June class review answers.notebook. Topic 1 Atomic Model. Rutherford's model. Bohr. 19p+

Transcription

1 June class review answers.notebook Topic 1 Atomic Model Rutherford's model Bohr 19p+ + May 24, 2016

2 Bohr: Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment Observations Conclusions Most of the alpha particles An atom is went through the mostly empty gold foil without space being deflected. * an atom contains a very small, dense nucleus Some alpha particles are strongly deflected or bounce back. *the nucleus of the atom is positively charged Electrons were found on orbits which were continually moving. This would keep them from attracting to the nucleus. The orbits can hold a specific number of e Orbit 1 holds up to: 2 Orbit 2 holds up to: 8 Orbit 3 holds up to: 8 Orbit 4 holds up to: 2 Electrons stick to the orbits because of the speed the orbit is moving at. Electrons can move from one orbit to another when stimulated by heat or electricity.

3 Periodic table Group: a column down (vertical). Elements in a group have similar properties because they all have the same # of valence electrons. Valence electrons: Same number of electrons on the last shell. Period: row across (horizontal). The period number indicates how many energy levels (electron shells or orbits) the atoms in that row have.

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5 Solutions aqueous(water is solvent) solute (gets dissolved) solvent (dissolves) Math units C = m/v C=concentration m = mass v= volume of solution to go from L to ml you must x to go from ml to L you must by 1000 to go from mg to g you must to go from g to mg you must x by 1000 % PPM g/l g/ml x 100 g/ ml g/l or g/1000ml mg/l (ppm) g/1000ml

6 Steps Calculate mass of solte required. 1) Weigh g of solute. 2) Place the solute in a * ml volumetric flask 3) Add some water and swirl. 4) Add water to line. 5) Check miniscus

7 electrolytes: conduct electricity (Start with a metal or H) which ones will conduct? KOH H 2 SO 4 NaCl PCl 3 CH 3 OH H 2 O Definition Why How to Identify them Electrolyte A substance that when dissolved in water, conducts electricity. Because when dissolved in water, ions (+ and charge) are produced. (molecules separate) The 1st element will start with a metal (Found in group 1, 2 or 3) ex NaCl Non electrolyte A substance, that when dissolved in water DO NOT conduct electricity. (ex: sugar) Because when dissolved in water ions ARE NOT produced (molecules stay together) The first element will start with a non metal (found in groups 4 7) ex PCl 3

8 Acid Base Salt Electrolyte Releases H+ ions Releases OH ions Metal + Non metal Litmus paper Blue turns Red Red turns blue No change Vinegars Found in Fruit juice Soda Cleaning products Heartburn meds Fertilizers Bath Salts Starts with "H" Recognize *** ends with a nonmetal Ends with "OH" Starts with a Metal Metal and Nonmetal Examples *** HCl H 3 PO 4 H 2 SO 4 NaOH LiOH Ca(OH) 2 Al(OH) 3 NaCl CaCl 2 MgBr 2 AlPO 3 Exceptions *MEMORIZE H 2 O H 2 S C 2 H 5 OH CH 3 OH

9 June class review answers.notebook Neutralization NaOH + HCl How to know when neutralized? May 24, 2016

10 Particle model 4 Al + 3 O 2 2 Al 2 O 3 Fe 2O CO 2 Fe + 3 CO 2 Balancing equations 1. P + O 2 P 2 O 5 2. H 2 + O 2 H 2 O 3. P + Cl 2 PCl 3 4. P + O 2 P 2 O 5 5. N 2 + O 2 N 2 O 5 mass questions 1. You combined 80 g of KOH with 100 g of H 2SO 4 to produce 120 g of K 2SO 4 and H 2O according to the following balanced equation: 2KOH + H 2SO 4 K 2SO 4 + 2H 2O How much water was produced? 2. You combined 160 g of H 2 with O 2 and produced 197 g of H 2O. How much O 2 was produced?

11 Combustion Fire triangle rapid combustion spontaneous combustion slow combustion

12 photosynthesis and respiration

13 Magnetism Magnetic field N S N S S N Right hand rule

14 Static electricity Test Observation Sketch 1. The positively charged glass rod is brought close to sphere A without touching it. 2. Sphere A is brought close to sphere B without touching it. 3. A positively charged glass rod is brought close to sphere C without touching it. 4. The piece of silk used to rub the glass rod is brought close to sphere C without touching it. Sphere A is repelled. Spheres A and B are repelled. Sphere C is attracted to the glass rod. Sphere C is attracted to the piece of silk. Rubbed glass rod Rubbed glass rod Silk Touching: Electrostatic series: Capacity to gain electrons Vinyl Silk Wool Glass

15 Electricity 1 Formulas V=IR P=IV E=Pt Conversions: 2 Circuits 6 parts: safety, control, power supply, resistor, transformer and conductor 3 Resistance Good resistor: Good conductor: I 0.37 (amperes) V (volts)

16 Energy Efficiency % efficiency = energy used energy consumed Heat vs Temperature

17 ph Calculate strengtg: (10x)

18 Manufacturing Technical Objects 1) Materials wood, metals, plastics, ceramics, modified wood, composites properties (pros/cons degradation and protection) 2) Constraints tension, compression, torsion, deflection, shearing 3) Deformations elastic, plastic, fracture

19 Mechanical engineering 1) Links direct/indirect incomplete/partial rigid/flexible removable/non removable 2) Guiding controls rotational translational helical 3) Gears speed change 4) Transmission systems same motion ex. gear trains, chain & sprocket, worm & worm, friction gear, belt & pulley 5) Transformations systems different motions ex. rack & pinion, screw gear systems I II, cam & follower, slider crank

20 Biosphere 1) Lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere Earth moon systems, tides, winds 2) Biogeochemical cycles a) Carbon cycle b) Nitrogen Cycle 3) Biomes a) factors determining distribution latitude, altitude, temperature, precipitation, soil type, solar energy, winds b) Terrestrial tropical forests, boreal forests, temperate forests, grasslands & shrublands, arctic tundra, deserts, alpine c) Aquatic freshwater: lakes, rivers, wetlands (swamps, bogs, marsh) marine: oceans & seas, estuaries, coral reef

21 Populations & Communities 1) Populations population size population density population distribution (clumped, uniform, random) 2) Abiotic and biotic factors 3) Biological cycles 4) Biodiversity 5) Interactions competition predation parasitism mutualism commensalism

22 Ecosystems 1) Trophic levels producers, consumers, decomposers herbivores, carnivores, detritivores 2) Ecosystem Dynamics material flow energy flow 3) Primary productivity 4) Disturbances natural & human ecological succession

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