SNC1D1 History of the Atom
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1 SNC1D1 History of the Atom
2 What is the atom? Atoms are the building block for all matter: Atoms make up elements! Elements combine to make compounds!2
3 ATOMIC MODEL TIMELINE 400 B.C PRESENT DAY
4 ATOMIC MODEL TIMELINE B.C Ancient Greek Theories
5 Democritus BC Greek philosopher came up with the idea that all matter is made of small, unbreakable particles he called atoms (from the Greek atomos meaning unbreakable) 5
6 Democritus used an example of a beach to support his theory. Democritus From afar, the beach appears to be a solid mass. But up close one finds that a beach is made of small grains of sand too small to be seen from a distance. 6
7 Aristotle Everything is made of four elements : earth, water, air and fire
8 Aristotle
9 Democritus Aristotle
10 Democritus Aristotle
11 ATOMIC MODEL 2000 TIMELINE years later!!! We still believed in the four elements!!! 1800 John Dalton proposed a modern atomic model based on experiments and not on logic and reason like Aristotle & Democritus
12 Dalton Says 1. All matter is made of atoms ATOM ATOM ATOM
13 Dalton Says 2. Atoms are solid spheres 3. Atoms are small indestructible, indivisible particles ATOM THINK OF BILLIARD BALLS!!! ATOM
14 Dalton Says 4. Atoms of different elements have different masses 5. Atoms can combine to form compounds
15 ATOMIC MODEL TIMELINE 100 years later 1900 JJ Thompson came along and added the negatively charged Electron in the model Symbol: e -
16 Crooke s Tube Tube with air removed, plates on opposite sides When electricity flows through it, blue ray appears 16
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21 CHANGE THE MODEL WRONG MODEL
22 Thompson Plum Pudding ATOM Model ATOM ELECTRONS
23 ATOMIC MODEL TIMELINE 10 years later 1910 Ernest Rutherford came along and discovered how empty the space is in all atoms and the centre (nucleus) is positive.
24 Radioactive substance Ernest Rutherford Rutherford shot alpha (α) particles at gold foil. Zinc sulfide screen Lead block path of invisible α-particles Thin gold foil
25 Rutherford s Findings Results Most particles passed through the foil A few positive α- particles bounced back Meaning Atoms are mostly empty space A nucleus must have a positive centre, the nucleus 25
26 Rutherford Size of the atom Size of the positive nucleus
27 CHANGE THE MODEL WRONG MODEL AGAIN!
28 Rutherford Model ATOM PROTONS IN THE CENTRE, NUCLEUS ELECTRONS
29 ATOMIC MODEL TIMELINE 3 years later 1913 Niels Bohr while working under Rutherford, published his model that the electrons orbits the nucleus in energy shells!
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31 Bohr Rutherford Model ATOM PROTONS IN CENTRE, NUCLEUS ELECTRONS IN SHELLS/ORBITS
32 ATOMIC MODEL TIMELINE 19 years later 1932 Chadwick in 1932, ran experiments to prove the existence of neutrons.
33 Still Bohr Rutherford Model ATOM PROTONS & NEUTRONS ELECTRONS
34 Learning Check! Dalton's atomic theory was one of the most important theories in chemistry. In this theory, atoms were considered to be (a) tiny indivisible spheres. (b) the same for all elements. (c) made up of smaller particles. (d) positively charged. 34
35 Learning Check! Which of the following statements is not part of Dalton's atomic theory? (a) All substances are composed of small, indivisible particles called atoms. (b) The atoms of a given element are identical in every respect. (c) The three main particles in atoms are protons, neutrons, and electrons. (d) In chemical reactions, atoms combine in simple, whole-number ratios. 35
36 Learning Check! The atomic model has been modified many times over the years. This happened because (a) scientists have become smarter with time. (b) new evidence became available to scientists. (c) the actual nature of the atom has changed with time. (d) more elements were discovered. 36
37 Learning Check! Which scientist first proposed the existence of the nucleus in atoms? (a) Rutherford (b) Bohr (c) Thomson (d) Dalton 37
38 Learning Check! In a famous experiment, Rutherford bombarded a thin sheet of gold with high-speed, positively charged particles. Based on the behaviour of these particles, Rutherford proposed that atoms had (a) a very small, positively charged, dense region in the centre of the atom. (b) a very small, negatively charged, dense region in the centre of the atom. (c) very small, positively charged particles that moved at high speed. (d) equal numbers of positive and negative particles. 38
39 Learning Check! In Rutherford's famous experiment, what surprising observation did Rutherford make? (a) All of the alpha particles went straight through the foil. (b) Most of the alpha particles bounced back from the foil. (c) A few alpha particles bounced back from the foil. (d) None of the alpha particles went straight through the foil. 39
40 Learning Check! According to the Rutherford model of the atom, most of the space that an atom takes up consists of (a) protons. (b) a nucleus. (c) neutrons. (d) empty space. 40
41 Learning Check! Several models of the atom have been suggested by scientists. What is the correct chronological order (earliest to latest) of the models proposed by the scientists listed below? (a) Dalton, Bohr, Thomson, Rutherford (b) Dalton, Thomson, Rutherford, Bohr (c) Thomson, Dalton, Rutherford, Bohr (d) Dalton, Rutherford, Thomson, Bohr 41
42 Learning Check! The "raisin bun" or plum pudding model of the atom was proposed by (a) Dalton (b) Thomson (c) Rutherford (d) Bohr 42
43 Learning Check! One model of the atom is sometimes referred to as the "raisin bun" model. In this model, the raisins represent the (a) protons (b) neutrons (c) nucleus (d) electrons 43
44 How did you do? 44
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Origins of the Atom CHAPTER 3 Atoms: The Building Blocks of Matter Let s Get Ready to Rumble The idea of the atom was met with great skepticism, especially among great thinkers. The most vocal critic of