7.1 Atomic Theory and Radioactive Decay
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1 7.1 Atomic Theory and Radioactive Decay exists all around us. This radiation consists of high energy particles or waves being emitted from a variety of materials. is the release of high energy particles or waves. Being exposed to radioactive materials can be. are beneficial. can do damage to DNA in our cells. When atoms lose high energy particles and waves, ions or even new atoms can be formed. High energy waves and particles are called radiation when they leave the atom. The Electromagnetic Spectrum See pages : Searching for Invisible Rays but can be difficult to detect. named X-rays with an X 100 years ago because they were previously unknown. realized uranium emitted seemingly invisible energy as well. named this energy radioactivity. Early discoveries of radiation relied on Later, more sophisticated devices such as the were developed to more precisely measure radioactivity. Radium salts, after being placed on a photographic plate, leave behind the dark traces of radiation. See pages
2 3: Isotopes and Mass Number are different atoms of the same element, with the difference between the two atoms being the number of in the nucleus. Isotopes have the same number of protons - and therefore - as each other. By having different numbers of neutrons, isotopes. Isotopes of an element have the same symbol and same atomic number Mass number refers to the protons + neutrons in an isotope = proportional average of the mass numbers for all isotopes of an element. 19.9% of boron atoms have 5 neutrons, 80.1% have 6 neutrons 19.9% have a mass number of 10, and 80.1% have a mass number of 11 (.199 * 10) + (.801*11) = 10.8 = atomic mass of boron See page : Representing Isotopes Isotopes are written using.. Potassium has three isotopes, 39 19K, K, K Potassium is found in nature in a certain ratio of isotopes 93.2% is potassium-39, 1.0% is potassium-40, and 6.7% is potassium-41 Atomic mass = See page 290
3 5: Radioactive Decay Unlike all previously discovered chemical reactions, radioactivity sometimes resulted in the formation of completely new atoms. Radioactivity results from having an. When these nuclei lose energy and break apart, occurs. Radioactive decay releases energy from the nucleus as. Radioactive atoms release energy until they become stable, often as different atoms. An element may have only certain isotopes that are radioactive. These are called Radioisotope uranium-238 decays in several stages until it finally becomes lead-206 See page 293 6: Three Types of Radiation identified three types of radiation using an electric field. Positive were attracted to the negative plate. Negative were attracted to the positive plate. Neutral did not move towards any plate. See page 294
4 7: Three Types of Radiation (continued): Alpha Radiation is a stream of., and are the most massive of the radiation types. Alpha particles are essentially the same as a. Alpha particles are represented by the symbols 4 2 or 4 2. He Because it has two protons, it has a charge of. The release of alpha particles is called. Alpha particles are slow and penetrate materials much less than the other forms of radiation Ra Rn or Ra Rn He Radium-226 releases an alpha particle and becomes Radon-222. Radon has two less protons than radium. See page : Three Types of Radiation (continued): Beta Radiation. 0-1 or Beta particles are represented by the symbols 0-1 e. Electrons are, so beta particles are assigned a. Since there is only an electron, a beta particle has a charge of. occurs when a neutron changes into a proton + an electron. The proton stays in the nucleus, and the electron is released I Xe + 10 or I Xe e Iodine-131 releases a beta particle and becomes Xenon-131. A neutron has turned into a proton + the released electron. See page 296
5 9: Three Types of Radiation (continued): Gamma Radiation. Gamma radiation has, 0 0 Gamma radiation is the of electromagnetic radiation.. Gamma decay results from Ni* Ni + 00 Often, other kinds of radioactive decay will also release gamma radiation U Th He + 2 Uranium-238 decays into an alpha particle and also releases gamma rays. See page : Radiation and Radioactive Decay Summaries, and Nuclear equations for radioactive decay. Chemical equations represent changes in the position of atoms, not changes to the atoms themselves. 1. The sum of the mass numbers should equal. 2. The sum of the charges should equal. See pages
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