The idea of an atom began about 400 B.C. with many Greek philosophers, like Democritus, working to figure out what everything was made of.
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2 The idea of an atom began about 400 B.C. with many Greek philosophers, like Democritus, working to figure out what everything was made of. Always move & join together Atomas means indivisible I m Aristotle & I disagree! Made of single material
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4 1803, by John Dalton Description: Model: solid ball that cannot be divided Dalton s Theory: All substances are made of atoms that cannot be divided. Atoms of the same element are exactly alike; atoms of different elements are different. Atoms join with other atoms to make new substances.
5 The atom is a solid ball and can never be divided!
6 Description: 1897, by Joseph John Thomson Model: Atom is not a solid ball; it has parts. There are negative parts to the atom & since the atom is neutral, there must be positive parts too. Thomson s Experiment: Using a cathode ray tube (like ones in older TVs) with positively and negatively charged plates in it, Thomson discovered that the particles were attracted to the positive plate, so there are negative particles in the atom. (Opposites attract). We now know these to be electrons. He knew the atom was neutral, so he inferred that there were positive particles somewhere in the atom.
7 Mr. Dalton was mistaken! The atom has positive and negative parts!
8 1904, Japanese physicist Hantaro Nagaoka Description: Model: Proposed that the positive parts of the atom were located in a solid center and the negative parts circled the center like planets around the sun.
9 Yes, Mr. Thomson, it has parts! The positive parts are in the center and negative parts orbit around.
10 1911, by Ernest Rutherford, a student of Thomson s Description: Based on his experiment below, he concluded that the atom is mostly empty space. Agreed that electrons orbit the nucleus like planets, but exact arrangement of the electrons could not be described. Rutherford s Experiment: Model: Shot a beam of positively charged particles at a thin sheet of foil. Some particles were deflected away. This happened because they came into contact with a positive nucleus. (Like charged particles repel each other). Watch the movie segment to understand this better.
11 I think Mr. Nagaoka may be correct, but the atom really is just a bunch of empty space!
12 1913, by Niels Bohr, who worked with Rutherford Description: FIRST theory to describe electron behavior! Electrons orbit the nucleus in definite (fixed) paths with no paths in between (like a ladder). Meaning, an electron will always stay in the same orbit. Model:
13 Finally we know that the electrons orbit in fixed paths & always stay in the same path.
14 Description: 1932, British physicist James Chadwick discovered the neutron - a particle that has about the same mass as a proton, but has no charge Before this discovery, scientists were unable to explain why the atom was heavier than the total mass of its electrons and protons. Model:
15 Discovering the neutron finally has given us the reason why the mass difference was unexplained.
16 1928, by Erwin Schrodinger, Werner Heisenberg (who worked with Bohr) & others Description: All about electrons! Electrons do NOT stay in the same place as Bohr thought. They jump around according to how much energy they have and if there is room on the shell for them. The exact path of the electrons cannot be predicted, but there are regions where they are likely to be. Model:
17 Bohr was mistaken. The electrons can jump around the nucleus in paths determined by how much energy they have. Yes! But we cannot predict their paths! Nothing is certain!
18 Hmm!!!
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20 The Atom Song Chorus: Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, and Bohr Schrödinger and Heisenberg and many many more Used their brains to venture in the realms of inner space And found the world of the atom is a weird and wondrous place. Dalton did experiments and said, I think it s clear, Atoms are tiny indestructible spheres. Thomson worked with cathode rays and said, I disagree. A new plum pudding model makes much more sense to me. A new chapter in atomic theory started to unfold When Rutherford played around with atoms made of gold. When a few of his alpha-particles came bouncing back He hypothesized a nucleus and knocked them off the track. Chorus Bohr saw spectra lines of hydrogen and said, It seems to me, Electrons move in orbits with specific energies. Heisenberg said, Forget it! There s no way to know, The orbit or the path where the electron s gonna go. Schrödinger used lots and lots of fancy mathematics Made a model of the atom based on quantum mechanics. It has orbitals, and those are based on probability. The atom is a fuzzy blob of pure uncertainty. Chorus (x2)
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