CHAPTER IV RESULTS. Grade One Test Results. The first graders took two different sets of pretests and posttests, one at the first

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1 33 CHAPTER IV RESULTS Gad On Tst Rsults Th fist gads tk tw diffnt sts f ptsts and psttsts, n at th fist gad lvl and n at th snd gad lvl. As displayd n Figu 4.1, n th fist gad lvl ptst th tatmnt gup had a man f 22.2 ut f 31 itms (a man f 71.6%), with a standad dviatin f 4.8. Th ntl gup had a man f 27.7 (89.5%) with a standad dviatin f 1.8. On th psttst, th tatmnt gup had a man f 30.0 (96.8%) with a standad dviatin f 1.0. Th ntl gup had a man f 29.9 (96.3%) with a standad dviatin f 1.2. Lvn s Tst f Equality f E Vaian shwd that n th ptst, th vaian was nt qual ass gups. This vilatd th assumptin f hmgnity f vaians. Hwv, ading t Gn, Salkind, & Aky (2000): If th gup sizs a qual appximatly qual (lagst/smallst < 1.5) thn th F statisti is bust f unqual vaians. That is, th atual a stays ls t th nminal a (lvl st by sah). Th nly tim n nd wy is whn th gup sizs a shaply unqual (lagst/smallst > 1.5) and a statistial tst shws that th ppulatin vaians a unqual. Th ati f tatmnt gup siz t ntl gup siz in this study was 16/15 = 1.07 (lss than 1.5). This indiatd that th F statisti was bust.

2 34 Gad On Tst Rsults 32 Tatmnt Cntl S Ptst Tsts Psttst Figu 4.1: Gad n tst sults A 2x2 (ptst-psttst by ntl-tatmnt) mixd mdl ANOVA was ndutd. Th sults f th ANOVA indiatd a signifiant main fft f th within fat, F (1, 29) = 54.16, p = 0.000, patial h 2 = 0.7, a signifiant main fft f th btwn fat, F (1, 29) = 14.68, p = 0.001, patial h 2 = 0.3, and a signifiant intatin btwn ptst t psttst and gup mmbship, F (1, 29) = , p = 0.000, patial h 2 = 0.4, a lag fft siz (Gn t al., 2000). Baus th intatin btwn ptst t psttst and gup mmbship was signifiant, th main ffts w ignd. Fllw-up tsts w ndutd n th simpl main ffts t xplain th intatin, with th alpha valu td t

3 35 Th was a signifiant diffn (p = 0.000) btwn th gups at th tim f ptst. Th was n signifiant diffn (p = 0.747) btwn th gups at th tim f psttst. Th was a signifiant diffn (p = 0.000) fm ptst t psttst f th tatmnt gup. Th was n signifiant diffn (p = 0.036) fm ptst t psttst f th ntl gup. Th 95% nfidn intvals displayd n Figu 4.2 als flt th fllw-ups. 95% Cnfidn Intvals Ptst Psttst S Tatmnt Gups Cntl Figu 4.2: 95% Cnfidn intvals f gad n A t-tst was ndutd t analyz th vall hang f ah gup fm ptst t psttst. Th tatmnt gup had a man hang f 7.81 with a standad dviatin f Th ntl gup had a man hang f 2.13 with a standad dviatin f 2.00.

4 36 Th t-tst shwd a signifiant diffn btwn gups, with a p valu f Th fft siz was 1.47, a lag fft siz (Chn, 1988).

5 37 Gad Tw Tst Rsults As displayd n Figu 4.3, at th snd gad lvl th tatmnt gup had a ptst man f 15.1 ut f 24 itms (a man f 62.8%), with a standad dviatin f 5.1. Th ntl gup had a man f 17.3 (72.0%) with a standad dviatin f 2.7. On th psttst, th tatmnt gup had a man f 22.3 (93.0%) with a standad dviatin f 1.5. Th ntl gup had a man f 20.6 (86.0%) with a standad dviatin f 2.7. Lvn s Tst f Equality f E Vaian shwd that n th ptst, th vaian was nt qual ass gups. This vilatd th assumptin f hmgnity f vaians. Sin th ati f tatmnt gup siz t ntl gup siz in this study was 16/15 = 1.07 (lss than 1.5), th F statisti was bust (Gn t al., 2000). Gad Tw Tst Rsults Tatmnt Cntl S Ptst Tsts Psttst Figu 4.3: Gad tw tst sults

6 38 A 2x2 (ptst-psttst by ntl-tatmnt) mixd mdl ANOVA was ndutd. Th sults f th ANOVA indiatd a signifiant main fft f th within fat, F (1, 29) = 52.35, p = 0.000, patial h 2 = 0.6, a nnsignifiant main fft f th btwn fat, F (1, 29) = 0.071, p = 0.792, patial h 2 = 0.002, and a signifiant intatin btwn ptst t psttst and gup mmbship, F (1, 29) = 7.17, p = 0.012, patial h 2 = 0.2, a lag fft siz (Gn t al., 2000). Baus th intatin btwn ptst t psttst and gup mmbship was signifiant, th main ffts w ignd. Fllw-up tsts w ndutd n th simpl main ffts t xplain th intatin, with th alpha valu td t Th was n signifiant diffn (p = 0.145) btwn th gups at th tim f ptst. Th was n signifiant diffn (p = 0.037) btwn th gups at th tim f psttst. Th was a signifiant diffn (p = 0.000) fm ptst t psttst f th tatmnt gup. Th was a signifiant diffn (p = 0.004) fm ptst t psttst f th ntl gup. Th 95% nfidn intvals displayd n Figu 4.4 als flt th fllw-ups.

7 39 95% Cnfidn Intvals Ptst Psttst S Tatmnt Gups Cntl Figu 4.4: 95% Cnfidn intvals f gad tw A t-tst was ndutd t analyz th vall hang f ah gup fm ptst t psttst. Th tatmnt gup had a man hang f 7.25 with a standad dviatin f Th ntl gup had a man hang f 3.33 with a standad dviatin f Th t-tst shwd a signifiant diffn btwn gups, with a p valu f Th fft siz was 0.94, a lag fft siz (Chn, 1988).

8 40 Obsvatin (Mini-tst) Rsults Fllwing th mpltin f th instutin and pati n an bjtiv st f lsly latd bjtivs, an bsvatin, mini-tst was givn t th studnts t dtmin th fftivnss f patiula applts. Ading t Lvn s Tst f Equality f Vaians, th assumptin f hmgnity f vaians was nt mt f Obsvatins tw, th, and fu, s th Wlh t-tst, whih ds nt assum qual vaians, was usd f all fu bsvatins. Obsvatin On vd Objtivs 8.1 thugh 8.4 and inludd th gbad and shap spinn applts. As shwn n Figu 4.5, th tatmnt gup had a man f 15.5 ut f 18 with a standad dviatin f 1.5 and th ntl gup had a man f 13.8 with a standad dviatin f 2.5. Th t-tst shwd a signifiant diffn btwn th gups, with a p valu f Th fft siz was 0.81, whih ading t Chn (1988) is a lag fft siz.

9 41 Obsvatin On Rsults 18 S Tatmnt Cntl Figu 4.5: Obsvatin On sults

10 42 Obsvatin Tw vd Objtiv 8.5 and inludd th pattn blks and plygn playgund applts. As shwn n Figu 4.6, th tatmnt gup had a man f 14.6 ut f 15 with a standad dviatin f 1.0 and th ntl gup had a man f 13.5 with a standad dviatin f 1.4. Th t-tst shwd a signifiant diffn btwn th gups, with a p valu f.026. Th fft siz was 0.84, a lag fft siz (Chn, 1988). Obsvatin Tw Rsults S Tatmnt Cntl Figu 4.6: Obsvatin Tw sults

11 43 Obsvatin Th vd Objtivs 8.7 and 8.8 and inludd th pattn blks, pattn mak, and l pattns applts. As shwn n Figu 4.7, th tatmnt gup had a man f 11.3 ut f 14 with a standad dviatin f 2.8 and th ntl gup had a man f 11.2 with a standad dviatin f 2.5. Th t-tst shwd n signifiant diffn btwn th gups, with a p valu f.959. Th fft siz was 0.02, a small fft siz (Chn, 1988). Obsvatin Th Rsults S Tatmnt Cntl Figu 4.7: Obsvatin Th sults

12 44 Obsvatin Fu vd Objtiv 8.9 and inludd th plygn playgund and gbad applts. As shwn n Figu 4.8, th tatmnt gup had a man f 7.2 ut f 8 with a standad dviatin f 1.0 and th ntl gup had a man f 7.3 with a standad dviatin f 1.0. Th t-tst shwd n signifiant diffn btwn th gups, with a p valu f Th fft siz was Obsvatin Fu Rsults S Tatmnt Cntl Figu 4.8: Obsvatin Fu sults

13 45 Hm Cmput and Intnt Ass Suvy Ading t th Unitd Stats Dpatmnt f Cmm (2000), as f August, 2000, 51.0% f hushlds in th natin had hm mputs, and 41.5% f hushlds in th natin had Intnt ass. In Nbaska, 48.5% f hushlds had mputs, and 37.0% had Intnt ass. Ading t th pant/guadian suvy, with all hushlds spnding, 77.4% f th patiipants hushlds had hm mputs and 64.5% had Intnt ass (Figu 4.9). Th shl had 43.4% f its ppulatin patiipating in th f and dud lunh pgam mpad t th stat avag f 31.0% (NDE, 2001). Ading t th Unitd Stats Dpatmnt f Cmm (2000), ass t hm mputs and Intnt inasd with inm. Hm mput ass angd fm 30.1% f hushlds with an inm fm $25,000-$34,999 t 86.3% f hushlds with an inm v $75,000. Intnt ass angd fm 21.3% f hushlds with an inm fm $25,000-$34,999 t 77.7% f hushlds with an inm v $75,000 (USDC, 2000)

14 46 Cmpaisn f Hm Cmput and Intnt Ass 100 Shl Stat Natinal P n t Hm Cmput Intnt Ass Figu 4.9: Cmpaisn f hm mput and Intnt ass

15 47 As shwn in Figu 4.10, 75% f th tatmnt gup had hm mputs and 68.8% had Intnt ass. In th ntl gup, 80% had hm mputs and 60% had Intnt ass. Cmpaisn f Hm Cmput and Intnt Ass Btwn Gups Tatmnt Cntl P n t Hm Cmput Intnt Ass Figu 4.10: Cmpaisn f hm mput and Intnt ass btwn gups

16 48 As shwn in Figu 4.11, in th tatmnt gup, f studnts wh had hm mputs, thi pants ptd that th studnt usd th mput an avag f 2.9 hus p wk. In th tatmnt gup, f studnts wh had Intnt ass, thi pants ptd that th studnt assd th Intnt an avag f 0.5 hus p wk. In th ntl gup, f studnts wh had hm mputs, thi pants ptd that th studnt usd th mput an avag f 3.0 hus p wk. In th ntl gup, f studnts wh had Intnt ass, thi pants ptd that th studnt assd th Intnt an avag f 0.8 hus p wk. Cmpaisn f Hm Cmput and Intnt Us Btwn Gups H u s Tatmnt Cntl f 2 u s 1.5 p w k Cmput Us 0.5 Intnt Us 0.8 Figu 4.11: Cmpaisn f hm mput and Intnt us btwn gups