 3000, 1500, 1000, 750.p.m. tc., cld b btaind. This mthd is ffctivly applicabl t sil cag typ nly as f stady t pdctin, bth stat and t nmb f pls shld b al, and a chang in th nmb f stat pls mst b accmplishd with a chang in th nmb f t pls. Fig. 1a 8 Pl sis cnnctin Pl changing can b ffctd t by any f th fllwing mthds. 1. USING MULTIPLE WINDINGS Th stat has spaat windings ach wnd f diffnt nmb f pls. In th tw spaat windings cas, nmally six tminals a bght t, th f high spd and th f lw spd winding. Chang v fm n spd t anth is mad by a TPDT switch. T avid ciclating cnt and slting vhating, th idl winding shld b kpt pn-cicitd. 2. USING CONSEQUENT POLE TECHNIQUE Th mst ppla and pactical singl-winding aangmnt f 2:1 spd ati was th Dahland s Pl changing mt sing th cnsnt pl tchni. In this mthd th tw spds a achivd by switching winding cnnctins in sch a way that th dictin f cnt is vsd in n half f th cils. Th 2:1 spd ati is accmplishd by cnncting all th stat cils in n phas in sis as shwn in Fig.1a and f th th spd cils a cnnctd in sis paalll as shwn in Fig.1 As shwn in Fig.1a, sccssiv sth pls a fmd. As a cnsnc f this cnsnt Nth pls a indcd in th spac btwn ths cils (i..8-pl) and t btain symmtical MMF pattn th cils a spaatd by an amnt al t a pl pitch. If th cnt in vy altnat cil is vsd as shwn in Fig.1b thn within th cils th plaitis a sccssivly nth and Sth Pl and thf th nmb f pls is halvd (i..4-pl). Ths if all th th phass a aangd in th sam pattn and cnnctd in a tw paalll sis cicit in ach phas, it slts in changing th nmb f pls fmd. Hwv th abv cnsnt pl mthd is limitd t 2:1 spd ati nly. (Ex.3000/1500, 1500/750, 1000/500 RPM, tc.). Fig.1b 4 Pl sis paalll cnnctins Cnsnt Pl spd cntls Th a th classs f cnsnt pl mts dpnding n thi intndd svic: (a) Cnstant t mts with abt th sam atd t at bth high and lw spd. Ths mts a cnnctd in paalll sta f high spd and sis dlta f lw spd. Hnc th atd T(Nm)=Pw(W)x 9.55/N(pm) and thf Pw₁/Pw₂ = N₁/N₂ F xampl th hspw ating f a 750pm cnnctin wld b half th hspw ating f 1500pm cnnctin. Dal spd mts f this typ a sd f cnvys, cipcating pmps, pinting psss, cmpsss and simila lads. (b) Cnstant hspw mts with abt th sam atd pw at bth high and lw spd. Ths mts a 612

3 Intnatinal Jnal f Emging Tchnlgy in Cmpt Scinc & Elctnics (IJETCSE) ISSN: Vlm 13 Iss 1 MARCH cnnctd in sis dlta f high spd and paalll sta lw spd. Thf T₁/T2 = N2 / N₁. F xampl th t that can b dlivd at 750pm cnnctin wld b twic that at 1500pm cnnctin. Dal spd mts f this typ a sd f laths and th machin tls that ftn i a cnstant at f pw. (c) Vaiabl t mts with atd t dictly pptinal t spd at ith high lw spd. Ths mts a cnnctd in paalll sta f high spd and sis sta f lw spd. Thf T₁/T2 = N₁ / N2 and Pw₁/Pw₂ = N₁²/N₂². F xampl t dvlpd at a 750pm cnnctin wld b half that at th 1500pm cnnctin. Dal spd mts f this typ a sd f fans, cntifgal pmps th lads with simila chaactistics. Sinc th pw ating f fans dictly pptinal t N³, lw spd cnnctin is significantly lss pw. III. POLE AMPLITUDE MODULATION TECHNIQUE Th whl pcss f dsign is basd n tignmtical atins. Th pdctin f ths windings might b dscibd as th mbdimnt f sts f sch atins in sitabl cppmngy and inmngy [5]. Whn ach phas winding is mdlatd by th sam sinsidal mdlating wav, thn ttal mdlatd MMF is givn by: Nm₁= Nm₂= Nm₃= A SinPmθ th sltant is N₁+ N₂+ N₃, wh N₁ = A/2{Cs(P Pm)θ Cs(P+Pm)θ} (1) N₂ = A/2{Cs [(P Pm)θ 2ᴫ/3)] Cs [(P+Pm)θ 2ᴫ/3]} (2) N₃ =A/2{Cs [(P Pm)θ 4ᴫ/3)] Cs [(P+Pm)θ 4ᴫ/3]} (3) A = Amplitd and P = Pl pais In th abv atins th fist tms tgth psnts (P-Pm) Pl pais; th scnd tms tgth psnts th paasitic tating fild f (P+Pm)pl pais Th paasitic tating fild f (P+Pm) pl pais can b asily liminatd by chding. Ths th tating fild cspnds t ith (P-Pm) pl pais (P+Pm) pl pais by kping th angl btwn its phas axs in mltipl f 2ᴫ. By this tchni th windings a hld in tw sctins p phas and vsing th cnt in n sctin f ach phas with spct t th th and ths changs f cnnctins a ivalnt t th mltiplicatin f th iginal mmf wav by th mdlating wav. In gnal, th vsal f half a phas-winding with spct t th st basically cspnds t ttal mdlatin by a wav with an dd nmb f pl-pais: that is, t dd cycl mdlatin. Ttal mdlatin t gt th spds In 2-spd PAM windings th cnnctins f th th phas windings w 2-paalll-sta / sis-dlta. F 3-spd PAM windings, th spds a mad pssibl by sing 4-paalll-sta/ 2-paalll-sta/ sis dlta switching, sing th cicit shwn in Fig.2. Fig. 2 Cicit diagam f 3 spd pl-amplitd mdlatin Spd I (4-Paalll-sta) Jin a ₁ b₁ c₁ Jin a₃ b₃ c₃ Jin a₂ a₄; b₂ b₄; c₂ c₄ Spply a₂ a₄; b₂ b₄; c₂ c₄ Spd II (2-Palll-sta) Jin a ₁ b₁ c ₁ Islat a₂ a₄ b₂ b₄ c₂ c₄ Spply a₃ b₃ c₃ Spd III (Sis-dlta) Islat a₂ a₃ a₄ b₂ b₃ b₄ c₂ c₃ c₄ Spply a₁ b₁ c₁ Th tminals a₁a₃, b₁b₃, c₁c₃ a th six tminals f a 2-spd PAM winding. Th th six tminals a₂a₄; b₂b₄; c₂c₄ nabl th thid spd t b btaind, in 4-paalll-sta cnnctin. Th 2-spd lmnt in this winding ds nt diff in pincipl fm th stablishd fms f 2-spd PAM windings. Bt th d in which th cils in ach half phas-winding a cnnctd may b dictatd by th imnt t s 4-paalll switching f th thid spd. In additin, th actal cil-gping in th 2-spd lmnt may b m cmplicatd than wld b id f a 2-spd winding. Hwv th pincipls invlvd a naffctd. Th switching snc is givn in Fig.2. Assming that th 3-phas pw is givn by a spaat 3-pl main switch f ach spd, th additinal switching t btain th spds, is achivd by sing svn axiliay (lctnic) switchs which can n and ff whn dad. This is a small pic t pay f th pssibility f btaining th spds fm n winding. In gnal, th vsal f half a phas-winding with spct t th st basically cspnds t ttal mdlatin by a wav with an dd nmb f pl pais, which is t dd-cycl mdlatin. All cls-ati PAM windings a f this typ. Divisin f a phas-winding int f sctins, and cnnctin in f paalll paths in th way shwn in Fig.1, mst cspnd t ttal mdlatin by a wav f an vn nmb f pl-pais, sinc ach half f th phas-winding is ncssaily mdlatd by an intgal nmb f pl pais: sally by an dd nmb. Cnnctin in f paalll paths is thf inhntly an mbdimnt f vn-cycl mdlatin. Th tw halvs f th phas winding, t which vn-cycl mdlatin is t b applid, may thmslvs b cnnctd ith in sis in paalll; and th tw halvs a 613

4 Intnatinal Jnal f Emging Tchnlgy in Cmpt Scinc & Elctnics (IJETCSE) ISSN: Vlm 13 Iss 1 MARCH simltansly mdlatd in th sam way, t giv vn-cycl mdlatin. Evn-cycl mdlatin may thf b btaind by switching btwn a 4-paalll cicit and ith a sis cicit a 2-paalll cicit. Th tw altnativs a shwn in Figs 3a and 3b, spctivly. As shwn in Fig.3 th phas-winding is dividd int f sctins (makd I, II, III & IV) and that th tw fms f 4-paalll cicit a idntical. Th cils which fm ach f th f sctins a distibtd and all mst f th stat pimt, bt all th sctins hav cmpaabl pattns as thy a t b cnnctd in paalll. Th dispsitin f th sctins and th stat pimt, taking ach sctin as a nit, is th sam as th snc in which th sctins a cnnctd (I, II, III,IV) f th fm f mdlatin shwn at a in Fig.3. F th th fm f mdlatin hwv, as shwn at b, th dispsitin f th sctins and th pimt is in th snc I, II, IV, III. F this asn, vsal f th tw cnsctiv sctins II and III, as at b, ths cspnds t vn cycl mdlatin. Thf th winding can b switchd fm a 4-paalll cicit t a sis cicit, t a 2-paalll cicit and it may b again mdlatd fm a sis cicit t a 2-paalll cicit, vic vsa. and that th chang fm Z pls t X pls can b ffctd by dd-cycl mdlatin. It fllws that th chang fm W pls t ith X pls Z pls mst als b ffctd by dd-cycl mdlatin. Th tw gnal classs f 3-spd PAM winding ths giv tw sis f pssibl pl-cmbinatins, as fllws: TABLE 1 W t Z: vn-cycl mdlatin; Z t X and W t X: dd-cycl mdlatin W X Z 4- paalll 2-paalll Sis W + 2 W + 4 W W + 6 W + 8 W + 10 W + 12 W + 14 W + 16 tc. tc. TABLE 2 W t X: vn-cycl mdlatin; X t Z and W t X: dd-cycl mdlatin W X Z 4-paalll 2-paalll Sis W + 4 W + 2 W W + 8 W + 6 W + 12 W + 10 W + 16 W + 14 tc. tc. Fig. 3 Th tw altnativ fms f vn-cycl mdlatin Th f sctins in sis a I, II, III & IV. F a th snc is I II III IV and F b th snc is I II IV III. Th availabl pl-cmbinatin: Spps th th pl-nmbs W, X, and Z a spctivly givn 4-paalll,2-paalll and sis cnnctin. It has bn shwn that th chang fm W pls t ith Z pls X pls can b ffctd by vn-cycl mdlatin As fa as ffcting mdlatin is cncnd, th switching cicit f Fig.2 can ths b btaind by sing any n f th pl-cmbinatin in ths tw sis in ith f tw ways. Th mdlatin pcss itslf dtmins nly th basic pl-nmb(s) which appa and it has n ssntial cnnctin with th lativ ai-gap flx-dnsitis f th vais pl-nmbs. Th mthd f mdlatin which givs W < X < Z sd t b chsn, spcially whn th ati btwn W and X, and/ btwn X and Z, is cnsidably gat than nity. Th asn f this chic is that it will dinaily b dsid t btain cmpaabl vals f th ai-gap flx-dnsitis f th th pl-nmbs. T d this it is ncssay that th sis cnnctin Z, which givs th lagst nmb f cndcts in sis, shall cspnd t th lagst pl-nmb; that th 2-paalll cnnctin X which givs an intmdiat nmb f cndcts in sis shall cspnd t th middl pl-nmb and th 4-paalll cnnctin W with th fwst cndcts in sis shall cspnd t th smallst pl-nmb. 614

5 Intnatinal Jnal f Emging Tchnlgy in Cmpt Scinc & Elctnics (IJETCSE) ISSN: Vlm 13 Iss 1 MARCH Whilst th is n abslt fdm f chic in latin t th pssibl pl-cmbinatins, it is cla that th is a sfficintly wid chic t mt almst any pssibl applicatin, within dinay indstial tlancs. IV. MACHINE PARAMETERS Slctd ating f th spds namly 8/6/4-pl singl winding 3 phas SQIM as 2.2KW- 4 pl / 1.5KW- 6 pl / 1.1KW 8 pl. Th machin paamts vals a calclatd f all th th spds and tablatd as p th SQIM ivalnt cicit shwn in Fig.4 blw. can b valatd sing th SQIM ivalnt cicit shwn in Fig.4 as abv and th slts a cdd in Tabl 4 TABLE 4 Mt s Pfmanc Chaactistics, igning stay lsss: f 3Ø, 400V, 50HZ SQIM Paamts 4 - Pl 6-Pl 8-Pl Rating KW(HP) 2.2 (3) 1.5 (2) 1.1 (1.5) Syn.Spd / Rt Spd in pm 1500 / / / 690 Slip s Stat Cnt (A) NLC/ FLC 2.1/ 4.8A 2.6/ 3.9A 2/ 3A Fig. 4 Indctin mt s ivalnt cicit Wh: R₁ - Stat sistanc R₂ - Stat lakag actanc Rᵢ - Rsistanc psnting th in lsss Xm Magntisatin Ractanc R₂' Rt sistanc fd t th stat X₂' Rt lakag actanc fd t th stat All th abv vals a p phas vals. TABLE 3 Tchnical Paamts btaind by calclatin f 3Ø, 400V, 50Hz, SQIM Paamts 4 Pl 6 Pl 8 Pl Stat cpp lss (W) Rt cpp lss (W) Pc lss (c wind+fictin) (W) Ttal lsss (W) Pw inpt (W) Efficincy (%) Pw fact at n lad R₁( Ω) R₂'( Ω) X₁( Ω) X₂'( Ω) Pw fact fll lad Otpt T (Nm) Xm( Ω) Rᵢ( Ω) Cnnctins 4-paalll-sta 2-paalll-sta Sis-d lta With th abv stady-stat indctin mt ivalnt cicit paamts th mt s pfmanc chaactistics 615

Intnatinal Jnal f Emging Tchnlgy in Cmpt Scinc & Elctnics (IJETCSE) ISSN: 0976-1353 Vlm 13 Iss 1 MARCH 2015. Fig. 6 4-Pl Spd & T cvs w..t tim V.

6 Intnatinal Jnal f Emging Tchnlgy in Cmpt Scinc & Elctnics (IJETCSE) ISSN: Vlm 13 Iss 1 MARCH Fig. 6 4-Pl Spd & T cvs w..t tim V. SIMULATION RESULTS Aft dvlping th ppsd 3 phas 3 spd SQIM, th simlatin slts a btaind twads pfmanc analysis f all th th spds as blw: Th spd t cv f 4,6,& 8-pl spd patin has bn btaind by slcting th spctiv pl mt paamt fd simlatin cicit and btaind atd spd at atd t as p th calclatd slt and th sam is cdd in Figs blw. T T Spd Fig. 7 6-Pl Spd T cv Spd Spd Fig. 5 4-Pl Spd T Cv s p d s p d t t Tim Fig. 8 6-Pl Spd & T cvs w..t tim Tim (scnds) 616

7 Intnatinal Jnal f Emging Tchnlgy in Cmpt Scinc & Elctnics (IJETCSE) ISSN: Vlm 13 Iss 1 MARCH s p d t t Spd Fig. 9 8-Pl Spd-T cv Fig. 10 Tim 8-Pl Spd & T cvs w..t tim Ths simlatin is patd by changing th pls f indctin mt t 4 pl, 6 pl, and 8 pl and th adings a tablatd. Th fficincy and pw fact f th systm a calclatd f ach spd chang patin sing th atins f SQIM ivalnt cicit and mdl calclatin is caid-t as blw: Mdl calclatin f paamts Cnsid th 4Pl (2.2KW) cas with t spd at atd lad = 1420pm i s= F Zsh= = i F Zth = = i4.827 Vth = I₂' = Vth / (Rth+R₂'/s+ i(x₂'+xth)) = Stat n lad cnt = I = Vms/Zth = ; CsØ = Stat fll lad Cnt = I₁ = I + I₂' = = 3.98 i2.655 ; CsØ =

8 Intnatinal Jnal f Emging Tchnlgy in Cmpt Scinc & Elctnics (IJETCSE) ISSN: Vlm 13 Iss 1 MARCH Pin = 3 x 4.8 x 400 x 0.83 = 2760W Pcst = Stat c.lss = 3 I₁²R₁ = 207W Pct = Rt C.lss = 3I₂' R₂' = 125W Pc (iwf) = 3 I ²Ral Zsh = 167W Ttal lsss = 499w Pg = Pin Pc Pcst = 2386W Pm = Pg Pct = 2261 Pt = Pm stay lss = = 2200 Efficincy = 2200/2760 = =0.80 Otpt T = 2200 x 9.55/1420 = 14.79Nm VI. ECONOMICS AND APPLICATIONS Bf th invntin f pl-changing windings, sally tw m windings hav bn in s as pimais f cag-t indctin machins-ach winding bing dsignd as a gla n f n pl nmb. Sch an aangmnt has ncssitatd cstly dsigns, th pimay cpp antitis incasing dictly with th nmb f spds id. Als th slt sizs, and hnc th stat in and vlm f th machin incas; s als th lab chags f cnstctin and pais. Th val f a wll dsignd pl-changing winding aangmnt lis in that th sam singl winding svs tw m pl nmbs with dcd cpp and in vlms cmpad t its mlti winding pats. Althgh th thy f th aangmnt f th cil gping and thi cnnctin f ptimm pfmanc is cmplx, th manfact f th machin is, by cntast, vy simpl and can b caid t in any wkshp making nmal indctin mts. Fthm, th dsign can b dcd t a tin, capabl f bing caid t as in th cas f standad indctin mts. This nw 2-spd winding is chap, and simpl t mak and f gat flxibility. Efficincy and Lsss cmpaisn [2]: A typical indctin mt fficincy angs fm 93% t 97% whn patd at 100% lad, whil th ASD has its wn typical fficincy anging btwn 96% and 98%. Efficincy f mts pating at fll fncy and nn-sinsidal pw a lss than namplat fficincy, as th spd dps, th lad dps as p th affinity law. Ths tw lctical systms tgth pdc sabl tpt pw. Th lsss a psnt basd n thi wn individal fficincis. On aspct that shld b cnsidd in tms f cst f patin is th cmbind ttal fficincy f th whl systm. It is cgnisd that th tday s lctical divs a m fficint that 20 yas ag. Many diffnt typs f ASD s applid t indctin mts xist sing simila cncpts wh th lctic AC vltag and fncy is cnvtd and cntlld by mans f pw lctnics. Th is n ASD with 100 pct fficincy, sinc th lsss a inhnt in cnvting th lctical AC inpt int DC and thn fm DC t AC tpt again. Nt ngh data hav bn cllctd t cmpa tst labatis slt f fficincy btwn mlti-spd mt and singl spd mt with ASD. Hwv, many txtbks f ASD s indicat lsss in ths dvics a psnt d t high switching fncy. Tabl I blw cmpas lsss at diffnt HP atings btwn ASD and a singl PAM mt pating at 2 diffnt spds. TABLE 5 Cmpaisn f lctical lsss btwn PAM & ASD HP PAM HS PAM LS Std +ASD PAM HS PAM LS Vlts Std +ASD Amps RPM Efficin cy Kw Lss ASD N/A N/A 136 N/A N/A 236 Lsss * Ttal Kw *Efficincy f divs vais amngst manfact (97-98% w avagd f this analysis) Tabl 5 shws tw xampls f PAM mts with fficincy and lsss gnatd at fll lad cnditin f ach spd (LS & HS). Als shwn nxt t it is a fixd singl spd ating cspnding t th high spd intatin with an ASD. Th adjstabl spd div lsss w addd t th nti lctical systm t cmpa th ttal KW lss that is psnt whn th mt is fd by ASD. As shwn, th ttal lsss a gat if a fixd spd nit pls an lctical div is sd cmpad t a singl PAM nit patin. Cnsiding th ttal lsss f th whl systm a sggstd whn cst savings analyss a mad. Cas stdy f ngy saving and payback pid calclatin Pl changing machins hav a significant l in th indstial applicatins twads dcing th annal pw cnsmptin. Th a cntlss indstial applicatins f mt divs which d nt dmand fll spd maximm pw all th tim bt th spd f th mt and its maximm ating mst nn th lss b dtmind by what may b id fm it f sm pat f its dty cycl. Als th lctical ngy is invaiably sbjct t a taiff which is stngly diffntial in fav f nifm sag tgth with night sag ath than day sag in s fa as havi lading is id f pat f th tim. As an xampl cnsid th cas f a pmp divn by a 600KW, 6-Pl, fixd spd indctin mt, by a 600/300KW, 6/8 Pl PAM mt. Th cst f sch a mt and cntll tgth wld b 10 lakhs f a nmal IM and, Rs.13 lakhs f a PAM mt. Althgh th initial cst is high, th wking cst f a PAM mt will m than cmpnsat it, dpnding pn f 618

9 Intnatinal Jnal f Emging Tchnlgy in Cmpt Scinc & Elctnics (IJETCSE) ISSN: Vlm 13 Iss 1 MARCH hw mch tim, ding a day/sasn, it will b wkd at a lw spd. It can b shwn that(as in Appndix A): stat and t is als dcd whn statd n lw spd with high intia lads pviding a lng lif f th mt. PARAMETER STANDARD MOTOR PAM MOTOR RATING (KW) /300 (hp) /400 BASIC PRICE (IN Rs) 10,00,000 13,00,000 Diffnc 3,00,000 POLES 6 Pl 6/8 Pl SYNCHRONOUS SPEED (pm) /750 Spply Vltag/Fncy 415 V/50 Hz 415 V/ 50Hz FACTORS CONSIDERED Efficincy FL (600 KW) 95% 95% 50%Lad (300 KW) 87% 94% Cnstant lsss (Stay lss= NL C lss) FL (600 KW) 12 KW 12 KW 50%Lad (300 KW) 12 KW 7 KW (1) If th PAM mt wkd at 8-pl f 80% f th day and at 6- pl f 20% f th day, thn th cst f ngy saving wld b abt 3.8 lakhs p annm. (2) If th PAM mt wkd at 8-pl f 40% f th day and at 6- pl f 60% f th day, thn th cst f ngy saving wld b abt 1.9 lakhs p annm. (Assming taiff at as Rs.5/-nit) Th PAM mt can b sd at: 1. Wind divn indctin gnats wh th synchns spd shld b adjstd t sit diffnt pating cnditins. 2. Lifts wh n spd f p and n spd f dwn is id. 3. Bil daght fans wh ai daght has t b cntlld. 4. Winchs f plling th cadl with n spd f dcking and anth f ndcking th ships. 5. Th mst imptant nd f spd-changing ccs in pcsss lik cntifgal pmps, fans, mixs agitats, diving dills and in th applicatins wh th ctting spd may nd t b changd with a chang f th matial bing handld. 6. Als th PAM mt can b statd acss th lin at lw spd / ating s that th stating insh cnt is lw and ths minimizs bs distbanc in th pw systms. Hating f APPENDIX A 619

10 Intnatinal Jnal f Emging Tchnlgy in Cmpt Scinc & Elctnics (IJETCSE) ISSN: Vlm 13 Iss 1 MARCH b) If 40% f th day mt wkd at 8-Pl+ If 60% f th day mt wkd at 6-Pl. 29 * 9.6 = 278 KWh 30 *14.4 = 432 KWh Ttal lss = 710 KWh 18 * 9.6 = 173 KWh 30 * 14.4 = 432 KWh Ttal lss= 605 KWh Cst f ttal ngy lss / annm 710 * 5 * 365 =Rs.12,95, * 5 *365 = Rs. 11,04,125 Savings / annm by sing PAM mt Rs. 1,90,000 /- Payback pid 3/1.9 *12 = 19 mnths. VII. CONCLUSION Th slts btaind by paamt analytical calclatin and by simlatin almst cam al f spd, t and fficincy vals bt th vals a diffnt f pw fact and n lad cnt. Ths th task f simlating f th spds t pat th mt at cnstant t is cmpltd. Hwv th xact pfmanc chaactistics can b analysd f paamts lik pw fact, fficincy and hamnics gnatin at diffnt pl patin nly with VIII. ACKNOWLEDGMENT Th aths wish t thank all th taching and nntaching staffs f Elctical and Elctnics dpatmnt f SKR Engining Cllg f thi sppt and cntibtin twads th sccssfl cmpltin f this pjct wk. IX. REFERENCES [1] A.M.Ddly, Cnncting indctin mts (Bk) Mcgaw Hill Bk Cmpany, Inc., Nwyk, [2] Javi Pts, MP Rddy, Dan Eatn, Applicatin and Lad lsss FL (600 KW) 18 KW 18 KW 50% Lad (300 KW) 17 KW 11 KW Ttal lsss FL (600 KW) 30 KW 30 KW 50% Lad (300 KW) 29 KW 18 KW a) If 80% f th day mt wkd at 8-Pl+ If 20% f th day mt wkd at 6-Pl. 29 * 19.2 = 557 KWh 30 * 4.8 = 144 KWh Ttal lss = 701 KWh 18 * 19.2 = 346 KWh 30 * 4.8 = 144 KWh Ttal lss= 490 KWh Cst f ttal ngy lsss / annm. 701 * 5 * 365 = Rs.12,79, * 5 * 365 = Rs.8,94,250 Savings / annm by sing PAM mt Rs. 3,85,075 /- Payback Pid actal PAM mt pfmanc analysis. 3/3.8 * 12 = 9.5 mnths. advantags f PAM mlti spd mts in ptlm and chmical indstis. IEEE Pap N.PCIC Sptmb

11 Intnatinal Jnal f Emging Tchnlgy in Cmpt Scinc & Elctnics (IJETCSE) ISSN: Vlm 13 Iss 1 MARCH [3] Pf. G.H.Rawcliff, R.F.Bbidg, W.Fng, Indctin-mt spd changing by Pl Amplitd Mdlatin, Vl 105, Pat A, N.22 Agst [4] R.E.G.Ractliff, Th PAM mt and its applicatin in th ptlm and chmical indstis. IEEE PCIC Pap N.68C26-IGA-PCI [5] W.Fng and Pf. G.H.Rawcliff Th-spd singl-winding sil-cag indctin mts. Pcdings I.E.E.E., Vl.110, N.9, Sptmb

User s Guide. Electronic Crossover Network. XM66 Variable Frequency. XM9 24 db/octave. XM16 48 db/octave. XM44 24/48 db/octave. XM26 24 db/octave Tube

User s Guide. Electronic Crossover Network. XM66 Variable Frequency. XM9 24 db/octave. XM16 48 db/octave. XM44 24/48 db/octave. XM26 24 db/octave Tube U Guid Elctnic Cv Ntwk XM66 Vaiabl Fquncy XM9 24 db/ctav XM16 48 db/ctav XM44 24/48 db/ctav XM26 24 db/ctav Tub XM46 24 db/ctav Paiv Lin Lvl XM126 24 db/ctav Tub Machand Elctnic Inc. Rcht, NY (585) 423