Historical Developments in Chemistry. SC.912.P Major Models of the Atom SC.912.N.3.3 Scientific Law vs. Scientific Theory
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1 Historical Developments in Chemistry SC.912.P Major Models of the Atom SC.912.N.3.3 Scientific Law vs. Scientific Theory
2 Atoms vs. Elements Element: pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances Made up of only 1 kind of atom Combine to form compounds Atom: the smallest particle into which an element can be divided and still be the same substance Atoms make up elements Democratus (400 BC) -If you cut a substance in half forever you end up with an uncuttable particle = atom
3 John Dalton ( ) 1. All matter is made of atoms; atoms are indivisible and indestructible. 2. All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties. 3. Atoms join with other atoms to make new substances. Atoms hard; dense (like billiard balls) *Disclaimer* Modern Atomic Theory elaborates more, but Dalton s theory became the theoretical foundation in chemistry (e.g. atoms can be destroyed in nuclear reactions but not by chemical reactions, different kinds of atoms = isotopes)
4 J.J. Thomson ( )- -Discovered the electron -Realized the accepted model of an atom did not account for negatively or positively charged particles - Plum Pudding model; explained some of the atom s electrical properties, but failed to recognize the atom s positive charges as particles.
5 Thomson s Cathode Ray Tube Experiment YouTube URL: Or search YouTube for Cathode Ray Tube
6 Thomson s Cathode Ray Tube Experiment YouTube URL: Or search YouTube for Discovery of the Electron: Cathode Ray Tube Experiment
7 Ernest Rutherford ( )- - Gold Foil experiment showed the mass of an atom was concentrated in a nucleus - Nuclear Model of the Atom - Did not yet theorize about neutrons (not discovered until 1932 by James Chadwick) Fun-fact Ernest Rutherford was Thomson s student!...who disproved Thomson s Plum Pudding model.
8 Note: All you need to understand about alpha particles at this point is that they are positively charged particles
9 Rutherford s Gold Foil Experiment YouTube URL: Or search YouTube for Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment Backstage Science
10 Niels Bohr ( )- - Electron Shell Model (or the Quantum Model) - Suggested that: - electrons in an atom revolve around the nucleus only in certain discrete, separate orbits, or shells
11 n Erwin Schroedinger ( )- - Mathematical model (wave functions) for the distribution of electrons in an atom Electron Cloud Model - Probability of where electrons are - 3-dimensional model better describes 3-dimensional space - Bohr s model was only 1- dimensional Werner Heisenberg ( ) - Uncertainty principle the position and velocity cannot both be measured at the same time - Since you could never with great certainty measure more than one property of a particle, you could only work with probability & mathematical formulations
12 Law vs. Theory Scientific LAW A set of observed regularities expressed in a concise verbal or mathematical statement A statement that a particular phenomena always occurs if certain conditions are present Describes what nature does under certain conditions (predicts what will happen) Resists change over time Scientific THEORY An explanation for an observation (or series of observations) that is substantiated by a considerable body of evidence A body of knowledge and explanatory concepts that seek to increase our understanding (explain) a major phenomenon in nature Explains how nature works
13 Sooo what about Models? Constructed to help explain complex concepts
14 LAW or THEORY? Sir Isaac Newton s of Gravity LAW Gravity is described as-is, not explained in terms of how it probably came about Ms. O., what s gravity? Ms. O, why is there gravity?
15 Practice The law of gravity describes a relationship between two masses. The more massive an object is or the closer it is to another body, the more the gravitational attraction between the two objects. However, the law is limited because it cannot explain which of the following? A) what gives the larger object more mass B) why we experience gravity on earth and not in space C) why there is a gravitational attraction in the first place D) why does the smaller object also attract the larger object
16 Practice The law of gravity describes a relationship between two masses. The more massive an object is or the closer it is to another body, the more the gravitational attraction between the two objects. However, the law is limited because it cannot explain which of the following? A) what gives the larger object more mass B) why we experience gravity on earth and not in space C) why there is a gravitational attraction in the first place D) why does the smaller object also attract the larger object
17 What is this model called? The Plum Pudding model Who created this model? Thomson What is he most known for discovering? The electron Who disproved it? Rutherford Which experiment disproved it? Gold Foil Experiment
18 Whose theory does the other model represent? Rutherford s NUCLEAR Model What is the main difference Which model represents Bohr s atomic theory? between the two models? Bohr s model requires discrete electron orbits
19 Whose model laid the foundation for modern Atomic Theory? Dalton What did his theory say? (Hint: 3 things) 1. All matter is made up of atoms, which are indivisible 2. All atoms of a given element are the same mass and properties 3. Atoms join with other atoms to make new substances
20 Summary Dalton laid the theoretical foundation for Atomic Theory Thomson discovered the electron using Cathode Ray experiment; developed Plum Pudding Model Rutherford disproved Plum Pudding Model; replaced it with Nuclear Model after conducting Gold Foil Experiment which provided evidence for an dense, positively-charged atomic nucleus Bohr Replaced Rutherford s model with the electron shell model (or Quantum theory); key feature = discrete electron orbits with specific energy levels that prevent negatively-charged electrons from collapsing into the positively-charged nucleus Shroedinger electron cloud model; said that the position and location of electrons in an atom is better described with probabilities (a three-dimensional model rather than Bohr s one-dimensional model) Scientific Theory well-supported explanations of phenomena (WHY x happens) Scientific Law well-supported descriptions of phenomena (WHAT happens when x occurs) **Theories do not become laws, and laws do not become theories**
21 Anatomy of the Atom SC.912.P.8.4 Structure & Composition of Atoms
22 Word Bank Construct/Draw an atomic model Label using the word bank, and Please include the electrical charge PROTON - electrical charge? NEUTRON - electrical charge? ELECTRON - electrical charge? NUCLEUS - electrical charge? ELECTRON CLOUD electrical charge?
23 PROTONS CHARGE of proton? (+) Positive LOCATION of proton? Nucleus SUPPORT THESE ANSWERS USING WHAT YOU KNOW ABOUT THE SCIENTISTS WHO HELPED DEVELOP ATOMIC THEORY E.g. Particular experimental observation? An inference?
24 ELECTRONS CHARGE of electron? (-) negative LOCATION of electron? Electron cloud SUPPORT THESE ANSWERS USING WHAT YOU KNOW ABOUT THE SCIENTISTS WHO HELPED DEVELOP ATOMIC THEORY E.g. Particular experimental observation? An inference?
25 NEUTRONS CHARGE of neutron? 0 - Neutral (no charge) LOCATION of neutron? nucleus We did not discuss neutrons so this one is given to you
26 NUCLEUS Electrical charge of nucleus? (+) positive Location of nucleus? In the center of the atom SUPPORT THESE ANSWERS USING WHAT YOU KNOW ABOUT THE SCIENTISTS WHO HELPED DEVELOP ATOMIC THEORY. E.g. Particular experimental observation? An inference?
27 ELECTRON CLOUD Electrical charge of electron cloud? (-) negative Location of electron cloud? Everywhere that isn t the nucleus SUPPORT THESE ANSWERS USING WHAT YOU KNOW ABOUT THE SCIENTISTS WHO HELPED DEVELOP ATOMIC THEORY. E.g. Particular experimental observation? An inference?
28
29 Forces of Attraction/Repulsion > electrostatic forces: affects objects that have charge more mass in an atom = larger electron cloud = larger magnitude of distortions in the electron distribution => Dipoles! DIPOLE: a charge separation
30 Atomic Parts & What to Know Subatomic Particles Proton, Neutron, Electron Location Nucleus or Electron Cloud? Charge Positive, Negative, or Neutral? Forces of attraction and repulsion between subatomic particles E.g. electrical charge (opposite charges attract, like charges repel) RELATIVE SIZE of proton, neutron, and electron Which is the SMALLEST?
31 ACTIVITY/HOMEWORK (it s only homework if you do not finish in class) Another form of note-taking/organizing information into a GRAPHIC ORGANIZER. Your Task: Draw/Make a graphic organizer that summarizes the Historical Developments of Atomic Theory Please include the following information: - Name of scientists (in chronological order) -Their discovery or idea -Their experiment (if applicable) -The name of their model and a sketch of it -What makes each theory/idea different from the last? (This part does not apply to Democratus)
32 ACTIVITY/HOMEWORK (it s only homework if you do not finish in class) Another form of note-taking/organizing information into a GRAPHIC ORGANIZER. Your Task: Draw/Make a graphic organizer that summarizes the atomic structure Please include the following information: - the 3 subatomic particles (charge, location, relative size) - the 2 different atomic structures (charge, location) - label a picture of an atom that includes all of the above
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