Nuclear and Particle Physics
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1 Nuclear and Particle Physics Dr Daniel Watts 3 rd Year Junior Honours Course Mondays & Thursdays 10am
2 Military nuclear weapons Industry power plants energy source materials tracing Research condensed matter element analysis (bio)chemistry Nuclear Physics Medicine computed tomography magnetic resonance imaging radiation therapy Astrophysics Archaeology & Geology dating analysis energy production in stars nucleosynthesis of elements LIFE
3 Today s nuclear physics research Hadron Structure: The structure of the nucleon and of hadrons in general Hadron Spectroscopy: The search for glueballs, hybrids and multiquark states (eg. Pentaquark) Heavy Ion Physics: Quark-gluon plasma, new phases of matter Nuclear Astrophysics: Understanding stars, supernovae etc.
4 Course layout Third year nuclear force binding energies properties models radioactivity NUCLEUS structure applications nuclear reactions astrophysics medicine industry models Fourth year
5 Nuclear Physics Course Syllabus Introduction and basic concepts (lecture 1 & 2) Brief historical overview The nucleus and its constituents Nomenclature The forces of nature Basic concepts of quantum mechanics Nuclear properties (lecture 3 & 4) External: mass, charge, size, mass and charge distribution Internal: angular momentum, spin, parity, magnetic moment excited states Nuclear structure (lecture 5 ) Masses and binding energies Semi-empirical mass formula The beta stability valley Properties of nuclear forces Nuclear models (lecture 6, 7 and 8) Liquid drop model Shell model and evidence for shell structure Single particle features Magic numbers, spin-orbit coupling Predicted angular momenta of nuclear ground states Collective model. Vibrational and rotational states Nuclear instability (lecture 9) Occurrence and stability of nuclei α- β- γ- decay modes
6 Suggested textbooks J. Lilley Nuclear physics Principles and applications John Wiley and Sons, 2001 Clear and concise. Not too advanced, makes a very good starting point. Interesting chapters on applications W.N. Cottingham and D.A Greenwood An introduction to nuclear physics Oxford Science Publications, 1997 Nicely concise and still rich in content. K.S. Krane Introductory nuclear physics John Wiley and Sons, 1988 Very didactic and clear. The textbook for the more advanced, dedicated student. R. Eisberg and R. Resnick Quantum physics of atoms, molecules, solids, nuclei and particles John Wiley and Sons, 1985 Exceptionally clear + very didactic. Optimum for review of quantum ideas in atomic & nuclear physics P.E. Hodgson, E. Gadioli and E. Gadioli Erba Introductory nuclear physics Oxford Science Publications, 1997 Very comprehensive + somewhat more advanced. Deeper mathematical treatment
7 Brief historical overview In search of the building blocks of the universe Greek philosophers 4 building blocks earth air 5 th BC -Democritus atomic hypothesis water fire 18 th -19 th century Lavoisier, Dalton, put atomic hypothesis on firm basis distinction between compounds and pure elements 1896 Mendeleev 92 building blocks (chemical elements) 1 H, 2 He, 92 U 1896 Becquerel discovers radioactivity emission of radiation from atoms 3 types observed: α, β and γ α and β deflected in opposite direction opposite charge α deflected less than β α must have larger mass γ not deflected uncharged
8 ~1900 Rutherford investigates new radiations α and β emissions change nature of element α s charge = +2e α s mass ~ 4H β radiation = electrons γ = electromagnetic radiation (photons) 1911 Rutherford tests Thomson s model of the atom Clear experimental evidence that atoms contain electrons where are they? plum pudding model -ve electrons embedded in +ve charge uniformly distributed over atomic volume use α particles (positively charged) on golden foil expected +ve α s pushed a little to the side by +ve charge of atom observed some α s deflected backwards to 180 o!! In Rutherford s own words: it was as incredible as if you had fired a 15-inch shell at a piece of tissue paper and it came back and hit you
9 Conclusion: all +ve charge (and ~all mass) concentrated in tiny region at the centre Concept of atomic NUCLEUS is born! Atom = nucleus + electron planetary model of atom -e (10-10 m) +Ze Heisenberg simplest atom = H its nucleus = proton 1920 Aston s mass spectrograph measure masses of atoms mass He ~ 4 H C ~ 12 H O ~ 16 H. charge He = 2 H C = 6 H O = 8 H. hypothesis of neutral particle in nucleus with m ~ m p 1932 Chadwick discovers the neutron 3 building blocks electron + proton + neutron NUCLEAR PHYSICS Nucleus = protons + neutrons (10-15 m) Are protons and neutron the ultimate building blocks? Are they fundamental particles?
10 Energy and density scales Typical energy scale in nuclei (MeV) is much higher than in atomic case (ev) Nuclei are dense objects: 1cm 3 has mass ~ 2.3x10 11 kg (equivalent to 630 empire state buildings!!) White Dwarf Solid state Neutron star Black hole g/cm 3 density water Nuclear matter
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