Coupled-Wave Theory for Biperiodic Diffraction Gratings

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1 Gatg Dato Cauato GD-Ca Cou-Wav Thoy o Bo Dato Gatg. Itouto... Pat : U R.... Notato:.... Gatg goty Et to... Pat : Thoy a Mtho ou ao o th toagt Th Maw Euato a hoogou-u outo S at S at tag O uato a o attog Th S at o a ouay ua.... Th S at o a hoogou tatu wthout ua.... Th S at o a ooat a Th S at o a o tatu Th S at o a uo tatu Chag o ŝ a to ata oazato oug Th S at o a hoogou tatu wth ua Th to a tao at... 6 A A. ou ao o th ttvty A B. Eota at outato A C. Dvato o th yty ato A D. Coutato o th th gatg R... 8 GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

2 . Itouto GD-Ca out ato o a o gatg tutu og a oto a o-agt ota a. Pat o th out th a o ota got that a o wth GD-Ca th toagt haatt a ov a otua awo o th otwa u ta. Pat th ua agoth u th otwa o. Th gatg ato thoy vo Pat a o a gazato o th goou ou-wav RCW tho vw R.. Th ga o gatg thoy ha o ooaty wth th ou-o tho R. 4.g. th u o S-at R. a at ou atozato R. ; ut th gatg atv to a tagua ooat yt whh oy o o th gatg o vto ag to th ooat a. Pat : U R. Notato: goug ath at uto agut ut { } t ê ê ê ut a vto oto vto ata uy vto E E E E t vto H H H H agt vto o ttvty. Gatg goty gu how a o gatg tutu whh w u to utat th ty o gatg got that a o wth GD-Ca. Th a o ua-to a that a ta to o a aay o # tutu. Oy ou uh tutu a how ut th att t oay two o. Poto vto a ot wh ê ê a ê a othooa ut a vto. Th gatg tutu t a a ta o gatg tata ou y a o otat wth oua at GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

3 < < tatu ;. L wh L th u o tata. Th w gay u a a tatu t. Th tata o ot ay t hyay tt ay wth t ata ooto. Tyay th gatg ay atto to tata o to aoat o-wa ay y taa o. Th gatg awh tw a utat u ow th gatg a a utat u.g. vauu aov th gatg. I aoa wth uato. th utat a utat a o to -t tata y < < th utat. L < < th utat. L Not that th ooat a towa th utat o th gatg a th tata a u o otto utat to to utat. It uato t o th utat. ê ê ê gu. Bo gatg tutu. Th gatg au to o oto o-agt ota a o t ota ot a uy haatz y t aa o ttvty whh a uto o. Th th atv ttvty ua to th ua o th o Statato o o-wa o hou u wth auto. Iag th u o tata ay ot ov a ay atuay ga auato auay u th u o ato o ao gaty a. Th tato o ou-wav thoy u R. St. VI.5. GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

4 4 atv. a a aog to th au g ovto th agay at o o-gatv I.4 Th gatg haatz y two uata vto o a whh th ttvty uto taatoa yty haatt. Th vto a aa to th utat a hav th oowg ooat tato.5.6 Th vto a ay t g.7 Th ttvty vaat wth t to taatoa at y th vto o g.8.9 o a gu utat a a vw o th gu tutu howg th uata o a. u otat out o th gatg tutu wth a vau th u utat a th utat a t t o wth ah tatu. Th to ouay ooat o tatu o o th utat ot a o < <. u. u L. Th o that th gatg wa a ua to th utat wth ah tatu h th taa aoato. Ba o uato.8 a.9 at th oty oto GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

5 5..4 ê ê ê gu. Gatg o. Eah tatu haatz y at ot two tatu- vto o a ot ay ta to a whh a aa to th utat a hav ooat tato a to uato.5 a.6. Th ut oot tatu a th o o tatu a ot a a. Th ttvty tatu vaat wth t to taatoa at y th o th vto.5.6 GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

6 6 Th oty oto ay tog tha oto. a.4 whh ay to a tata. o a gu utat o a o tatu a a o tatu. a ou to tvy ua to a o a tata ut th goty to w a th toagt uato ay o t a a ho o that th o out ha th at o agtu.. th gatg ut y a hou ay hav a aa. Th aov to a to th ga a o a o tatu og a o gatg tutu. Th a two a a o tata that a tat ty tha th o a. t a uo tatu o a aa gatg tutu. Th ty o tatu haatz y a g o whh y ovto ho to ua to th gatg. I th a ty ua to a o t gth. So a hoogou tatu o a hoogou whh ot haatz y o. a a oth ty o t gth th a. Eah tatu ty o uo o hoogou a aoat o ay a t o th uata o a a ou tatu- hao h h h a h oog to tatu. Th hao a tg whh th tatu o a oow: o a o tatu th at o hao o-gua h h h h o tatu.7 a th tatu o a y h h h h.8 o a gu th oowg ato ho: ; o uvaty GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

7 7.9 H th hao ot o th two tata a h h h h h h h h. o a uo tatu th hao aty th oowg oto h o h ; h a h uo tatu. a th o a oow: t out th ata uy uatt. h h a th. o a hoogou tatu th hao a a zo h h h h hoogou tatu.4 Th aov ato a otuay wh t o th gatg ata u. Th gatg ha two uata ata-uy vto a whh hav th ooat tato.5.6 a whh hav th oowg oa atoh to a GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

8 8.7 Say ah tatu haatz y t ow ata-uy a vto a o tatu whh hav th a oa atoh to a.8.9. o a th tatu ty o uo a hoogou a tatu a u a a a oato.. hao o th gatg uata a u h h h h. By aaogy wth ytaogahy th a u t oa att vto a th hao a aaogou to M. o a o tatu a a o-zo a ay t; o a uo tatu o-zo a zo; a o a hoogou tatu a a oth zo. Th gatg tutu wth o tatu o tagua tutua o who wa a aa a ua to gu. Th tatu goty y t attog th tatu to t-gth t aa to a th attog ah t to o. o a gu utat th attog o tatu o th a o gu a. Mo oat gatg got a ao aoat a o-atto tutu. o a gu 4 utat a o tato o a ua tutu. Th g autoay ootot gag tatato ao a to o-attog o uvwa tutu uh a ua ot a ho. Iag th u o t ay ot ov auato auay u th u o ato o ao gaty a. GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

9 9 Th t a u utay.g. t t t t. th o oog to th to. Th o wth ah t a u utay.g. o o t. wth th o o oog to th to. Eah o otay hoogou a th ttvty o o t tatu ot a o o o t tatu. Th w gay u a a t a w u a a tutua o. M t t t L o o L M tutua o gu. Statu attog goty. Th t ouay oto tatu a t o a t o aat L ; wh L th u o t o th tatu. Th vau hou aty th ato L L. GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

10 Th ag ty t to ± y th oto L.4.g. th t-ha vau ato. t. A ay o th ooat og gu th to tt th oua o t at ot a. gu 4. Bo-atto ua tutu. Th o ouay oto t o tatu a t o a t o aat L L ; wh L th u o o o th t. Th vau hou aty th ato L L.5 Th a ag a ty t to ± y th oto L.6 L.7 GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

11 L L L.8.g. th t-ha vau ato.5 t.th oua o o t tt th ta tw t a t at ot a. A hoogou t.g. t gu o ot u ay aat ato; t oy u a aat a a ttvty vau. A uo tatu t a a hoogou a a ag ua to t vto. A hoogou tatu o ot u ay o ato; t u oy a ttvty ato. A gatg ato ay ota u a ooat a og ata ht aat Δ a Δ whh ty taat tata atay y th at vto Δ Δ Δ.9 Th ooat a aoat wth a ata a at a atua hght th gatg. Th taatoa ht oy a to tata aov th ooat a a. Mut ooat a ay a th tota taato a to ay atua tatu th u o th Δ ht y a th ooat a ow th tatu. To ay a ata taato to ut a g tatu a ht o Δ a aty ow th tatu a a ht o Δ a aty aov th tatu. 4. Et to Th t E o a t E a t E t th utat a a tatt E th utat. Th t au to a g a wav E A π 4. wh A a otat vto a th t ata-uy vto 4. GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

12 Th t E ot o a uoto o a-wav ou o E wth ata-uy vto whh a a y two ato o a E E E 4. A π 4.4 Th oot a ou ao a oot a two-oa ou ao. Th tatt ay ot o a-wav ou o t E wth ata-uy vto t E t E t E t 4.5 t t A π 4.6 Th at gatg-tagta ata u.. th a ê oto o a t o that o th t y tg ut o th gatg uata u t t ê 4.7 Th a wav gatg-oa ata u th t o th tagta u ê uy oto a u 4.8 u t t u t Th ua oot ah ho o that th ua oot agay at ogatv a th ua oot g uato 4.8- a ho o that th t oagat towa th gatg a th at oagat away o th GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

13 gatg. Euato 4.7- a o th ata u a o a ato o a th gatg u. I ga th o a ag o to ut o outatoa aato oy a t u o o ta. Th ta o a y th t t whh t a whh t M M M M Th t t M a uto o. o a gu 5 utat a atua at tagta u at a ot. Th tg a t ato o a oy th a o a t to ta th th t t wou a oow M { } M { } M { } M { } M { } M { } Th t atu othogoa to E E t o t oto oto two ut vto a wh othogoa to ê a a a oth othogoa to GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

14 4 g g g g 4.8 u / 4.9 Th t t a E E E 4. GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8 gu 5. Etoagt tagta ata u. a a vto a ay o th t a tatt o a th at atu a ot oto th a. o th t wav th oowg to ay ŝ ê ê

15 5 g g g g 4. u / 4.4 E E E 4.5 o th tatt wav th to a 4.6 t t t 4.7 t t t t t t 4.8 u / t t t 4.9 E E E t t t t t 4. t ua to uato 4.8 au a th t o th ght o uato 4 wou th a wth t. uttut o ato 4.7. Not th g ov o : Euato 4.9 a 4.9 u a u g wha uato 4.4 o ot. u to Th at a ay t o th t a th a 4. ot o o- t a tatt wav w t y to a ta t R a T o a R R R R R GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

16 6 4. T T T T T I g th at th t a t atu a vauat at ot o th gatg to ua uato. a th tatt atu a vauat at ot o th gatg otto ua uato. L L E L E R R R R L E L E 4. L E L E T T T T E E t t 4.4 Th t ow P oagatg towa th gatg.. th wth a oa otat ê to R E E P 4.5 Say th t ow oagatg away o th gatg th to th o- t wav P ê R E E P 4.6 a th tatt ow oagatg away o th gatg th to th o- tatt wav P t ê R E E P t t t t 4.7 Th t a t atu a ty vauat at uato 4.5 a 4.6 a th tatt atu a vauat at uato 4.7. Th o- t a tatt ato a.. ato o at to t ow o ah at o a L η t η GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

17 7 R R E E E E P P η 4.8 R R t t t t t E E E E P P η 4.9 o a vat wav a o u u agay o t ato y zo. Pat : Thoy a Mtho 5. ou ao o th toagt Th tota toagt ot o th t whh ha th o y uato 4. o E a a a o o H a th at whh u th t a tatt a w a th wth th gatg. S th gatg vaat u taato y o uato.8 t a t that a taato o th t y w hav o t o th utg at oth tha to taat t y th a ot. A taato o th t y ha th a t a utyg th y a otat ato o π E E π 5. o uato 4.. Th at a t to hav a a o th t o th utg at w ao a y th a ato. H a taato o th at y ay uvat to ayg th aov ag ato a tho th aov ato a to th tota t u at E E π 5. GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

18 8 ê S ha o oot uato.5 th a ato uato 5. oy o th oto o aa to th gatg ua ot a 5. E E π 5.4 Th th ut oot aa. Th that th tota v y π o wth o E / π E / π 5.5 Th a ty o oto ao ho o th gatg o uata o E / π E / π 5.6 Th at o a uato 5.5 a 5.6 a th ê a uato.5.6 o th ght-ha o th uato a t a a o ou a. Dotg th o- ou ot a E th oowg E - ou ao ota E E π 5.7 wh th gatg-tagta ata u a 5.8 Th uata gatg u a a y uato.5-7 a th oty oto 5.5 a 5.6 a v ty ug uato 5.7 a.7. Th ooat tato o 5.9 ê g g g g GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

19 9 Th agt H t y a a ou ao H H π 5. Ba o th o t oto 4. a 4. th ao 5.7 a 5. a tuat a oow E E π 5. H M M M M H π Th Maw Euato a hoogou-u outo Th Maw Euato Gaua ut o a t-o toagt a a oto o-agt u a E π H 6. H E π 6. wh th wavgth vauu a th o ttvty. A t t-aa ato o π t / au. t t a th o ght vauu. Th u g th t ato I ato.4. Cog th a wh ua to a otat wth o ag 6. uttuto o uato 5.7 a a 6. y π E E π H π H π E H GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

20 t th vatv wth t to. Patua outo o th uato a o th o E E A π 6.6 H H A π 6.7 wh E A H A a a ut otat. Dg 6.8 wth uato 6.4 a 6.5 u to A A E H 6. A A H E 6. Th ut vto ŝ y 6. g 6.4 g g g ŝ a o a othogoa t o a vto a otg uato 6. a 6. oto th a y A H 6.5 o th a ŝ ou ut a w a ay ut vto othogoa to ê. Dto 6.4 a th ho t o th ooat a ê a ê. GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

21 A E A E A A H H A A E A E H 6.9 A H A E 6. By uttutg uato 6.7 a 6.8 o th ght o 6. a 6.9 th oowg oto ota / 6. Th oto t th o vau o ± 6. It au h that ozo athough th tato w at ov. E A Dg th ut vto ± H a A a t a E E E A A A H H A ± A A H Th tato autoatay at uato 6.5 a 6.6 a uato 6.7 a 6.8 u to A A 6.6 H E GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

22 A A 6.7 H E Th ± g uato 6. a 6.5 a y to oat wth th g uato 6.. Th to u th g a a otatoa ov to a th uato yt wth t to vo o th ooat. Th vo hag th g o a vto ê oto.g. hag g. uato 6.8 a outy o 6. a 6.5 ao hag g. Noay th uato vovg o out wou oy va a ghtha ooat yt wha th ooat vo a th ooat yt t-ha. Howv th uato a v y hagg th g o a o out th t-ha yt. Th ± g uato 6. a th uato va u vo a th ± g uato 6.5 ty hag th g o H A H H u vo wthout hagg A o A o that uato 6. a 6. a va. A a wav a uy y t E au t H t y uato 6.6 a 6.7. Howv a atatv aoah that w o ovt th aay to oow to y th toagt t o th E a H E H E ŝ oto A a A a t th oto A H a A t ty o uato 6.6 a 6.7. Th aoah avatagou au otuty oto tw tata a a to th uatagta oto o E a H o whh th ŝ oto a a oot. Th ua-tagta oto ao u th oto oto vto whh a a ± ± 6.8 a ua-tagta ut vto othogoa to ŝ a a ± g aga u to a th to vaat u g vo. Ug th oowg ato 6.9 o uato 6. a 6.8 th oowg o o th ua-tagta a ota o uato E E A A 6. H A ± A H 6. GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

23 H E A A E H A A Th aov a-wav uato a ha th ott o ga outo o uato 6.4 a 6.5. wtt a ± to at ty t o th ato o a th g ho uato ± ± ± ± ± ± uato a 6.. a a ay wtt a a ŝ ± ± 6.8 g g g g 6.9 ± ± ± ± ± ±. uato a 6.8. Ga outo o uato 6.4 a 6.5 o u a ow wav whh a t y a a GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8 E E E 6.4

24 4 GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8 H H H 6.4 wh E ± a H ± hav th utoa o A E E ± ± ± π 6.44 A H H ± ± ± π uato 6.6 a 6.7. Th uto a t t o th a oto ŝ E E E ± ± ± ± 6.46 H H H ± ± ± ± ± 6.47 A wth uato 6.5 th g uato 6.47 u a a otatoa ov to v vaa o o-out atoh u g vo. Th a oto aty th oowg atoh ± ŝ E H ± ± 6.48 E H ± ± uato 6.6 a 6.7; h oy th oto. Sua otuty oto tw tata ay to th oto oto a whh a a ŝ E E E 6.5 H H H 6.5

25 5 E H H H E E uato S at Athough th a-wav uato o to 6 oy ay a hoogou go thy a oay aot to ay thoughout th gatg tutu. W a uo that a tay th hoogou ay o ttvty to th gatg tutu at ay atua v. Th ay too th to gaty at th toagt out th ay ut wth th ay th o u a ow wav a aov. Th u/ow ooto ay a to ua tay o taty wh ± zo o o to zo o o atua o to 6.5 ut th oty a avo y g to hav a otv agay at. Th toagt taoato ao a a-ou go awh tw two hoogou ay t o a S at whh t th a atoh tw th tg a tg th go. S oot attg. Th utat otuay gu 6. I th gu t a ou vto that u a o th u-wav atu E a H a a ou vto ug a o th ow-wav atu E a H. Th og o th atu a w to 9. Th S at haatz a gatg tatu th tva < < a t a a ag tw at th tatu oua. Th tg th go u th u wav tg o th otto a th ow wav tg o th to ; a th tg th go u th ow wav at th otto a th u wav at th to. Th S at o uat S S S a S a th ag tw th tg a tg S S S S 7. GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

26 6 gatg go gu 6. U a ow wav tg a tg a gatg go. Th gatg aay t a tatu ta a tay th hoogou ay ttou ay wth th ttvty otat to 6 ot a th ttou ay. Th ut oot ttou. Saat S at a out o a tata a o th utat a utat ouay ta. A tag agoth to 8 u to o th S at to a oot S at o th t gatg tutu.. wth a L uato 7. wh a a t o ow a aov tvy a th vau th gatg oua a uato. a.. Th tag o o otto to to. Th ta vau o th S at ow th gatg.. wth gv y th oto S S S I S 7. wh a zo at a I a tty at. Th tag oato ogvy ov u though th gatg ut L. At ah tag o th tag oato oy S a S to auat au zo at.. th o t tg th gatg o th utat. Th S at outato o a vua tatu owhat y tag avatag o th oowg yty ato GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

27 7 S S S S o a tatu 7. Th a ou o th - o th ttvty wth th tatu a th ta ttvt aov a ow th tatu. Ao th oto o th agt g ovto t y th ± uato 6.5 a Rato 7. a ov A C. Th tag oato aov a u to ty out th at out th gatg ut th th gatg ut t a ghty t aoah out A D ay u. Th S-at o S S S a S a agoa o o-agoa o o tatu ty a to 9 out how th S at auato a tutu to ta avatag o th at aty. Sto though 6 v agoth o outg S at ay o ouay ua ooat a hoogou tata uo tata a o tata. 8. S at tag Th S-at ao two aat tva a ta to t a oot S at ovg oth tva a oow. Co a S at Sa ovg th tva o to a a S at S ovg th tva o to Sa Sa S S Sa Sa S S uato 7.. W wh to ota a oot S at ovg th o tva o to S S S S 8. Euato 8. a 8. a tat uvaty a GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

28 8 8.4 Sa Sa Sa Sa I I 8.5 S S S S I I ± a at o th uato 8.6 S S S S S Sa Sa Sa Sa Sa I I I I Nt th og a outgog atu a aat o oot o th uato S S Sa Sa S Sa S Sa S Sa S Sa I I I I 8.7 Coag th wth uato 8. th o S at 4 S Sa S Sa S S Sa S Sa S S Sa S Sa Sa S Sa S Sa Sa S S Sa Sa S Sa S Sa S Sa S Sa S S S S I I I I I I I I 8.8 GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8 4 Sghty t ut uvat o o uato 8.8 a ota y ug th tt S Sa S S Sa S I I Sa S Sa Sa S Sa I I

29 9 A ot to 7 oy S a S to auat wh th S at tag o o otto to to. Not that uato 8.8 S a S o ot o Sa o Sa. Thu Sa a Sa ot a S a S a ot auat. I S a S a u thy a ty auat ug to-to-otto tag oato au S a S o ot o S o S. 9. O uato a o attog ± I th ou vto uato 7. ota a t u ± ± o t ug a o th wav atu E a H o ± ato o a agg o to. Eah t o oo to a tt P whh u th o a a oazato P whh a ta to o E a o H. I at th o a t to a t t a y oto 4. a 4.. utho th t o tt a ot atto to a u o ut whh w t ou o uh that th tg wav atu oog to ah ut oy o tg wav atu o th a ut. I oth wo th S-at o S S S a S o ou uat.. S S S a S a o-agoa o a a o-agoa y ayg a utato to th ow a ou a ah o oo to o o th ou uat ow a ou. Th t o a tt P u th auato w ogaz t o two uato : a o uato whh a th ou o a a aay whh uat th P tt wth ah o. Th ogazato y uato u u u uto a P P u a u a P u 9. a Th u o ou o a th u o P tt a wth o. Th oot o ± oog to o ± uato a aay w at a whh a E H ± u u u ± ± u u u P P 9. GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

30 Th ou uat S w ay a wth a ut a uato 7. w tat a S S S S 9. o ou o o o ty a a S S S S ; 9.4 I ayg th tag oato uato 8.8 to o S at Sa a S to a g at S th ou o o Sa a S a g uh a way that a o o Sa tt a o o S th th uo o th two o u a g o o S.. Th S at o a ouay ua I g th S at o a ouay ua tw two hoogou go aty ow th ua a aty aov t uato 7.; gu 7. Th ta. Th ttvty ow th ua w ot a th ttvty aov th ua w ot. ouay ua gu 7. U a ow wav og a ouay ua. GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

31 Th E a H ua-tagta oto a otuou ao th ouay ua. Th oto a y uato o ou o. I uato 6.5 a 6.5 ua to ow th ua a aov th ua. Ao th to o uato 6.5 o o th two oog vau w at a a... I th t ott th o th aov vau ay zo. Wth th otatoa uttuto th otuty oto a. E E E E.4 H H H H H H H H.5.6 E E E E Th oto a uvaty tat a oowg E E E E.7 GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

32 H H H H.8 Th ouay ua o ot u ay oug tw ou o o tw oazato o; thu th S-at o S S S a S a a agoa a th z o th -th ou uat ua to o a. u u Wth uato 9.4 ta th o o uato.7 u o th a P a ta th o o uato.8 o th a u P S P P u u.9 u S P S u S P S S u S P S u S P... I th oato uato.9 zo th S hou ot ou u a a a-vau a ua. a t to zo. Th oto GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

33 . Th S at o a hoogou tatu wthout ua Th S at o a hoogou tatu ug t ouay ua t o uato 6.44 a Th uato y E H ± ± ± φ E ± ± φ H ±.. wh th ha ht φ φ π. Th tatu oua a at a gu 8. y uato 6.5. Th tatu ttvty ot a uato 6.5. hoogou tatu gu 8. U a ow wav tavg a hoogou tatu. Euato. a. a uvaty tat a oow E E φ φ E E.4 H H φ φ H H.5 GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

34 4 Th o atv oug o oazato oug wth th tatu o a u u uato 9.4; a wth a P u o th S at -th agoa t a S S S S φ.6.7 Th tatu S at y uato.6 a.7 a o wth th tatu ouay-ua S at uato.9- va tag uato 8.8. Th utg oot S at a ota ta wh a ou o gatg-oa uy zo th tatu o th o t oug ay. Howv th o a avo y g th ay t o a S at tg th toagt tato tw two ttou ay o ttvty oug th tatu. Th S at u th oug ua. S at o o tata a ay ato to ttou oug ay a to 6 v th S at o a hoogou ay a a azato o th o a.. Th S at o a ooat a A ooat a a a taatoa ot to th ooat at a atua hght th gatg ta. Th ooat a t y a S at a uato 7. wh t th hght aty ow th a a t th hght aty aov t. Th ta. Th ou vto ± uato 7. t uatt vauat at ow th a < a at aov th a > wh th ooat a y Δ Δ. Δ a Δ a th taatoa ot. o a gu 9 otuay utat a a a to th ooat wth ot Δ. Th ot vto Δ a uato.9 Δ Δ Δ. GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

35 Th t tato E ow th a tao to th tato E aov th a wh E E. E Δ Suttutg th ou ao 5.7. a ug th oto o uato 5.9 th oowg atoh ota E π E π Δ.4 H th ooat taato u th oowg ha ht th ou ot E E φ.5 wh φ π Δ.6 5 Δ Δ ooat a gu 9. U a ow wav wth a ooat a. GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

36 6 A a ha ht a to th H ot uato 5. a to ± ± th E a H uto y uato Th ha-ht ato a a oow E E H H φ φ φ E E φ H H.7.8 Th ha ht o ot u ay atv oug o oazato oug o a u u uato 9.4; a wth a P u o th S at -th agoa t a S S S φ S φ.9... Th S at o a o tatu A a ou o th gatg oty oto.5 a.6 th ttvty tatu uato. a t y a ou o th o π. Th tatu a u a a y uato.8- a th oty oto.5 a.6 a v ty ug uato. a.. A A th t o o th ou ot a o th gatg goty ato out to. Th tatu a u a a a oato o th gatg uata a u a GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

37 7. h h h h.. uato.. Th ato o o ay atua ou o th toagt ao 5.7 a 5. a t a h h h h.4 wh a a tg y oo h h a a a tg th ag h h h h h < h h h < h h h h h h Th oo uto ou towa. Th tg a w t th a a w t uo oog to o tatu. Th t o a o a oog to a atua a a a ou o. Th t o a a a atyg ato.6 a.7 w uat a ot a o th -th a a th oog o w gat a th -th ou o. I uato 5.7 a 5. th atu E a H oog to o a uo w t a oow GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

38 8 E E h H H h h h h h h h Th oowg gatg-tagta ata u a ao uato 5.8. Wth th to aog wth to 5.8 th ao 5.7 a 5. a t a E E π. H H π. I vog th S at o tatu th ê ê ooat otato ho o that ê aa to ;.4 Th S at to t o th ê ê ooat otato au th ± ± to o E a H t uato 6.46 a 6.47 ooatt. Thu th ho o ooat otato ha o t o th S at. Th ttvty ao. th ta th o o a o-oa ou th ooat aa to th gatg t π.5 wh ah ou ot a o-oa ou th t-tav ooat GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

39 9 π.6 a a t o wth ah t a t o oth a wth ah tutua o. Th toagt ao. a. a ay t a t o-oa ao E E π.7 H H π.8 wh E E π H H π.9. Th ou ao uato.5.7 a.8 a uttut th Maw Euato 6. a 6. whh hav th t ooat tato E E H π. π H E E. E E H π. H H E π.4 π E H H.5 GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

40 4 π E H H.6 wh ν t th vatv wth t to ν. I ag th uttuto Laut out u o ou hou oy a wh th out ato o ot hav out otut ; othw ovg o th ou w ouo a v ua tat ay ut R.. Th E a H ua-tagta oot a otuou ao ttvty otuty ua a th gatg wa tw tutua o wth ah t a aa to ê a ê ; h th ato E a E uato.4 a.5 a otuou wth a th o o ayg Laut u th uato. Th ato a E uato.6 w gay hav out otut; howv th t H a H o th t o th uato a otuou a h o a th tagta vatv H a H o Laut u a ay a y ovg th ato to th t o th uato H H π E.7 Th oa ttvty ato uato.7 t y a ou a to uato.5 π.8 Th oot oa. Suttutg uato a.8 uato.-5 a.7 a aatg ou o th oowg uato a ota E π E H π.9 π E E H π. E E H π. H E π. π H GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

41 4 π E π. H H H H.4 E π Nt th ou ao uato.6.9 a. a uttut aov. O aga Laut u a to th out th uato tag a to avo ayg th u to out wth out otut. Th gatg wa tw t wth ah tatu a aa to ê a ê ; h th oot E E H a H a th aoat ou ot E H a E H a ao th vatv H a a otuou wth wha t aoat wth E a H gay a ot. Thu Laut u a ay a to uato. ut uato. a.4 ut o to ov th ttvty t to th o ah uato otag th otuou uatt. Th oato atat y ag th oowg to t.5 t.6 Th t oot a Totz at a oog oa at t a t a y th oto t t t t.7.8 Th at a t o wth ah t. Wth th to uato. a.4 a tat a o that uta o aato o Laut u GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

42 4 π H H t.9 E π H t E π.4 H Euato.6 th ou ao wth t to o th ttvty t uato.. Th ttvty t uato.9 a.4 hav a ou ao whh a v o th oty oto.5 a.6. It oow o uato. a.4 that uato.5 a.6 a uvaty tat / / /.4.4 Th ttvty ou ao.5 oow o uato.4 a a o uato.5 a.4 th ou ot aty th oowg -oty oto / π π Eao.6 oow o oto.4. /.4 Ba o uato.4 th Totz at t y uato.5 at a a oty oto t t / π π /.44 a th oa Totz at t y oto.7 ha th a oty t / π t π /.45 GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

43 4 H t a t y a ou ao a to uato.6.46 t t π Th at t y oto.8 a ay t a.47 t t π Suttutg uato a.47 uato.9-.9 a.4 a aatg ou o th oowg uato a ota H E E.48 H E E π π.49 H E E π π.5 E H H.5 E H H t π π.5 E t H H π π.5 Two oato w a th aov uato to at th uay tata o. Th t oato tuato tt th GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

44 44 uato to a t ag a th o oato uato tat th uato ug at otato. Th t o o a ta th ao 5.7 a 5. y th t oto M M oto 4. a 4.. Th t atto to ou o oog to th a a uato.4 a th t o uo oog to o t y oto aaogou to 4. a 4. N.54 N.55 Th uato a uato.. a.7- w tt to th ag. Ao th uato.-4 a.7-4 w t to th ag N. Not that th ay a th to o t a t ty t o uato.7 a.8. Th a t a uato.5-5 a th ao t to N. Th uato a uth y ayg th uato 9. to th uo ah o u a ay a u u a u.56 u u wh a a o uato.4 u a u u h u u h h h u aoa wth.57 Th ttvty t uato.5-5 w t y Totz at a oow tt.58 tt t.59 GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

45 45 tt t.6 Th oowg otatoa avato w u o th at tt tt tt tt tt u tt u u u u u u u u u u u Th at o a t. Sa hotha w u o th uatt uato.48-5 E ν E ν H ν H ν ν ν u u u u E ν ν u H u u u ;.64 ;.65. to.8 a.9 a uato.57. Th tagta uy t w t a ν u u ν ; ν.66 Wth th aov uttuto uato.48-5 y to E H E.67 π π E E H.68 E π E H π.69 H H tt E.7 GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

46 46 tt π H H E π.7 H π H tt E π.7 A a otatoa ov th uy ato th aov uato w t a agoa at ν ν ; ν.7 Lavg out th a uato.67-7 a o oaty at o E H E.74 π π E E H.75 π E π E H.76 H H tt E tt.77 π H H E H π H tt π E π Th ttvty t uato.77 a.78 a ov to th oth o ah uato wh tt H H E.8 π H H tt E π.8 tt tt tt tt.8.8 GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

47 47 Euato.74 a.8 a u to at E a H o uato a.79 E H tt H H π.84 E H tt H H π.85 tt E E E H π.86 tt E E E H π.87 Euato w tat t o th ŝ a oto a w th aat to u a ow wav atv to a ttou hoogou u o ttvty a to 6 uato Th u/ow ± aato vov th t uato 6.5 wth whh w az o o a oow ± ± ± u u.88 ± hou hav a otv agay at to u that. Th gatgtagta ŝ vto y uato 6.8 a 6.9 ay az o o u u.89 wh g g.9 g g GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

48 48 Th ah o th to ay o to u oazato oug o uo gatg to 5 ut th oato ha o t o th ut th to. Th gatg-tagta vto uato 6.4 t a.9 u u ± ± ± ± Th oowg agoa at otato w u o a ± ν.9 ± ±.9 ; ν ν ν Euato a aat to th a oto a ao th oog u/ow oto ŝ E E E ± H H H ± ŝ E E E E E E.94 H H H H H H.95 H H E E E E.96 E E H H H H.97 Ug to.9 a.9 th uato a tat o oaty a GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

49 49.98 E E E E E.99 H H H H H H H E E E.. E E H H H Th aov uato a u to tat ta uato t o th a oto ŝ H E π. H tt H E π. E E tt E E tt H π.4 E E E tt E E tt H π.5 Th uato a o th o.6 H H DEH E E.7 E E DHE H H wh GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

50 5 DEH π I I tt.8 DHE π tt tt.9 Gv ta vau o th uatt at oto th tatu th vau at ay oth oto Δ th tatu a gv y E E H H Δ E Δ EE E Δ E Δ HE E H EH H H HH H.. wh th hav th o o a ota at EE HE EH DEH Δ HH DHE. I Δ t ua to th th at o th t o uato. w t a a atoh tw th uatt at a o whh th tatu S at a t. Howv th ota at outato a o uay uta wh Δ ag R. 5 o a atatv aoah w u. Δ t ua to th tatu th a y a ow o / Δ /. wh th ag ato ot ag ow ho o that th ota at a auat ug a atoa aoato. Dta o th auato a th ho o a out A B. Th ota at th ovt to a S at tg a tatu o th Δ a tag GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

51 5 oato a o ah o oug th th to ota th S at o a tatu o th. Th ot uato.6.7. a. ato out o th ota at o that th at a-vau o a yt o-aog tatu.. I I DEH I DHE I EE I EH I HE I HH.4 I o a a ooat taato a a a to to ov th ooat og to th yty a o that th oto ho. Euato.98- a u to tat uato. a. t o th u/ow atu E ± a H ±. Dg ± E H ± ±.5 uato. a. taat to wh Δ Δ.6 ± ± I ± I I EE I HE / / ± EH ± HH I I.7 I uato.7 th ± g u a oat a th ± g a oat. Th t guaat to o-gua ha a o-zo agay at uato.88. GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

52 5 Euato.6 a aag a oow wth th wav tg th tatu o th ght o th uato a th tg wav o th t I Δ I Δ.8 Th uato a ov o th tg wav to t th S at wh S Δ S S S Δ.9 S S S S I I. It ot ay to out th t S at. Ba o th yty ato 7. S S S S oy S a S t. Tag avatag o th yty th oowg tag oato tvy ou Δ S S I S S S S S S I S S Δ Δ. o uato 7. a 8.8 wth Sa S S. Th oato at t to u u th u S at o a tatu o th Δ. uato.. 4. Th S at o a uo tatu A uo tatu a tat a a a a o a o tatu ug ut a w azato o oato o th uato to. I uato. th ag o t to { } π 4. Euato.4 u to GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

53 5 h h 4. a uato.5 a wth th oowg to o I I h h < h h : : oo / h oo / h 4. h a h aot oth zo; oto.. Rato.6 a.7 a a y a g ato otag ut o o th a o I I h h < h h : : / h / h < < 4.4 S th oth a uota th a t u o a a a aoat ou o. But at th o tuato oto 4. a 4. w at a ut a t u o o. A ag uato otag a o aog to th tto. I atua uato.5 a.8 u to th ooat otato y uato.4 a th tatu ttvty t o. Th oty oto.4 a.4 a a wth a g oto / Suttutg uato.4 a uato. y H 4.9 GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

54 54 Thu wth th ho o ooat otato y uato.4 a o th ata u ha th a ê oot. I th oot w a zo; a ayg to.66 th oowg oto ota 4. Ba o to.9 t ao oow that th w zo wth th o to o th a g a. Sto 5 a o to o that a u to avo th toa oto ug that o a wh. I o a th ta uato.6 a.7 aat to ou TE Tav Et a TM Tav Magt wh E DEH TE H TM TM E DEH H H DHE E H DHE TE E 4. TE DEH π I 4. tt TE DHE π 4. tt TM DEH π I 4.4 TE TM DHE TM tt π 4.5 I th a th at DEH a DHE uato.8 a.9 hav th oowg o DEH DEH TM DEH TE 4.6 DHE DHE TE DHE TM 4.7 GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

55 55 Souto to uato 4. a o th o E Δ EE TE E EH TE H 4.8 H Δ HE TE E HH TE H 4.9 E Δ EE TM E EH TM H 4. H Δ HE TM E HH TM H 4. wh EE HE TE TE EH HH TE TE DHE TE DEH TE Δ 4. EE HE TM TM EH HH TM TM DHE TM DEH TM Δ 4. Δ a uato. wth th ag ato o a a tag oato a uuty a to ov th ag ato. Wth oazato oug th o oog to a a to t to two ou o oth oog to th a a a ut oog to t oazato TE o TM. Wth th aato ah o ha oazato P u uato 9. that a a ta o TE o o TM P u o TE o TM 4.4 Dto.5 o a oow o wth oazato oug ± E H ± ± o TE o TM 4.5 Th u/ow atu ± a y uato.98-. Ba o th to uato 4.8- taat to a uato havg th a o a uato.6 wh GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

56 56 ± ± EE ± ± TE EH TE TE TE ± HE HH TM TM EE / ± EH TM TM HE / ± HH o TE o TM 4.6 Th S at th a uato.. 5. Chag o ŝ a to ata oazato oug A ot to 4 th w zo o a wth th o to o th a uato.9 a oto 4.. Howv th o ah oto uato.9 a o to avo th toa oto ug oazato oug o a ato o th -th o wh. Th o ah oto o to a othogoa to th tatu a uy vto ath tha th gatg a uy g 5. Wth th ooat otato t uato.4 th 5. zo o that zo. t uato No o th ut o to o 4 at y th aoto o to 5. u o.9; howv th S at o a tata ut o to vt to th oo to.9 o tag th to o th gatg uuatv S at. Th ŝ a to a t t oay y a S at y th ou out ow. No o tha o o th tagta u to 5.8 a zo au th gatg a u a a ay t. GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

57 57 uato.5-7. W au that zo o atua o 5. Th ootato o th ut that th o oagato to ua to th utat. Th toagt tato o ato o w ± a o a oto u at a atua v th gatg a w a o a ± oto at v tay aov. a a to t th a hag to th awo o a S at a to 7. O o th two a vto ŝ o y th o ah oto uato 6.9 wth ; a th oth ay ut wth g uttut o a uato 5.. ± a ± a aog to uato 6.4. Th toagt utho t t o u a ow wav a ttou u o ttvty. Ba o uato wth th ŝ a hag y th oowg ato whh a avato o E H E E H H E H E H E H E E H H Th uato at otuty o th gatg-tagta oto o E a H tw a. Th t y uato 6.5 a 5. GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

58 a th a t hav th ooat oto y uato 6.8 a 6.4. Mag th uttuto uato 5. a 5.4 a tat a / / / / / / / / H E H E H E H E 5.6 I th -th o o ato o th uato 5.6 a ovt to uato 9. wh 5.7 ± ± ± H E 5.8 S / S 5.9 / S S GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

59 59 Th v S at taoato ha th a o a uato 5.8- ut wth a thag. Swag S a S uvat to vtg th S at taoato. I tg th gatg tag oato th S at aov ut a to ovt o th ŝ a y uato.9 to that o uato 5.; th th uo tatu S at wth TE a TM ou a; a th th v o th aov S at a to vt a to th a o uato Th S at o a hoogou tatu wth ua A hoogou tatu a a a o a o tatu whh th ag o a uato. a oth t to {}. Dotg th tatu ttvty a uato. u to 6. I th a th o atv oug tw th ou o o ah ou o aoat wth a g ou o. utho th o oazato oug o th uato to 9 a to a t to th ag {} ;.. a 6.. uato 9. a.56. Th oazato ± uato 9. a a P u a wav atu P u E H ± ± ± o TE o TM o TE o TM Th at tt tt a tt that aa uato.8 a.9 a whh a uato.6.8 a.8 y to -y- at tt / tt GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

60 6 tt 6.7 Dta uato.6 a.7 aat to ou TE a TM E E DEH DEH TE TM H H H H DHE DHE TE TM E E TE TM 6.8 wh TE π DEH 6.9 DHE DEH TE TM π π π π TM π DHE 6. wth ± a ± ± 6. I th a th at DEH a DHE uato.8 a.9 a -y- at havg th oowg o DEH DEH TM DEH TE 6.4 DHE DHE TE DHE TM 6.5 Souto to uato 6.8 a o th o GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

61 6 6.6 TE TE H EH E EE E Δ 6.7 TE TE H HH E HE H Δ 6.8 TM TM H EH E EE E Δ 6.9 TM TM H HH E HE H Δ wh 6. Δ TE TE TE TE TE TE DHE DEH HH HE EH EE 6. Δ TM TM TM TM TM TM DHE DEH HH HE EH EE Th ota at a vauat o o Δ Δ Δ Δ o o TE TE TE TE HH HE EH EE π π π π 6. Δ Δ Δ Δ o o TM TM TM TM HH HE EH EE π π π π 6. Euato taat to a uato havg th a o a uato.6 wh GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

62 6 ± ± ± ± ± ± ± TM o / / TE o TM TM TM TM TE TE TE TE HH HE EH EE HH HE EH EE 6.4 Suttutg o uato 6. a 6. uato 6.4 u to th oowg Δ ± Δ ± Δ ± Δ ± ± o o TE : o π π π π 6.5 Δ ± Δ ± Δ ± Δ ± ± o o TM : o π π π π 6.6 Th S at th a uato.. Not that a zo uato 6.5 a 6.6 ut th ato u to / Δ π Δ π wh aoah zo 5. I zo th uato ota t ut th oty u y g to hav a o-zo agay at. GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8 5 o ua aato th ato hou a y / Δ π Δ π wh δ π 6 < Δ wh δ th u o.. th at vau uh that a δ a uay tguha.

63 6 7. Th to a tao at Th uato 9. oog to th t E w ot a E E ; a th oog to th t H w ay ot a H H : u u u E E E E P E E H H H H P H H u u u Tag th S at uato 9.4 to t th uuatv S at o th t gatg ta th oy o-zo t o th ght o th uato a tho oog to th t S S S S E E H H E H E E H H 7. Th a vau th uato t th ooat ow a aov th gatg tvy 7.4 L 7.5. uato. a.. Ayg uato 9. uato 7. u to th oowg two uato GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

64 H H H S S E E E S S E E P H H E E I u u u u u 7.7 H H H S S E E E S S H H P H H E E I u u u u u Th H - atu a at to th ± H E - atu y uato 6.48 ± E u E H 7.8 u E H 7.9 u E H 7. GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

65 65 wh a a th utat a utat ttvt uato... Th uatt th aov uato a gat a oow uato 4. a 4.4 u u 7. E E 7. E E 7. E E 7.4 E E 7.5 E E t 7.6 E E t Mag th uttuto uato 7.6 a 7.7 a oag wth uato 4. a 4.4 w ota th oowg I u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u E E R R T T H H E S S E E E S S E E P E H E H E E t 7.7 GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

66 66 / / / I u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u u E E R R T T H H E S S E E E S S E E P H H H H H E H E t 7.8 H th to a tao at a a oow H H S S R T E E S S R T P E H E H E E I u u u u u u u u u u u 7.9 GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

67 67 I P T R T R u u u u u u u u u / / u u u / S S S u H H H E H E S H H E E H H 7. A A. ou ao o th ttvty Th oowg to o th ttvty tuto tatu au a ooat otato wth ê aa to uato.4. Th tatu t o a o tatu a aa to th o vto.g. gu a othogoa to uato.; o th t a aa to ê ; o A. gu utat th atoh tw th tatu o vto t a uy vto a th ooat a ê a. ê o a uo tatu aa to uato.4 y ; uo uato.; h A. I th a othogoa to th t otato; o th t a ao aa to o th uo a. ê Wth tatu th gatg ttvty t o a th a o a hoogou tatu otat; h th ttvty ha th utoa o GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

68 68 o tatu hoogou tatu o < < L A. wh th tatu oua a at uato. a.. ; a th u o tata L tutua o ê ê gu. Statu o vto a uy vto a ooat a. A o tatu atto to t. Th ttvty wth ah t t o a th a o a uo tatu otat GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

69 69 o o tatu uo tatu tw a A.4 wh th t oua a at. Th ouay oto ay ot th ag o ag o. Eah t o a o tatu th hoogou o atto to hoogou tutua o o tw a A.5 wh th o oua a at. uato.. Th t oua a t o th o aat whh aty ato. a.4: L L A.6 A.7 Th o oua wth ah hoogou t a t o th o aat whh aty ato.5-7: L L L L A.8 A.9 A. A o tatu o A. o uato.6 a A.; h th ttvty ha a ou ao o th o GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

70 7 A. π wh A. /. uato.5. Euato A.4 that o th o a tw o A.4 wh A.5 π Euato A.5 uttut o th t o uato A.5 a th ou vo oua a to t th ou ot L L π π π A.6 wh th uto a 6 A.7 / o a uo tatu uato A.5 y 6 o ua aato th oowg tato o th uto ov to A.7 o to avo v ou-o o o a : < δ δ 6 6 / GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8 wh δ th u o.. th at vau uh that a δ a uay tguha.

71 7 uo A.8 Euato A.6 a at a o that t o th ooat otato y ug th oowg tty ê ê A.9 o uato A.8 A. a.. Dg γ A. uato A.6 to L γ π π A. o a uo tatu ty o t agtu a ua to o γ zo. Th oty oto.5 a to th ght o uato A. y th -oty oto.4 o A. / / π π wh A. / GD-Ca. vo 9/7/8

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