Chapter 22 Enols and Enolates
|
|
- Alan Hancock
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter Enols and Enolates Acidity of the α hydrogen o The position next door to a carbonyl is called the α position o When an α proton is abstracted, the resulting carbanion is resonancestabilized. This is called an enolate ion. o The pka of most aldehydes and ketones is around 0. So why do we show hydroxide deprotonating them? Sometimes we want to use the enolate to attack the starting material. See the aldol condensation below. The resulting enolate ion is so nucleophilic, that it will react completely, driving the acidbase equilibrium forward. LeChatelier just won t leave us alone! ften, we don t want to use hydroxide. In mixed condensations we might want one aldehyde to completely deprotonate so that it doesn t attack its protonated form instead of the intended electrophile. It may compete to react with the substrate instead of the enolate. In this case, we need a base strong enough to quantitatively deprotonate the aldehyde or ketone, but which is less nucleophilic. o Specifically, we often see LDA (Lithium diisopropylamide) N Li + o Because of the bulky alkyl groups, LDA is too hindered to be a competitive nucleophile. Alpha halogenations of ketones o Basepromoted α halogenations Step : Deprotonation
2 LDA Step : Enolate attacks the halogen LDA This reaction keeps going, because any additional α protons are even more acidic than they were to begin with. o aloform reaction A test for methyl ketones When a ketone has a methyl group, the resulting CX is a good enough leaving group to be replaced by the hydroxide. verall, a methyl ketone reacts with X and hydroxide to give a carboxylate and a haloform (CX) o Acidcatalyzed α halogenations Easier to add just one halogen Alkylation of enolate ions o SN is back again! Na Aldol condensation o Enolate ion attacks a carbonyl + o If you heat the product up, it loses water to form a new carboncarbon double bond.
3 A common question in this material is when you ll lose water and when you won t. First, calm down. This material is on the takehome quiz and a few questions on the ACS, so it s less tested than the rest of the semesters. Next, Mr. Baker s takehome will make it clear when to do this. o Either heat will be indicated with the arrow (as below). o r the resulting product will be highly conjugated, driving the reaction forward. The ACS is multiple choice! o Most likely, both products will not be shown. o If both products are shown, I personally would choose the dehydrated product, but as I don t look at this test I can t tell you what to do here. heat o Crossed or mixed aldol condensations This just means that you started with two different ketones or aldehydes. Claisen Condensations o Similar to aldol, but with esters you get nucleophilic substitution at the carbonyl instead of nucleophlic addition at the carbonyl. o The drawing below shows the overall reaction, but remember that with nucleophilic substitution at the carbonyl there is always a tetrahedral intermediate. NaEt Et o Why does this become favorable?
4 The product deprotonates because the hydrogens which are α to both carbonyls are even more acidic (pka about ) Malonic ester synthesis o Malonic ester A hydrogen α to two carbonyls will be even more acidic than a regular α hydrogen. In this case, the pk a is o First, the malonic ester is deprotonated. NaEt o Then, the enolate ion attacks an alkyl halide in an SN reaction. Cl o The esters undergo hydrolysis. + o When heated, any carboxyl group that is β to a carbonyl will decarboxylate.
5 heat This is called decarboxylation of βketo acids verall, the C turns into a. o Again, be flexible in your thinking. This is just one example of a reaction, but the individual steps can all happen with different chemicals. Michael Addition o When a pi bond is conjugated with a carbonyl, there are two electrophilic sites. + + o Because of this, nucleophiles can add to either partially positive site. o When a nucleophile adds to the carboncarbon double bond, this is called Michael Addition. o ow do you know whether a nucleophile will add to the alkene or to the carbonyl? The really strong nucleophiles add to the carbonyl. Grignards and alkyl lithiums C Mg + The other nucleophiles add to the carboncarbon double bond. Enolate ions Dialkyl cuprates (RCuLi) (C)CuLi Robinson annulations
6 o First, you do a Michael addition using an enolate ion as your nucleophile. o If a cyclic aldol reaction would yield a sixmembered ring, then do it! Base Base o Finish it off with a dehydration.
Aldehydes and Ketones : Aldol Reactions
Aldehydes and Ketones : Aldol Reactions The Acidity of the a Hydrogens of Carbonyl Compounds: Enolate Anions Hydrogens on carbons a to carbonyls are unusually acidic The resulting anion is stabilized by
More informationCHAPTER 19: CARBONYL COMPOUNDS III
CHAPTER 19: CARBONYL COMPOUNDS III A hydrogen bonded to a carbon adjacent to a carbonyl carbon is sufficiently acidic to be removed by a strong base. The carbon adjacent to a carbonyl carbon is called
More informationChapter 19. Organic Chemistry. Carbonyl Compounds III. Reactions at the a-carbon. 4 th Edition Paula Yurkanis Bruice
Organic Chemistry 4 th Edition Paula Yurkanis Bruice Chapter 19 Carbonyl Compounds III Reactions at the a-carbon Disampaikan oleh: Dr. Sri Handayani 2013 Irene Lee Case Western Reserve University Cleveland,
More informationChapter 19. Carbonyl Compounds III Reaction at the α-carbon
Chapter 19. Carbonyl Compounds III Reaction at the α-carbon There is a basic hydrogen (α hydrogen) on α carbon, which can be removed by a strong base. 19.1 The Acidity of α-hydrogens A hydrogen bonded
More informationLecture Notes Chem 51C S. King Chapter 24 Carbonyl Condensation Reactions
Lecture Notes Chem 51C S. King Chapter 24 Carbonyl Condensation Reactions I. Reaction of Enols & Enolates with ther Carbonyls Enols and enolates are electron rich nucleophiles that react with a number
More informationReactions at α-position
Reactions at α-position In preceding chapters on carbonyl chemistry, a common reaction mechanism observed was a nucleophile reacting at the electrophilic carbonyl carbon site NUC NUC Another reaction that
More informationAlpha Substitution and Condensations of Enols and Enolate Ions. Alpha Substitution
Alpha Substitution and ondensations of Enols and Enolate Ions hap 23 W: 27, 28, 30, 31, 37, 39, 42-44, 47, 51, 54-56 Alpha Substitution Replacement of a hydrogen on the carbon adjacent to the carbonyl,
More informationEnols and Enolates. A type of reaction with carbonyl compounds is an α-substitution (an electrophile adds to the α carbon of a carbonyl)
Enols and Enolates A type of reaction with carbonyl compounds is an α-substitution (an electrophile adds to the α carbon of a carbonyl) E+ E In the preceding chapters, we primarily studied nucleophiles
More informationAldol Reactions pka of a-h ~ 20
Enolate Anions Chapter 17 Hydrogen on a carbons a to a carbonyl is unusually acidic The resulting anion is stabilized by resonance to the carbonyl Aldehydes and Ketones II Aldol Reactions pka of a-h ~
More informationCHEM Chapter 23. Carbonyl Condensation Reactions (quiz) W25
CHEM 2425. Chapter 23. Carbonyl Condensation Reactions (quiz) W25 Student: 1. Which of the following statements about Aldol reactions with either aldehydes or ketones is true? Equilibrium favors the starting
More informationWhen we deprotonate we generate enolates or enols. Mechanism for deprotonation: Resonance form of the anion:
Lecture 5 Carbonyl Chemistry III September 26, 2013 Ketone substrates form tertiary alcohol products, and aldehyde substrates form secondary alcohol products. The second step (treatment with aqueous acid)
More informationChap 11. Carbonyl Alpha-Substitution Reactions and Condensation Reactions
Chap 11. Carbonyl Alpha-Substitution eactions and Condensation eactions Four fundamental reactions of carbonyl compounds 1) Nucleophilic addition (aldehydes and ketones) ) Nucleophilic acyl substitution
More informationCHAPTER 24 HW: CARBONYL CONDENSATIONS
CAPTER 24 W: CARBNYL CNDENSATINS ALDL REACTIN 1. Draw the curved arrow mechanism for each aldol reaction. Na 2 product Na Et prod. 2. Give the curved arrow mechanism for this aldol reaction (and dehydration
More information1/4/2011. Chapter 18 Aldehydes and Ketones Reaction at the -carbon of carbonyl compounds
Chapter 18 Aldehydes and Ketones Reaction at the -carbon of carbonyl compounds The Acidity of the Hydrogens of Carbonyl Compounds: Enolate Anions Hydrogens on carbons to carbonyls are unusually acidic
More informationA. Review of Acidity and pk a Common way to examine acidity is to use the Bronsted-Lowry acid-base equation:
1 Chapter 22: Reactions of Enols and Enolates I. Alpha Substitution verview: A. Review of Acidity and pk a Common way to examine acidity is to use the Bronsted-Lowry acid-base equation: Recall that the
More informationORGANIC - CLUTCH CH CONDENSATION CHEMISTRY.
!! www.clutchprep.com CNCEPT: CNDENSATIN REACTINS A condensation reaction spontaneously combines two or more molecules with the loss of a smaller molecule. Instead of just reacting with electophiles, enolates
More informationNew bond. ph 4.0. Fischer esterification. New bond 2 O * New bond. New bond H 2N. New C-C bond. New C-C bond. New C-C bond. O Cl.
Iverson C 0N KRE Table: For use in synthesis problems, count carbons in products and starting materials then identify location(s) of new s, especially C-C or C=C s. With that information, use the following
More informationLecture 3: Aldehydes and ketones
Lecture 3: Aldehydes and ketones I want to start by talking about the mechanism of hydroboration/ oxidation, which is a way to get alcohols from alkenes. This gives the anti-markovnikov product, primarily
More informationCh 22 Carbonyl Alpha ( ) Substitution
Ch 22 Carbonyl Alpha () Substitution The overall reaction replaces an H with an E + The acid-catalyzed reaction has an enol intermediate The base-catalyzed reaction has an enolate intermediate Keto-Enol
More informationζ ε δ γ β α α β γ δ ε ζ
hem 263 Nov 17, 2016 eactions at the α-arbon The alpha carbon is the carbon adjacent to the carbonyl carbon. Beta is the next one, followed by gamma, delta, epsilon, and so on. 2 ε 2 δ 2 γ 2 2 β α The
More informationOxidation of alcohols Chromic Acid KMnO4 PCC Swern 1 ROH RCOOH RCOOH RCHO RCHO 2 ROH Ketone Ketone Ketone Ketone 3 ROH NR NR NR NR
Chapter 11 xidation in rganic terms xidation Reduction Neither Addition of, X2; loss of 2 Addition of 2; loss of or X2 Anytime you oxidize one carbon but reduce another (ex. Adding and to adjacent carbons)
More informationWhat is in Common for the Following Reactions, and How Do They Work?
What is in Common for the Following Reactions, and ow Do They Work? You should eventually be able to draw the mechanism for these (and other) reactions 13 Key Intermediate 1 Br-Br Na Br 2 C 3 -I Me NaMe
More information2.222 Practice Problems 2003
2.222 Practice Problems 2003 Set #1 1. Provide the missing starting compound(s), reagent/solvent, or product to correctly complete each of the following. Most people in the class have not done this type
More informationChapter 19. Synthesis and Reactions of b-dicarbonyl Compounds: More Chemistry of Enolate Anions. ß-dicarbonyl compounds. Why are ß-dicarbonyls useful?
Chapter 19 Synthesis and Reactions of b-dicarbonyl Compounds: More Chemistry of Enolate Anions ß-dicarbonyl compounds Two carbonyl groups separated by a carbon Three common types ß-diketone ß-ketoester
More informationScore: Homework Problem Set 9 Iverson CH320N Due Monday, April 17. NAME (Print): Chemistry 320N Dr. Brent Iverson 9th Homework April 10, 2017
omework Problem Set 9 Iverson C0N Due Monday, April 7 NAME (Print): SIGNATURE: Chemistry 0N Dr. ent Iverson 9th omework April 0, 07 Please print the first three letters of your last name in the three boxes
More informationORGANIC - BRUICE 8E CH CARBONYL COMPOUNDS III: REACTIONS AT THE ALPHA-CARBON
!! www.clutchprep.com CNCEPT: ALPHA CARBNS AND TAUTMERIZATIN We have discussed the high reactivity of the carbonyl carbon. However, carbonyls contain another highly reactive component. What is the acidity
More informationCHAPTER 23 HW: ENOLS + ENOLATES
CAPTER 23 W: ENLS + ENLATES KET-ENL TAUTMERSM 1. Draw the curved arrow mechanism to show the interconversion of the keto and enol form in either trace acid or base. trace - 2 trace 3 + 2 + E1 2 c. trace
More information20.10 Conjugate Additions
894 APTER 20 ELATE AD THER CARB UCLEPHILES 2010 Conjugate Additions The conjugate addition of nucleophiles to,-unsaturated carbonyl compounds at the -position was described in Section 1810 Enolate and
More informationOrganic Chemistry, Third Edition. Chapter 24 Carbonyl condensations
rganic Chemistry, Third Edition Chapter 24 Carbonyl condensations 1 Review: enolates LDA, -78 C TF kinetic RX R = Me, 1 alkyl R Na TF, RT RX R = Me, 1 alkyl thermodynamic R enolates = nucleophiles React
More informationConjugate Addition Reactions 2:02 PM
1 Conjugate Addition vs Direct Addition What is Conjugate Addition? Conjugate addition refers to nucleophilic addition directed to the electrophilic carbon of the C=C (double bond) in a,bunsaturated systems.
More informationLecture 23. The Aldol Condensation. an Aldol! April 12, 2018 O H O H - Chemistry 328N
Lecture 23 The Aldol Condensation - b a an Aldol! April 12, 2018 Exam III - Wed April 18 WEL 2.122 7-9 PM Covers thru today omework ydrolysis Reactions Synthesis Get an A!!! Lithium diisopropylamide (LDA)
More informationChem 263 Nov 19, Cl 2
Chem 263 Nov 19, 2013 eactions of Enolates: X X alogenation X C 2 Alkylation C Aldol eaction X C Acylation Example: halogenation LDA 2 Chloroacetone is used in tear gas. chloroacetone In this reaction,
More informationSummary of π Bond Chemistry
Chapter 10 Summary of π Bond Chemistry to π C=C 13.01 Chapter 11 at π C=C to π C=C Chapter 1 LG at π C=C Chapter 13 at α position C= activates position ow does C= activation α position? Via or. E base
More informationAnswers to Hour Examination #3, Chemistry 302X, 2006
Answers to our Examination #, Chemistry 02X, 2006 1. (a). That SN2 shown just can t happen with the required inversion. The back of that methyl group is not reachable by the putative nucleophile, the pi
More information18: Reactions of Enolate Ions and Enols
18: Reactions of Enolate Ions and Enols 18.1 Enolate Ions and Enols 18-3 Halogenation, Alkylation, and Condensation Reactions (18.1A) 18-3 Acidity of α-c-h's (18.1B) 18-4 Resonance Stabilization Enol Form
More informationMichael and Aldol CH391 December 4, 2002
Michael and Aldol H391 December 4, 2002 RH 2 H pk a = 16-20 + H RHH + Enolate anions... So.a basic solution contains comparable amounts of the aldehyde and its enolate. Which gives rise to..the Aldol ondensation
More informationENOLATES IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS
ENLATES IN RGANIC SYNTHESIS 1 ENLATES IN RGANIC SYNTHESIS Recall Enolate alkylation, Aldol addition and condensation can provide access to a wide variety of multi-functional compounds, which can lend themselves
More informationChapter 23. Alpha Substitution of Carbonyl Compounds.
1 Chapter 23. Alpha Substitution of Carbonyl Compounds. 1. Enolates. a) Carbonyl compounds are acidic at the α C, can be deprotonated by bases to give enolates. i) Ketones and aldehydes have pk a = 18
More informationWhen H and OH add to the alkyne, an enol is formed, which rearranges to form a carbonyl (C=O) group:
Next Up: Addition of, : The next two reactions are the Markovnikov and non-markovnikov additions of and to an alkyne But you will not see alcohols form in this reaction! When and add to the alkyne, an
More information20.3 Alkylation of Enolate Anions
864 APTER 20 ELATE AD TER ARB ULEPILES which precipitates as a yellow solid, provides a positive test for the presence of a methyl ketone The reaction can also be used in synthesis to convert a methyl
More informationChem 263 Nov 3, 2016
hem 263 Nov 3, 2016 Preparation of Aldehydes from Acid alides? + l l acid chloride aka acyl chloride aldehyde Needed: 2 Actual eagents: 2 /Pd Al This is lithium tri-t-butoxy aluminum hydride, a very sterically
More informationSuggested solutions for Chapter 28
s for Chapter 28 28 PBLEM 1 ow would you make these four compounds? Give your disconnections, explain why you chose them and then give reagents for the. 2 2 Me S Exercises in basic one- group C X disconnections.
More informationMCAT Organic Chemistry Problem Drill 10: Aldehydes and Ketones
MCAT rganic Chemistry Problem Drill 10: Aldehydes and Ketones Question No. 1 of 10 Question 1. Which of the following is not a physical property of aldehydes and ketones? Question #01 (A) Hydrogen bonding
More informationExam 1 (Monday, July 6, 2015)
Chem 231 Summer 2015 Assigned Homework Problems Last updated: Friday, July 24, 2015 Problems Assigned from Essential Organic Chemistry, 2 nd Edition, Paula Yurkanis Bruice, Prentice Hall, New York, NY,
More informationChem 263 March 28, 2006
Chem 263 March 28, 2006 Properties of Carboxylic Acids Since carboxylic acids are structurally related to both ketones and aldehydes, we would expect to see some similar structural properties. The carbonyl
More informationLecture 13A 05/11/12. Amines. [Sn2; Hofmann elimination; reduction of alkyl azides, amides, nitriles, imines; reductive amination; Gabriel synthesis]
Lecture 13A 05/11/12 Amines [Sn2; ofmann elimination; reduction of alkyl azides, amides, nitriles, imines; reductive amination; Gabriel synthesis] Curtius and ofmann rearrangements Both of these, in principle,
More informationII. Special Topics IIA. Enolate Chemistry & the Aldol Reaction
P. Wipf - Chem 2320 1 3/20/2006 II. Special Topics IIA. Enolate Chemistry & the Aldol Reaction Boger Notes: p. 147-206 (Chapter VIII) Carey/Sundberg: B p. 57-95 (Chapter B 2.1) Problem of the Day: Wang,
More informationChem 263 Nov 14, e.g.: Fill the reagents to finish the reactions (only inorganic reagents)
hem 263 ov 14, 2013 More examples: e.g.: Fill the reagents to finish the reactions (only inorganic reagents) Br 2 hv Br a 2 r 4 S 2 or swern oxidation Mg Li 0 0 MgBr Li e.g. : Fill the reagents (any reagents
More informationLecture 24 Two Germans and an Englishman
Lecture 24 Two Germans and an Englishman Robert Robinson 1886-1975 Nobel Laureate 1947 April 17, 2018 tto Paul Hermann Diels 1876-1954 Nobel Laureates 1950 Kurt Alder 1902-1958 Exam III Tomorrow Wed April
More informationChapter 17 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds
Chapter 17 Reactions of Aromatic Compounds Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution o General reaction - an electrophile replaces a hydrogen Electrons of pi system attack strong electrophile, generating resonancestabilized
More informationMITOCW watch?v=gboyppj9ok4
MITOCW watch?v=gboyppj9ok4 The following content is provided under a Creative Commons license. Your support will help MIT OpenCourseWare continue to offer high quality educational resources for free. To
More informationCHEM 347 Organic Chemistry II (for Majors) Instructor: Paul J. Bracher. Quiz # 4. Due in Monsanto Hall 103 by: Friday, April 4 th, 2014, 7:00 p.m.
CHEM 347 Quiz # 4 Spring 2014 Page 1 of 9 CHEM 347 Organic Chemistry II (for Majors) Instructor: Paul J. Bracher Quiz # 4 Due in Monsanto Hall 103 by: Friday, April 4 th, 2014, 7:00 p.m. Student Name (Printed)
More informationb.p.=100 C b.p.=65 C b.p.=-25 C µ=1.69 D µ=2.0 D µ=1.3 D
Alcohols I eading: Wade chapter 10, sections 10-1- 10-12 Study Problems: 10-35, 10-37, 10-38, 10-39, 10-40, 10-42, 10-43 Key Concepts and Skills: Show how to convert alkenes, alkyl halides, and and carbonyl
More informationObjective 14. Develop synthesis strategies for organic synthesis.
Objective 14. Develop synthesis strategies for organic synthesis. Skills: Draw structure ID structural features and reactive sites (alpha C, beta C, LG, etc.) ID Nu - and E + use curved arrows to show
More informationR N R N R N. primary secondary tertiary
Chapter 19 Amines omenclature o assification of amines Amines are classified as 1, 2, or 3 based on how many R groups are attached to the nitrogen R R R R R R primary secondary tertiary When there are
More informationThe problem is that your product still has a-protons, and can keep on forming enolates to get more methyl groups added:
Lecture 13 Notes November 7, 2012 We are going to start with some examples of proline-catalyzed reactions. In each case, you can draw a mechanism that would involve proline as a chiral catalyst, and one
More informationThe Claisen Condensation
Lecture 22 The Claisen Condensation CH 3 CCH 2 CH 3 CH 2 CCH 2 CH 3 April 10, 2018 Hydrolysis of Amides Hydrolysis of amides is irreversible. In acid solution the amine product is protonated to give an
More informationAnother Equilibrium: Reaction At The α-position
Another Equilibrium: Reaction At The α-position D 3 + D 3 C CD 3 2 C 2 the keto form the enol form chanism: + C 2 C 2 C 2 D D 2 D 2 repeat 5 times D 3 C CD 3 alogenation At The α-position Br 2, 2 C 2 Br
More informationAnswers to HT2, Chemistry A
Answers to T2, hemistry 302-302A - 2004 1. There are many ways to do these problems - here is just one. For all three parts we can use diphenyl ketone (benzophenone) so let s make that first: 1. 2 Eq.
More informationLoudon Chapter 20 & 21 Review: Carboxylic Acids & Derivatives CHEM 3331, Jacquie Richardson, Fall Page 1
Loudon Chapter 20 & 21 eview: Carboxylic Acids & Derivatives CEM 3331, Jacquie ichardson, Fall 2010 - Page 1 These two chapters cover compounds which are all at the three bonds to more electronegative
More informationCHEM 330. Topics Discussed on Oct 5. Irreversible nature of the reaction of carbonyl enolates with the electrophiles discussed on Oct 2
CEM 330 Topics Discussed on ct 5 Irreversible nature of the reaction of carbonyl enolates with the electrophiles discussed on ct 2 Kinetic control in an irreversible reaction: the product that is obtained
More informationChem 263 Nov 24, Properties of Carboxylic Acids
Chem 263 ov 24, 2009 Properties of Carboxylic Acids Since carboxylic acids are structurally related to both ketones and aldehydes, we would expect to see some similar structural properties. The carbonyl
More informationTHE CHEMISTRY OF THE CARBONYL GROUP
TE CEMISTY F TE CABYL GUP Professor Tim Donohoe 8 lectures, T, weeks 1-4, 2007 andout A C C You will be able to download copies of the handouts from this course at http://users.ox.ac.uk/~magd1571/teaching/teaching.htm
More informationORGANIC - BROWN 8E CH ALDEHYDES AND KETONES.
!! www.clutchprep.com CONCEPT: ALDEHYDE NOMENCLATURE Replace the suffix of the alkane -e with the suffix On the parent chain, the carbonyl is always terminal, and receive a location As substituents, they
More informationLoudon Chapter 19 Review: Aldehydes and Ketones CHEM 3331, Jacquie Richardson, Fall Page 1
Loudon Chapter 19 eview: Aldehydes and Ketones CEM 3331, Jacquie ichardson, Fall 2010 - Page 1 Beginning with this chapter, we re looking at a very important functional group: the carbonyl. We ve seen
More informationLoudon Chapter 10 Review: Alcohols & Thiols Jacquie Richardson, CU Boulder Last updated 4/26/2016
Alcohols (R) and thiols (RS) have many reactions in common with alkyl halides, but they don t do everything exactly the same. The main difference between this and alkyl halide chemistry is that unlike
More informationLecture Notes Chem 51C S. King. Chapter 20 Introduction to Carbonyl Chemistry; Organometallic Reagents; Oxidation & Reduction
Lecture Notes Chem 51C S. King Chapter 20 Introduction to Carbonyl Chemistry; rganometallic Reagents; xidation & Reduction I. The Reactivity of Carbonyl Compounds The carbonyl group is an extremely important
More informationFirst Year Organic Chemistry THE CHEMISTRY OF THE CARBONYL GROUP: CORE CARBONYL CHEMISTRY
First Year rganic Chemistry TE CEMISTY F TE CABNYL GUP: CE CABNYL CEMISTY Professor Tim Donohoe 8 lectures, T, weeks 1-4, 2015 Wednesdays at 9am; Fridays at 10am (Dyson Perrins) andout A You will be able
More information(1) Recall the different types of intermolecular interactions. (2) Look at the structure and determine the correct answer.
MCAT rganic Chemistry - Problem Drill 11: Carboxylic Acids Question No. 1 of 10 Question 1. What kinds of interactions are holding together the carboxylic acid dimer shown? Question #01 3 C C 3 (A) Van
More informationCHM 292 Final Exam Answer Key
CHM 292 Final Exam Answer Key 1. Predict the product(s) of the following reactions (5 points each; 35 points total). May 7, 2013 Acid catalyzed elimination to form the most highly substituted alkene possible
More informationCHEM 234: Organic Chemistry II Reaction Sheets
EM234:rganichemistry eactionsheets ucleophilic addition at carbonyl groups: Grignards and reducing agents u: u u u: u u = or = or l u u u ucleophilic addition at carbonyl groups: oxygen and nitrogen nucleophiles:
More informationThe Organic Acids. Carboxylic Acids * *
arboxylic Acids The rganic Acids Some Notation: Acids and their conjugate bases pka ~ 15 - weak acid arboxylic Acid pka ~ 4 moderate acid - arboxylate Anion pka ~ -7 very strong acid l - l arboxylic acids
More information21.1 Introduction Carboxylic Acids Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids. Acids Structure and Properties of Carboxylic Acids.
21.1 Introduction Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic acids are abundant in nature and in pharmaceuticals. 21.1 Introduction Carboxylic Acids The US produces over 2.5 million tons of acetic acid per year, which
More informationCarbonyl Chemistry. aldehydes ketones. carboxylic acid and derivatives. Wednesday, April 29, 2009
Carbonyl Chemistry X aldehydes ketones carboxylic acid and derivatives Electrophiles (eg. + ) Nucleophiles (eg. C 3 MgBr) an enolate Base β β β α α α 1 2 3 4 Nuc- 1 2 Nuc 3 4 1,2-addition 1 2 3 4 Nuc-
More informationLearning Guide for Chapter 7 - Organic Reactions I
Learning Guide for Chapter 7 - rganic Reactions I I. Introduction to Reactions II. Principles of Kinetics III. Principles of Thermodynamics IV. Nucleophiles and Electrophiles V. Acids and Bases What a
More informationChem 22 Final Exam Practice
Chem 22 Final Exam Practice Questions taken from regular tests given during the previous semesters. Only one answer is correct unless the question says otherwise. The questions are somewhat scrambled with
More informationMolecular Orbitals for Alkyl Halide Electrophiles. Chemistry 335 Supplemental Slides: Chapter 2
Molecular Orbitals for Alkyl Halide Electrophiles To build molecular orbitals, first recall that the energy of the starting atomic orbitals depends the electronegativity of the element, which you can get
More informationBut in organic terms: Oxidation: loss of H 2 ; addition of O or O 2 ; addition of X 2 (halogens).
Reactions of Alcohols Alcohols are versatile organic compounds since they undergo a wide variety of transformations the majority of which are either oxidation or reduction type reactions. Normally: Oxidation
More informationChem 263 Nov 7, elimination reaction. There are many reagents that can be used for this reaction. Only three are given in this course:
hem 263 Nov 7, 2013 Preparation of Ketones and Aldehydes from Alcohols xidation of Alcohols [] must have at least 1 E elimination reaction [] = oxidation; removal of electrons [] = reduction; addition
More informationChapter 19 Carboxylic Acids
Carboxylic acids have the formula RCO2H. Nomenclature Chapter 19 Carboxylic Acids For the parent alkane, drop the terminal e and add the suffix oic acid. The parent alkane is the longest continuous chain
More informationThe problem is that your product still has a-protons, and can keep on forming enolates to get more methyl groups added:
Lecture 14 ovember 3, 2011 OK I want to continue briefly with the topic of proline catalysis that we discussed last time. In particular, the idea of using secondary amines to catalyze carbonyl chemistry
More informationCarbonyl Chemistry IV: Enolate Alkylations and Aldols. Aldol Madness O O O N M + substrate. aldehyde. (Z)-enolate H
Carbonyl Chemistry IV: nolate Alkylations and Aldols Paul Bracher Chem 30 Section 9 Section Agenda 1) o office hours Thursday 2) The Great Joe Young is covering section next onday 3) andout: Carbonyl Chemistry
More informationChapter 20 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives. Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution
ucleophilic Acyl Substitution hapter 20 arboxylic Acid Derivatives ucleophilic Acyl Substitution Y (1) need to have Y as a u Y u u + Y (2) could not happen with aldehydes or ketones as : and : are poor
More informationChapter 20 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution
Chapter 20 Carboxylic Acid Derivatives Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Nomenclature: In carboxylic acid chlorides, anhydrides, esters and amides, the parent is the carboxylic acid. In each case be sure
More informationB X A X. In this case the star denotes a chiral center.
Lecture 13 Chirality III October 29, 2013 We can also access chiral molecules through the use of something called chiral auxiliaries, which basically is a chiral attachment that you add to your molecule
More informationLecture 23. Amines. Chemistry 328N. April 12, 2016
Lecture 23 Amines April 12, 2016 Michael Reaction Michael reaction: conjugate addition of an enolate Arthur Michael anion to an, -unsaturated carbonyl compound!! Following are two examples in the first,
More informationChemistry 263 Laboratory Experiment 5: Dibenzalacetone 5/10/18. Introduction
Chemistry 263 Laboratory Experiment 5: Dibenzalacetone 5/10/18 Introduction We have been examining the electrophilic nature of the carbonyl of late. In particular, we have been trying to determine how
More informationc. Oxidizing agent shown here oxidizes 2º alcohols to ketones and 1º alcohols to carboxylic acids. 3º alcohols DO NOT REACT.
Exam 1 (Ch 17 and Review of CEM 331) Answer Key: 1. ne-step Questions: You need to know reagents for reagent arrows and to be able to draw products. I know a lot of them seem to look alike its your job
More informationOrganic Chemistry Lecture 2 - Hydrocarbons, Alcohols, Substitutions
ALKANES Water-insoluble, low density C-C single bonds Higher MW -> higher BP, higher MP Branching -> lower BP, higher MP Forms cycloalkanes which can have ring strain Cyclohexane: chair vs. boat configuration
More informationProduct obtained by reaction with resorcinol
33 rd International hemistry lympiad Preparatory Problems 3 ( Z ) 3-( 4-methoxyphenyl )-2-pentenedioic acid d. Two products are possible when compound A reacts with bromine. 2 2 3 3 [1] [2] Structures
More informationCHEMISTRY Topic #4: Electrophilic Addition Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes Fall 2018 Dr. Susan Findlay
EMISTRY 2600 Topic #4: Electrophilic Addition Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes Fall 2018 Dr. Susan Findlay rganic Reactions (EM 2500 Review) Most reactions in organic chemistry fall into one (or more)
More informationREACTION AND SYNTHESIS REVIEW
REACTION AND SYNTHESIS REVIEW A STUDENT SHOULD BE ABLE TO PREDICT PRODUCTS, IDENTIFY REACTANTS, GIVE REACTION CONDITIONS, PROPOSE SYNTHESES, AND PROPOSE MECHANISMS (AS LISTED BELOW). REVIEW THE MECHANISM
More informationCape Cod Community College
Cape Cod Community College Departmental Syllabus Prepared by the Department of Natural Sciences & Applied Technology Date of Departmental Approval: February 3, 2014 Date Approved by Curriculum and Programs:
More informationUnderstanding the basics. Mechanisms 5/24/11
Understanding the basics Mechanisms Some Basic rgo I Reactions Mechanisms are the most mind-boggling part of organic chemistry. Students, generally speaking, have spent their time memorizing their way
More informationPhysical Properties. Alcohols can be: CH CH 2 OH CH 2 CH 3 C OH CH 3. Secondary alcohol. Primary alcohol. Tertiary alcohol
Chapter 10: Structure and Synthesis of Alcohols 100 Physical Properties Alcohols can be: CH 3 CH 3 CH CH 2 OH * Primary alcohol CH 3 OH CH * CH 2 CH 3 Secondary alcohol CH 3 CH 3 * C OH CH 3 Tertiary alcohol
More informationObjective 14. Develop synthesis strategies for organic synthesis.
Objective 14. Develop synthesis strategies for organic synthesis. Skills: Draw structure ID structural features and reactive sites (alpha C, beta C, LG, etc.) ID Nu - and E + use curved arrows to show
More informationANSWER GUIDE APRIL/MAY 2006 EXAMINATIONS CHEMISTRY 249H
AWER GUIDE APRIL/MAY 2006 EXAMIATI CEMITRY 249 1. (a) PDC / C 2 2 (b) t-bume 2 i (1 equiv) / imidazole (1 equiv) i TBDM protection of the less sterically hindered alcohol (c) BuLi (1 equiv) then (d) 2
More informationCHEM 345 Problem Set 07 Key
CHEM 345 Problem Set 07 Key 1.) Fill in the appropriate reaction arrow. The starting material is on the left, the product is on the right. Use. Simple Ring Size. 5 and 6 are favored. 3 is not. That s it.
More informationCh 20 Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles
Ch 20 Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles Carboxylic Acids (RCO 2 H) are compounds with an OH attached to a carbonyl. Nitriles (RC N) are compounds a carbon-nitrogen triple bond. Naming Carboxylic Acids 1. Replace
More informationChem 263 March 7, 2006
Chem 263 March 7, 2006 Aldehydes and Ketones Aldehydes and ketones contain a carbonyl group, in which the carbon atom is doubly bonded to an oxygen atom. The carbonyl group is highly polarized, with a
More information