Organic Chemistry. Second Edition. Chapter 18 Aromatic Compounds. David Klein. Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
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1 Organic Chemistry Second Edition David Klein Chapter 18 Aromatic Compounds Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
2 18.1 Introduction to Aromatic Compounds Aromatic compounds or arenes include benzene and benzene derivatives Many aromatic compounds were originally isolated from fragrant oils However, many aromatic compounds are odorless Aromatic compounds are quite common Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
3 18.1 Introduction to Aromatic Compounds 8 of the 10 best-selling drugs have aromatic moieties Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
4 18.1 Introduction to Aromatic Compounds Coal contains aromatic rings fused together and joined by nonromantic moieties Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
5 18.2 Nomenclature of Benzene Derivatives Benzene is generally the parent name for monosubstituted derivatives Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
6 18.2 Nomenclature of Benzene Derivatives Many benzene derivatives have common names. For some compounds, the common name becomes the parent name. Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
7 18.2 Nomenclature of Benzene Derivatives If the substituent is larger than the ring, the substituent becomes the parent chain Aromatic rings are often represented with a Ph (for phenyl) or with a φ (phi) symbol Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
8 18.2 Nomenclature of Benzene Derivatives The common name for dimethyl benzene derivatives is xylene What do ortho, meta, and para mean? Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
9 18.2 Nomenclature of Benzene Derivatives 1. Identify the parent chain (the longest consecutive chain of carbons) 2. Identify and Name the substituents 3. Number the parent chain and assign a locant (and prefix if necessary) to each substituent Give the first substituent the lowest number possible 4. List the numbered substituents before the parent name in alphabetical order Ignore prefixes (except iso) when ordering alphabetically Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
10 18.2 Nomenclature of Benzene Derivatives Locants are required for rings with more than 2 substituents 1. Identify the parent chain (generally the aromatic ring) Often a common name can be the parent chain 2. Identify and Name the substituents Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
11 18.2 Nomenclature of Benzene Derivatives 3. Number the parent chain and assign a locant (and prefix if necessary) to each substituent A substituent that is part of the parent name must be assigned locant NUMBER 1 4. List the numbered substituents before the parent name in alphabetical order Ignore prefixes (except iso) when ordering alphabetically Complete the name for the molecule above Practice with SkillBuilder 18.1 Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
12 18.2 Nomenclature of Benzene Derivatives Name the following molecules Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
13 18.3 Structure of Benzene In 1866, August Kekulé proposed that benzene is a ring comprised of alternating double and single bonds Kekulé suggested that the exchange of double and single bonds was an equilibrium process Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
14 18.3 Structure of Benzene We now know that the aromatic structures are resonance contributors rather than in equilibrium HOW is resonance different from equilibrium? Sometimes the ring is represented with a circle in it WHY? Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
15 18.4 Stability of Benzene The stability that results from a ring being aromatic is striking Recall that in general, alkenes readily undergo addition reactions Aromatic rings are stable enough that they do not undergo such reactions Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
16 18.4 Stability of Benzene Heats of hydrogenation can be used to quantify aromatic stability. Practice with conceptual checkpoints 18.6 and 18.7 Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
17 18.4 Stability of Benzene MO theory can help us explain aromatic stability The 6 atomic p-orbitals of benzene overlap to make 6 molecular orbitals Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
18 18.4 Stability of Benzene The locations of nodes in the MOs determines their shapes based on highlevel mathematical calculations Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
19 18.4 Stability of Benzene The delocalization of the 6 pi electrons in the three bonding molecular orbitals accounts for the stability of benzene Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
20 18.4 Stability of Benzene Does every fully conjugated cyclic compound have aromatic stability? NO Some fully conjugated cyclic compounds are reactive rather than being stable like benzene Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
21 18.4 Stability of Benzene AROMATIC compounds fulfill two criteria 1. A fully conjugated ring with overlapping p-orbitals 2. Meets Hückel s rule: an ODD number of e - pairs or 4n+2 total π electrons where n=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. Show how the molecules below do NOT meet the criteria Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
22 18.4 Stability of Benzene We can explain Hückel s rule using MO theory Let s consider the MOs for cyclobutadiene The instability of the unpaired electrons (similar to free radicals) makes this antiaromatic Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
23 18.4 Stability of Benzene A similar MO analysis for cyclooctatetraene suggests that it is also antiaromatic Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
24 18.4 Stability of Benzene However, if the structure adopts a tub-shaped conformation, it can avoid the antiaromatic instability The conjugation does not extend around the entire ring, so the system is neither aromatic nor antiaromatic Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
25 18.4 Stability of Benzene Predicting the shapes and energies of MOs requires sophisticated mathematics, but we can use Frost circles to predict the relative MO energies Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
26 18.4 Stability of Benzene Is the compound below aromatic or antiaromatic? HOW? The conjugation around the outside of the molecule provides 14 pi electron, an aromatic number. The center pi electrons will not be involved in the resonance Practice with conceptual checkpoint 18.8 Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
27 18.4 Stability of Benzene Use the Frost circles below to explain the 4n+2 rule Note that the number of bonding orbitals is always an odd number - aromatic compounds will always have an odd number of electron pairs Practice with conceptual checkpoint 18.9 Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
28 18.5 Aromatic Compounds Other Than Benzene AROMATIC compounds fulfill two criteria 1. A fully conjugated ring with overlapping p-orbitals 2. Meets Hückel s rule: an ODD number of e - pairs or 4n+2 total π electrons where n=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. ANTIAROMATIC compounds fulfill two criteria 1. A fully conjugated ring with overlapping p-orbitals 2. An EVEN number of electron pairs or 4n total π electrons where n=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
29 18.5 Aromatic Compounds Other Than Benzene Annulenes are rings that are fully conjugated Some annulenes are aromatic, while others are antiaromatic [10]Annulene is neither. WHY? Practice with conceptual checkpoint Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
30 18.5 Aromatic Compounds Other Than Benzene Some rings must carry a formal charge to be aromatic Consider a 5-membered ring If 6 pi electrons are present, draw the resonance contributors for the structure Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
31 18.5 Aromatic Compounds Other Than Benzene The pk a value for cyclopentadiene is much lower than typical C-H bonds. WHY? vs. Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
32 18.5 Aromatic Compounds Other Than Benzene Consider a 7-membered ring If 6 pi electrons are present, what charge will be necessary? Draw the resonance contributors for the structure Practice with SkillBuilder 18.2 Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
33 18.5 Aromatic Compounds Other Than Benzene Consider a 7-membered ring If 6 pi electrons are present, a positive charge will be necessary? Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
34 18.5 Aromatic Compounds Other Than Benzene Heteroatoms (atoms other than C or H) can also be part of an aromatic ring Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
35 18.5 Aromatic Compounds Other Than Benzene If the heteroatom s lone pair is necessary, it will be included in the Hückel number of pi electrons Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
36 18.5 Aromatic Compounds Other Than Benzene If the lone pair is necessary to make it aromatic, the electrons will not be as basic pk a =5.2 pk a =0.4 Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
37 18.5 Aromatic Compounds Other Than Benzene The difference in electron density can also be observed by viewing the electrostatic potential maps Practice with SkillBuilder 18.3 Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
38 18.5 Aromatic Compounds Other Than Benzene Many polycyclic compounds are also aromatic Such compounds are shown to be aromatic using heats of hydrogenation. HOW? Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
39 18.5 Aromatic Compounds Other Than Benzene Will the compounds below be aromatic, antiaromatic, or non aromatic? Antiaromatic neither aromatic antiaromatic 4n pi e- lone pairs 10 pi e- unless it will avoid can avoid antiaromatic being flat Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
40 18.5 Aromatic Compounds Other Than Benzene Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
41 18.5 Aromatic Compounds Other Than Benzene Show that the molecules below meet the criteria for aromaticity 1. A fully conjugated ring with overlapping p-orbitals 2. Meets Hückel s rule: an ODD number of e - pairs or 4n+2 total π electrons where n=0, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
42 18.6 Reactions at the Benzylic Position A carbon that is attached to a benzene ring is benzylic Recall that aromatic rings and alkyl groups are not easily oxidized Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
43 18.6 Reactions at the Benzylic Position In general, benzylic positions can readily be fully oxidized The benzylic position needs to have at least 1 proton attached to undergo oxidation Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
44 18.6 Reactions at the Benzylic Position Permanganate can also be used as an oxidizing reagent Practice with conceptual checkpoint Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
45 18.7 Reduction of the Aromatic Moiety Under forceful conditions, benzene can be reduced to cyclohexane Is the process endothermic or exothermic? WHY? WHY are forceful conditions required? Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
46 18.7 Reduction of the Aromatic Moiety Vinyl side groups can be selectively reduced ΔH is just slightly less than the expected -120 kj/mol expected for a C=C à C-C conversion WHY are less forceful conditions required? Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
47 Graphite, Buckyballs, and Nanotubes Graphite consists of layers of sheets of fused aromatic rings Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
48 Graphite, Buckyballs, and Nanotubes Buckyballs are C 60 spheres made of interlocking aromatic rings Fullerenes come in other sizes such as C 70 How are Buckyballs aromatic when they are not FLAT? Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
49 Graphite, Buckyballs, and Nanotubes Fullerenes can also be made into tubes (cylinders) Single, double, and multi-walled carbon nanotubes have many applications: Conductive Plastics, Energy Storage, Conductive Adhesives, Molecular Electronics, Thermal Materials, Fibres and Fabrics, Catalyst Supports, Biomedical Applications Copyright 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved Klein, Organic Chemistry 2e
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