UNIT 5: Electrons in Atoms. CP Chemistry Mrs. Howland
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1 UNIT 5: Electrons in Atoms CP Chemistry Mrs. Howland
2 UNIT OBJECTIVES STUDENTS WILL KNOW: The octet rule The role of valence electrons in chemical bonding The electron configurahon principles (AuLau s Principle, Pauli Exclusion Principle, and Hund s Rule) The names and shapes of electron orbitals (s, p, d, and f) The relahonship between electromagnehc spectrum and energy STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO: Describe the octet rule and the role of valence electrons Write the electron configurahon for various elements in the periodic table using the electron configurahon principles IdenHfy unknown metals in salts using experimental data and knowledge of the electromagnehc spectrum
3 ATOMS: What we already know
4 Valence Electrons Valence electrons are electrons located in the outermost shell of an atom RelaHonship with atom s reachvity The electrons that are used in bonding
5 Determining Valence Electrons Number of valence electrons matches GROUP NUMBER (except helium!)
6 YOU TRY IT: Determining Valence Electrons How many valence electrons for F C Na
7 Bohr Model Different orbitals have electrons with different energy levels Model is mostly correct, but missing key component: Orbitals are NOT ring-shaped!
8 Actual Orbital Shape Actual orbital shape represents where the electrons are LIKELY to be located at any given Hme Electron orbitals are standing waves THE TRAIN IS MOVING AROUND THE TRACK. At any given Bme, where is the train?
9 Electron Orbital Shapes SOURCE: Slideplayer.net
10 Energy and Orbitals The energy level of the electrons INCREASES with each sequenhal orbital shape
11 Orbital Shapes and Subshells There are a certain number of each orbital (shell) shape
12 Each Orbital Holds Limited Number of e-
13 Electron Configuration How do we represent the electron locahons for various elements? ELECTRON CONFIGURATION LOOKS LIKE:
14 Orbitals correspond with PERIODIC TABLE
15 Electron NOTATION
16 EXAMPLES:
17 HOW DO YOU KNOW THE ORDER OF ORBITALS???
18 PRACTICE: PracHce: Ask these queshons every Hme you have to write an electron configurahon Lithium: 1. find the element on the periodic table 2. what is the period number? 3. how many shells? 4. what is the group number? 5. how many valence electrons? 6. what subshell(s) does Li have? 7. what is the electron configurahon?
19 YOU TRY IT: What is the electron configurahon notahon for: 1) F 2) Fe
20 ABBREVIATED Electron Configuration Notation For elements in the TransiHon Metals (groups 3-12), shorthand can be used to write electron notahon Using closest NOBLE GAS Noble gasses are in group 18! HOW TO DO IT: 1) Find symbol for element on periodic table 2) Write symbol in brackets for closest noble gas (located to far RIGHT in preceding horizontal period) 3) Move back down to row for element. StarHng at far LEFT, complete the electron configurahon notahon
21 EXAMPLE: Abbreviated Notation ZINC
22 YOU TRY IT! Write the abbreviated notahon for: 1) Ti 2) Pd
23 Electron Configuration ORBITAL DIAGRAM ORBITAL DIAGRAM = Model to represent locahon of atoms within their respechve orbitals THREE (3) RULES: AuLau Principle Pauli Exclusion Principle Hund s Rule
24 AuYau Principle AuQau s Principle: Electrons occupy orbitals with the lowest energy level FIRST
25 Pauli Exclusion Principle Pauli Exclusion Principle = Each atomic orbital may only represent 2 electrons AT MOST For 2 electrons in the same orbital, they must have OPPOSITE SPIN SPIN = quantum mechanical energy property; clockwise or counterclockwise SPIN is represented by VERTICAL ARROWS:
26 LEARNING CHECK! Which is CORRECT? A B
27 Hund s Rule Hund s Rule = Electrons occupy each orbital so that the spin in the SAME DIRECTION is as large as possible THEN electrons occupy the orbital with opposite spin paired
28 Learning Check! Which is CORRECT?
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