What is Radiation? Física da Radiação MEBiom 2016/2017 Patrícia Gonçalves. Supporting Slides and images
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1 What is Radiation? Física da Radiação MEBiom 2016/2017 Patrícia Gonçalves Supporting Slides and images
2 Radiation? Radiation is energy that comes from a source and travels through some material or through space. Light, heat and sound are types of radiation. Radiation is the process of sending off energy in the form of light, heat, x-rays or nuclear particles. The emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles, especially high-energy particles which cause ionization.
3 In 1895, X rays were discovered by Wilhelm C. Roentgen He found that a kind of "rays" which had extremely high penetrability were emitted from a Crookes tube covered by a sheet of thick black paper, and it made some of fluorescent materials at a distant place in the room fluoresce and it exposed photographic plates in a drawer of a desk. Crookes tube Not due to the cathode rays, because the cathode rays could not penetrate a thick paper or a glass. These "rays" were named X rays
4 Ruhmkorff coil
5 1st x-ray photograph Bertha s hand (1895) Exposure time: 15 minutes
6 1896 Henri Becquerel - radioactivity He exposed potassium uranyl sulfate to sunlight and then placed it on photographic plates wrapped in black paper, believing that the uranium absorbed the sun s energy and then emitted it as x-rays. His experiment "failed" because it was overcast in Paris. For some reason, Becquerel decided to develop his photographic plates anyway. To his surprise, the images were strong and clear, proving that the uranium emitted radiation without an external source of energy such as the sun. Becquerel had discovered radioactivity.
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10 Charged particles in a magnetic field
11 The term radioactivity was actually coined by Marie Curie, who together with her husband Pierre, began investigating the phenomenon recently discovered by Becquerel. The Curies extracted uranium from ore and found that the leftover ore showed more activity than the pure uranium. They concluded that the ore contained other radioactive elements. This led to the discoveries of the elements polonium and radium. It took four more years of processing tons of ore to isolate enough of each element to determine their chemical properties.
12 Almost immediately after Becquerel discovery his student Marie Curie and her husband Pierre Curie showed that thorium also emitted what were then called Becquerel rays. Becquerel and the Curies shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903.
13 Discovery of the electron: 1897 J.J. Thomson J.J. Thomson realised that he could deflect the cathode rays in an electric field produced by a pair of metal plates. One of the plates was negatively charged and repelled the cathode rays, while the other was positively charged and attracted them. Thomson removed the gas from his tube producing a good enough vacuum. When he passed the cathode rays through an electric field a deflection occured. The cathode rays moved towards the positively charged plate so the rays must be negatively charged.
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15 Models of the atom Plum pudding? The plum pudding model was created in 1904 by J.J. Thomson, He believed that the negatively charged electrons were embedded in a sphere or cloud positively charged matter
16 Ernest Rutherford won the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1908 for working with radioactive substances most famous for revising the model of the atom
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19 Ernest Rutherford, who did many experiments studying the properties of radioactive decay, named these alpha, beta, and gamma particles, and classified them by their ability to penetrate matter. Because alpha particles carry more electric charge, are more massive, and move slowly compared to beta and gamma particles, they interact much more easily with matter Beta particles are much less massive and move faster, but are still electrically charged. A sheet of aluminum one millimeter thick or several meters of air will stop these electrons and positrons. Gamma rays carry no electric charge and can penetrate large distances through materials before interacting several centimeters of lead or a meter of concrete is needed to stop most gamma rays. Alpha particles : He nuclei (2 protons + 2 neutrons) Beta particles: electrons Gamma rays and X-rays : photons
20 Models of the atom Rutherford s model? positively charged nucleus, with protons and neutrons, as the center and negatively charged electrons orbiting the nucleus. Rutherford believed that the centripetal force of the revolving electrons was generated by the electrostatic force of attraction between the nucleus and electrons. Flaws in Rutherford's Theory 1) Because of the electromagnetic waves theory, the electrons orbiting the nucleus could not have centripetal force without becoming unstable. 2) Despite what Rutherford believed, the atoms could not radiate a constant spectrum of electromagnetic waves.
21 ? Solved by Quantum mechanics uncertainty principle
22 1897 Thomson discovers the electron 1911 Rutherford discovers the nucleus 1932 Chadwick discovers the neutron 1932 Carl D. Anderson discovered the positron (Nobel Prize for Physics in 1936) What about the proton? somewhere between Thomson and Chadwick, physicists realized that there are positively charged constituents of the nucleus, the 'protons'. This happened was a gradual process, and that is why it is hard to say exactly who discovered the proton.
23 Electromagnetic spectrum / photons E h hc
24 And more
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26 The Standard Model Sergio Bertolucci Weak 26 Courtesy of Mário Pimenta
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28 The nucleus the nucleons
29 General nuclear properties The atomic nucleus is composed by two types of nucleons: protons positive electric charge neutrons electrically neutral Z atomic number N number of neutrons in the nucleus A mass number A=Z+N Representation: A Z X X Is the chemical symbol of the element A nuclear species with specific A and Z values is called a nuclide
30 General nuclear properties Nuclear size is measured in fm: 1 fm=1 x m Charge (e) Mass (u) Mass (MeV) Spin ( ) magnetic moment (J/T) Proton +1 1, ,28 1/2 1,411 x Neutron 0 1, ,57 1/2-0,966 x Electron -1 0, ,511 1/2 9,28 x e = 1,602 x C 1 amu = M (C12)/12 = 931 MeV
31 Images etc: ( to be completed)
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