CORE I: DIVERSITY OF MICROBES, ALGAE AND FUNGI

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1 Dr.V.S.Krishna Govt. Degree&PG College (A), Visakhapatnam. BOTANY SYLLABUS FOR THE ADMITTED BATCH OF SEMESTER: I Max. Marks 100 CORE I: DIVERSITY OF MICROBES, ALGAE AND FUNGI (Total Hours of Teaching: 4 h / Week) OBJECTIVES: 1. To make the student know the outline of origin and evolution of life. Understand the structure of Bacteria & viruses and plant diseases caused by Bacteria & viruses and their control. 2. To make students learn the general characters and economic importance of Algae & Fungi. 3. To make the students understand the vegetative and reproductive features of different algae and fungi through the study of representative types of various classes. 4. To help the students identify and understand plant diseases caused by fungi and their control measures. 5. To make the students know the formation of lichens and their economic and ecological importance. Module I: Diversity of Microbes (11h) 1. An outline of origin and evolution of Life. (3h) 2. Viruses: Structure and transmission; Study of symptoms and control methods of the following plant diseases caused by Viruses Tobacco mosaic virus, Bunchy top of banana, Yellow vein clearing of bhendi, Leaf curl of papaya (8h) Module II: 1. Bacteria: Structure and economic importance. (13h) Study of symptoms and control methods of the following plant diseases of important crop plants caused by bacteria: Citrus canker, Leaf blight of Rice, Angular leaf spot of cotton (8h) 2. Cyanobacteria: General characters and economic importance, Biofertilizers (5h) Module-III: Algae (18 h) 5. Algae: General characters, criteria for primary classification, thallus organization, reproduction, and economic importance. (6 h) 6. Structure, reproduction, life history and systematic position of Oedogonium Coleochaete Chara Ectocarpus Polysiphonia (12h)

2 Module-IV: Fungi (18 h) 7. Fungi: General characters, classification and economic importance. (4 h) General account of plant diseases caused by Fungi and their control. (12 h) 8. Structure, reproduction and life history of Albugo, Saccharomyces, Penicillium, Puccinia, Alternaria. 9. Lichens: Structure and reproduction; ecological and economic importance (2h). Suggested Readings for I Semester Core I Text Book: 1. B.Sc. First Year Botany, Telugu Academy, Edited by Prof, C.Manoharachary Reference Books: 2. Alexopolous, J. and W. M. Charles Introduction to Mycology. Wiley Eastern,New Delhi. 3. Mckane, L. and K. Judy Microbiology Essentials and Applications. McGraw Hill, NewYork. 4. Pandey, B. P College Botany, Vol. I: Algae, Fungi, Lichens, Bacteria, Viruses, Plant Pathology, Industrial Microbiology and Bryophyta. S. Chand & Company Ltd, New Delhi. 5. Pandey, B. P Botany for Degree Students: Diversity of Microbes, Cryptogams, Cell Biology and Genetics. S. Chand & Company Ltd, New Delhi. 6. Sambamurthy, A. V. S. S A Textbook of Plant Pathology. I. K. International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 7. Sambamurthy, A. V. S. S A Textbook of Algae. I. K. International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. 8. Sharma, O. P Textbook of Thallophyta. McGraw Hill Publihing Co., New Delhi.

3 9. Thakur, A. K. and S. K. Bassi A Textbook of Botany: Diversity of Microbes and Cryptogams. S. Chand & Company Ltd, New Delhi. 10.Vashishta, B. R., A. K. Sinha and V. P. Singh Botany for Degree Students: Algae. S. Chand & Company Ltd, New Delhi. 11.Vashishta, B. R Botany for Degree Students: Fungi, S. Chand & Company Ltd, New Delhi. Dr.V.S.Krishna Govt. Degree & PG College (A), Visakhapatnam SEMESTER: I BOTANY Max.Marks: 50 DIVERSITY OF MICROBES ALGAE AND FUNGI CORE I -PRACTICAL SYLLABUS (Total Hours of Laboratory Exercises: 3 h / Week in 15 Sessions) OBJECTIVES: 1. To make the students learn the laboratory techniques of preparation of slides for the study of algal and fungal forms. 2. To help the students identify some important plant diseases caused by virus, bacteria and Fungi. Suggested Laboratory Exercises: 1. Study of viruses and bacteria using electron micrographs (photographs) and Gram staining of Bacteria (3 h) 2. Study of symptoms of plant diseases caused by viruses and bacteria: Viruses: Tobacco mosoic virus, Bunchy top of banana, Yellow vein clearing of bhendi, Leaf curl of papaya (3 h)

4 Bacteria: Citrus canker, Leaf blight of Rice, Angular leaf spot of cotton. (3 h) 3. Vegetative and reproductive structures of the following taxa: Algae: Oscillatoria, Nostoc,Scytonema, Oedogonium, Coleochaete, Chara, Ectocarpus and Polysiphonia. (9 h) Fungi: Albugo, Saccharomyces Penicillium, Puccinia and Alternaria. Section cutting of diseased material infected by Fungi and identification of pathogens as per theory syllabus. (12 h) 4. Symptoms of plant diseases caused by Fungi and mycoplasma: Tikka disease of Ground nut, Late blight of Potato, Ergot of Bajra, Whip smut of Sugarcane, Wheat rust, Brown spot of Rice, Rice (Paddy) blast, Head smut of Sorghum, Little leaf disease of Brinjal (3 h) 5. Lichens: Different types of thalli and their external morphology (3 h) 6. Enumeration and examination of important microbial, fungal and algal products: Biofertilizers, protein capsules, antibiotics, mushrooms, SCP, Agar-agar etc. (3 h) 7. Field visits to places of algal / microbial / fungal interest (e.g. Mushroom cultivation, water bodies) (6 h) I Semester -Suggested Readings: 1. Practical Botany Vol.I H.N.Srivastava 1991 Pradeep Publications, Jalandhar. 2. A Text Book of Practical Botany Vol.I 2002 Bendre & Kumar Rastogi Publications. 3. Practical manual Vol.I Telugu Academy.

5 ADD ON COURSE: SELF STUDY PRACTICAL PROJECT Suggested Titles Related to I Semester Syllabus: 1. Cultivation and processing of edible mushrooms. 2. Cultivation of Spirulina. 3. Production of biofertilizers. 4. Cyanobacteria as biofertilizer. 5. Plant diseases caused by viruses and their control. 6. Plant diseases caused by bacteria and their control. 7. Plant diseases caused by fungi and their control. 8. Economic importance of algae of a region. 9. Macrofungi of a local forest and their importance. 10.Collection of lichens and their habitats. FEATURES OF THE SYLLABUS OPTED UNDER AUTONOMY 1. The present suggested syllabus is basically an improved version of the syllabus prescribed by University Grants Commission. No major changes were made in order to enable the student to appear for postgraduate entrance examinations of various universities. 2. The syllabus also facilitates the students to pursue for inter disciplinary courses at post graduate level. 3. Rearrangement of units facilitating the student to study all the topics.

6 OBJECTIVES: Dr.V.S.Krishna Govt. Degree & PG College, (A)Visakhapatnam. BOTANY SYLLABUS FOR THE ADMITTED BATCH OF SEMESTER: II CORE II: Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms and Palaeobotany (Total Hours of Teaching: 4 h / Week) 1. To help the students know the systematic position of the two Cryptogamic groups (Bryophyta & Pteridophyta) and their classification. 2. To make the students understand the life histories of Bryophyta & Pteridophyta through the study of representative types. 3. To enable the students to assess the phylogenetic aspects of the above two groups. 4. To help the students to get an insight into the geological past, extinct plants and their preservation. 5. To make the students understand the systematic position of the Spermatophyta group Gymnosperms and the life histories of representatives of the group. Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms and Palaeobotany Module I: Bryophyta (18 h) 1. Bryophytes: General characters, classification and Evolution of Sporophyte in Bryophytes. (6 h) 2. Structure, reproduction, life history and systematic position of Marchantia, Anthoceros and Polytrichum. (12 h) Module II: Pteridophyta (22 h) 3. Pteridophytes: General characters, classification, Evolution of stele, heterospory and seed habit in Pteridophytes. (8 h) 4. Structure, reproduction, life history and systematic position of Rhynia, Lycopodium, Equisetum and Marsilea. (14 h) Module III:Palaeobotany (08 h) 5. Palaeobotany: Types of fossils and their importance; Geological time scale(brief account only). (4 h) 6. Bennettitales: General account (4 h) Module IV: Gymnosperms (12 h) 7. Gymnosperms: General characters and economic importance, classification (outline only). (4 h) 8. Morphology of vegetative and reproductive parts, systemic position, life history of Pinus and Gnetum (8 h)

7 Suggested Readings for Semester II: Core II Text Book: 1. B.Sc. First Year Botany, Telugu Academy,Edited by Prof, C.Manoharachary References: Pandey, B. P College Botany, Vol. I: Algae, Fungi, Lichens, Bacteria, Viruses, Plant Pathology, Industrial Microbiology and Bryophyta. S. Chand & Company Ltd, New Delhi. Pandey, B. P College Botany, Vol. II: Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms and Paleobotany. S. Chand & Company Ltd, New Delhi. Pandey, B. P Botany for Degree Students: Diversity of Microbes, Cryptogams, Cell Biology and Genetics. S. Chand & Company Ltd, New Delhi. Sporne, K. R Morphology of Gymnosperms. Hutchinson Co., Ltd., London. Thakur, A. K. and S. K. Bassi A Textbook of Botany: Diversity of Microbes and Cryptogams. S. Chand & Company Ltd, New Delhi. Vashishta, P. C., A. K. Sinha and Anil Kumar Botany - Pteridophyta (Vascular Cryptogams).S. Chand & Company Ltd, New Delhi. Vashishta, B. R., A. K. Sinha and Adarsha Kumar Botany for Degree Students: Bryophyta.S. Chand & Company Ltd, New Delhi. Vashishta, P. C., A. K. Sinha and Anil Kumar Botany for Degree Students: Gymnosperms.S. Chand & Company Ltd, New Delhi. Watson, E. V The structure and life of Bryophytes, B. I. Publications, New Delhi.

8 Dr.V.S.Krishna Govt. Degee College, (A) Visakhapatnam SEMESTER: II BOTANY CORE II PRACTICAL -SYLLABUS Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Palaeobotany and Gymnosperms (Total Hours of Laboratory Exercises: 3 h / Week in 15 Sessions) Max.Marks: 50 OBJECTIVES: 1. To make students understand and practice the laboratory techniques used in the study of Bryophyta, Pteridophyta & Gymnosperms. 2. To enable the students to identify the forms of Bryophyta, Pteridophyta & Gymnosperms included in the syllabus. 3. To help the students understand the features of external and internal structures and reproduction of these forms. 4. To make the students know the fossil plants by observing the representative forms included in the syllabus. Bryophytes 1. Morphology (vegetative and reproductive structures) and anatomy of the following taxa: a. Marchantia b. Anthoceros c. Polytrichum. (12 h) Pteridophytes 2. Morphology (vegetative and reproductive structures) and anatomy of the following taxa: a. Lycopodium b. Equisetum c. Marsilea. (18 h) Palaeobotany 3. Fossil forms using permanent slides / photographs: a. Rhynia b. Cycadeoidea (3 h) Gymnosperms 4. Morphology (vegetative and reproductive structures) and anatomy of the following taxa: a. Pinus b. Gnetum. (12 h)

9 Suggested Readings for II Semester: Core II - Practical 1. Practical Botany Vol. I & II H.N.Srivastava 1991 Pradeep Publications, Jalandhar. 2. A Text Book of Practical Botany Vol.I Ashok Bendre & Ashok Kumar Rastogi Publications, Meerut. 3. Telugu academy Botany practical manual vol.i ADD ON COURSE: SELF STUDY PRACTICAL PROJECT Suggested Titles Related to II Semester Syllabus: 1. Collection of bryophytes of a habitat and their identification. 2. Preservation of Pteridophytes of the region through herbarium. 3. Economic importance of Gymnosperms

10 Dr.V.S.Krishna Government Degree & PG College (A) : Visakhapatnam B.Sc DEGREE EXAMINATION -- II SEMESTER- PART II-BOTANY SEMESTER END EXAMINATION MODEL QUESTION PAPER CORE II- Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Palaeobotany and Gymnosperms. Time: 3 Hrs Max.: 75 Marks Section A 06 x 2 = 12 Answer any six questions 1. Elaters 2. Operculum 3. Protocorm 4. Apospory 5. Pavement tissue 6. Manoxylic wood 7. Spur shoot of Pinus 8. Mesozoic era Section B (5X3 = 15 M) Answer any five of the following questions. 9. Archegoniphore of Marchantia 10. Anthoceros capsule 11. Lycopodium habit 12. Equisetum cone 13. Rhynia 14. Geological time scale 15. Gnetum female cone structure 16. Pinus ovuliferous scale Section C (4 x 12= 48) Answer all questions Draw diagrams where ever necessary. 17. a.give an account of evolution of sporophyte in Bryophyta. Or b.describe the external and internal morphology of Marchantia thallus. 18. a. Describe the structure of Marsilea sporocarp adding a note on its morphological nature. Or b. Give an account of different types of steles and their evolution in Pteridophyta. 19. a. Write an essay on the general characters of Bennettitales Or b. What is a fossil? Describe different types of fossils adding a note on their importance. 20. a. Write an essay on the male gametophyte of Gnetum. Or b. Describe the female cone and ovule structure in Pinus.

11 Dr.V.S.Krishna Government Degree & PG College (A),Visakhapatnam B.Sc DEGREE EXAMINATION -- II SEMESTER- PART II-BOTANY INTERNAL MODEL QUESTION PAPER Core II - Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Palaeobotany and Gymnosperms Time: 1H. Max.: 20 Marks Section A (1 x 10 = 10) Answer any ONE questions 1. Describe the structure of Marchantia thallus and capsule. 2. Write short notes on a. Steles in Lycopodium b. The structure of female cones of Pinus 3. Gemma cup 4. Alternation of generations 5. Elaters 6. Spur shoot in Pinus 7. Prothallus 8. Apospory 9. Transfusion tissue 10. Mesozoic era 11. Protocorm 12. Compressions Section B (10x1 = 10 M) Answer all questions.

12 SEMESTER II BLUE PRINT Core II - Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Palaeobotany and Gymnosperms Weightage to form of question- Semester end Question Paper Module name Very short answers Short answers Bryophyta 2 2 Pteridophyta 2 3 Palaeobotany 1 1 Gymnosperms Choice Any 6 out of 8 Any 5 out of Essays 02 (one from general topics) 02 (one from general topics) 02 general topics 02 Total Marks allotted to the module 2x2=4 2x3=6 2x12= x2=4 3x3=9 37 2x12=24 1x2=2 1x3=3 2x12= x2=6 2x3=6 2x12=24 Internal 136 No of questions Marks allotted 6x2=12 5x3=15 4x12=48 75 Estimated time 20 m 40 m 120 m 180 m Scheme of sections: Three Section A(Very Short Q), B (Short Q) and C (Essays) Difficulty level: Easy 35% - Memory and understanding Average 45% - Memory and understanding Difficult 20% - Creativity,application & skilled based Note: The question paper setters need to adhere to the blue print of the question paper strictly 36 Forms of questions No of questions Internal Assessment = M Mid semester (average of two mids each with 20M) 05 M for assignments or viva Internal Question Paper Choice Marks allotted Estimated time Total marks allotted with choice Essays 2 Any 1 out of 2 1X10=10 30 m 2x10=20 Very short questions 10 Nil 10X01=10 30 m 10x1=10 Total m 30 marks

13 FEATURES OF THE SYLLABUS OPTED UNDER AUTONOMY 4. The present suggested syllabus is basically an improved version of the syllabus prescribed by University Grants Commission. No major changes were made in order to enable the student to appear for postgraduate entrance examinations of various universities. 5. The syllabus also facilitates the students to pursue for inter disciplinary courses at post graduate level. 6. Rearrangement of units facilitating the student to study all the topics. Keeping Palaeobotany and Gymnosperms in separate units.

14 DR. V.S.KRISHNA GOVT. DEGREE&PG COLLEGE BOTANY CORE-3 SYLLABUS FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR Semester III, Plant Development, Reproduction &Tissue culture (Total Hours of Teaching: 4 h / Week, Credits-3) Max. Marks: 100 OBJECTIVES: To introduce the concept of anomalous primary & secondary structures in plant anatomy. To make the students aware of the Timber Yielding Plants of Andhra Pradesh. To enable the students to learn the various aspects of Embryology including palynology and its applications. To teach the students how to identify the anomalous characteristics in selected stems and roots both regarding primary and secondary organization and to draw diagrams. To show the stages of Pollen development, embryo development through permanent slides and make the students record them. To introduce the concept of micro-propagation, procedure and equipment used Module - I: (15h) 1. Meristems: Types, histological organisation of shoot and root apices and theories. (4 h) 2. Tissues: Simple, Complex and Special tissues. (4 h) 3. Tissue Systems: Epidermal tissue systems, Ground tissue systems and Vascular tissue systems. (3h) 4. Leaf: Ontogeny, diversity of internal structure. (4 h) Module II: (15 h) 5. Stem and root: Vascular cambium - Formation and functions. Anomalous secondary growth-general account. Stem - Achyranthus, Boerhaavia, Bignonia, Dracaena; Root Beta (9 h) 6. Wood structure: General study of local timbers Teak ( Tectona grandis), Rosewood, (Dalbergia latifolia), Red sanders, ( Pterocarpus santalinus) Nallamaddi ( Terminalia tomentosa (T. alata), Yegisa (Pterocarpus marsupiun) and Neem (Azadirachta indica) (6 h) Module- III: (20 h) 7. Introduction: History and importance of Embryology. Anther structure, Microsporogenesis and development of male gametophyte (5 h) 8. Ovule structure and types; Megasporogenesis; types and development of female gametophyte. (5 h) 9. Pollination - Types; Pollen - pistil interaction. Fertilization. (3 h) 10. Endosperm - Development and typesof Embryos; Polyembryony and Apomixis - an outline. (5 h) 11. Palynology: Principles and applications. (2 h)

15 Module - IV: (10 h) 12. : Introduction, sterilization procedures, culture media - composition and preparation of explant. (2h) 13. Callus culture;single cell and protoplast culture,scope and application. (2h) 14. Organ culture,root culture,leaf Culture,Shoot culture,ovary,ovule embryo culture (2h). 15. Somatic hybrids and cybrids. (2h) 16. Applications of tissue culture.(2h) Suggested Project Titles Related to Semester III Botany Core-3 Syllabus: 1. Identification of C4 and C3 plants of a region. 2. Collection and preservation of local timbers with diagnostic features and names. 3. Morphological study or preparation of pollen of the region. 4. Collection and documentation of fiber and dye-yielding plants of the region. 5. Collection and documentation of resin and gum-yielding plants of the region.

16 Dr. V. S. KRISHNA GOVT. DEGREE& PG COLLEGE(A) SEMESTER III, BOTANY CORE- 3 EXAMINATION Plant Development, Reproduction & Tissue culture TIME: 3 H MAX. MARKS: 75 SECTION A (6X 2 = 12MARKS) ANSWER ANY FIVE FROM THE FOLLOWING 1. Histogen theory 2. Obturator 3 Explant 4. Fiber 5.Periderm 6. Synthetic Seed 7. Synergids 8.Veneer SECTION B (3 X 5= 15MARKS) ANSWER ANY THREE FROM THE FOLLOWING 9. Suspensor 10. Male Germ unit 11. Latex 12.Vascular cambium 13.Collenchyma 14. Cybrids 15.Teak 16. Haploids SECTION C (4 X 12 = 48MARKS) ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS 17a. What are meristems? Describe different types of meristems and also mention the various theories regarding the organization of stem tips. (OR) b. Write an essay on xylem complex tissue. 18a. Describe the process of anomalous secondary growth in the stem of Bignonia. (OR) b. Give an account of general characters and seasoning of wood. 19a. Describe the bisporic types of embryo sac development in angiosperms. (OR) b. Describe the structure, development and types of endosperm development in angiosperms. 20a. Write an essay on micropropagation. (OR) b. Give an account on the application of tissue culture

17 DR.V.S.KRISHNA GOVT. DEGREE & P.G. COLLEGE (A) III SEMESTER, BOTANY CORE - 3 EXAMINATION PLANT DEVELOPMENT, REPRODUCTION & TISSUE CULTURE Time: 1H. INTERNAL I MID QUESTION PAPER Draw diagrams where ever necessary. Max.: 20 Marks SECTION A (1 X 10 = 10M): ANSWER ANY ONE QUESTION 1. What are complex Tissues? Describe the structure and functions of xylem and phloem tissues? OR 2. Describe the structure, types and functions of tapetum in anther. SECTION B (2X5 = 10 M) ANSWER ANY TWO OF THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS 3. Histogen Theory 4. Structure of Mature embryo sac 5. Simple tissues 6. Nucellus

18 SEMESTER III BOTANY CORE - 3 Total Hours of Laboratory Exercises: 3 h / Week for 2 Credits Suggested Laboratory Exercises: 1. Demonstration of double staining technique. (3 h) 2. Tissue organization in root and shoot apices using permanent slides (3 h) 3. Preparation of double staining slides o Primary structure: Root - Cicer, Canna; Stem Tridax, Sorghum(3 h) o Secondary structure: Root Tridax sp.; Stem Pongamia (3 h) o Anomalous secondary structure: Examples as given in theory syllabus. (6 h) 4. Stomatal types using epidermal peels. 5. Microscopic study of wood in T.S., T.L.S. and R.L.S. (3 h) 6. Structure of anther and microsporogenesis using permanent slides. (3 h) 7. Structure of pollen grains using whole mounts ( Catharanthus, Hibiscus, Acasia, Grass). (3h) 8. Pollen viability test using in- vitro germination (Catharanthus). (3 h) 9. Study of ovule types and developmental stages of embryo sac. (3 h) 10. Structure of endosperm (nuclear and cellular); Developmental stages of dicot and monocot Embryos using permanent slides. (3 h) 11. Isolation and mounting of embryo (using Symopsis / Crotalaria). (3 h) 12. Knowledge of instruments and facilities used in plant tissue culture Using equipment / photographs) (3 h) 13. Preparation of media for tissue culture. 14. Demonstration of micropropagation using explants like axilary buds and shoot meristems in potato tubers (3h)

19 Suggested SUGGESTED Reading READING for Semester FOR SEMESTER 3 III BOTANY CORE - 3 Bhojwani, S. S. and S. P. Bhatnagar The Embryology of Angiosperms (4th Ed.). Vikas Publishing House, Delhi. Dubey, R.C., A Textbook of Biotechnology. S.Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi. Eames A.J., MacDaniels LH, An Introduction to Plant Anatomy. Mc-Graw Hill book company, New York Esau, K Anatomy of Seed Plants. John Wiley and Son, USA. Fahn A., Plant Anatomy Fourth Edition, New Delhi. Johri, B. M Embryology of Angiosperms. Springer-Verleg, Berlin. Maheshwari, P., An Introduction to the Embryology of Angiosperms. McGraw Hill, New York. Metcalfe C.R., Chalk L, Anatomy of the Dicotyledons, (Vol. 1) Claredon oress, Oxford, U.K Pandey, B. P Botany for Degree Students: Diversity of Seed Plants and their Systematics, Structure, Development and Reproduction in Flowering Plants. S.Chand & Company Ltd, New Delhi. Textbooks of Telugu Akademi II B.Sc. Vashishta, B. R Botany for Degree Students: Plant Anatomy, S. Chand & Company Ltd, New Delhi.

20 DR. V.S.KRISHNA GOVT. DEGREE&PG COLLEGE(A) BOTANY CORE 4, SYLLABUS FOR THE ACADEMIC YEAR Semester- IV Plant Taxonomy and Medicinal Botany (Total Hours of Teaching: 4 hr/week, Credits-3 ) Max. Marks 100 Objectives: 1. To enable the students to learn the basic aspects of Taxonomy viz., Identification, Nomenclature and Classification. 2. To familiarize them with the vegetative and floral characteristics of plants belonging to various families. 3. To enable the students to learn the basic aspects of Traditional medicinal systems in India. 4. To enable the students to learn the basic aspects of Ethnobotanical plants of a local tribes. 5. To familiarize them with the medicinal importance and active principles of plants belonging to various families. Module - I: (17 h) 1. Introduction: Principles of plant systematics, Systematics vs Taxonomy, Types of classification: Artificial, Natural and Phylogenetic. (4 h) 2. Systems of classification: Salient features and comparative account of Bentham & Hooker and Engler & Prantl. (5 h) Current concepts in Angiosperm Taxonomy: Embryology in relation to taxonomy,anatomy and. Cytotaxonomy. (2 h) 3. Numerical Taxonomy (2 h) An introduction to Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) (2 h). 4. Nomenclature and Taxonomic resources: An introduction to ICBN. (2 h) Module I1: (15 h) 5. Systematic study and economic importance of plants belong to the following families: Annonaceae, Capparaceae, Rutaceae, Fabaceae, Caesalpinioideae, Mimosaceae Cucurbitaceae, Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Sapotaceae Asclepiadaceae, Lamiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Orchidaceae, and Poaceae. (15h) Module III: (14h) 6. Herbarium: Concept, techniques and applications. Ethnomedicine: Scope, interdisciplinary nature, distinction of Ethnomedicine from Folklore medicine. Outlines of Ayurveda, Sidda, Unani and Homeopathic systems of traditional medicine. Role of AYUSH, NMPB, CIMAP and CDRI. (8h) 7. Pharmacognosy: Introduction and scope. Chemotaxonomy.. (2h) Adulteration of plant crude drugs and methods of identification - some examples. Indian Pharmacopiea. Evaluation of crude drugs. (4 h) Module IV: (14h)

21 8. Plants in primary health care: Common medicinal plants Tippateega (Tinosporacordifolia), tulasi (Ocimum sanctum ), pippallu (Piper longum), Karaka (Terminalia chebula), Kalabanda (Aloe vera), Turmeric ( Curcuma longa)neem ( Azadirachta indica). Garlic(Allium sativum).(8h) 9. Traditional medicine vs Modern medicine: Study of select plant examples used in traditional medicine as resource (active principles, structure, usage and pharmacological action) of modern medicine: Aswagandha ( Withania somnifera), Sarpagandha (Rauwolfia serpentina), Nela usiri (Phyllanthus amarus), Amla ( Phyllanthus emblica) and Brahmi ( Bacopa monnieri).(6h) Suggested projects Related to IV Semester Second Year BOTANY-CORE-4 Syllabus: 1.Survey of economic plants of a particular region. 2.Folklore medicinal plants of the region. 3.Ethnomedicinal plants of the region. 4.Ethnobotanical plants of a local tribe. 5.Common medicinal plants of a locality and their uses. 6.Floristic study of a local area. 7.Plant based tribal medicines. 8.Propagation of medicinally important plants of a locality. 9.Traditional usage of plants in primary health care practices. 10. Taxonomic validation of locally used plant drugs in traditional medicine.

22 BLUE PRINT OF IV SEMESTER BOTANY CORE-11 QUESTION PAPER Question type Module I 17Hours ModuleII 15Hours Module III 14Hours ModuleIV 14Hours Max. Marks -75 Very Short Answer ( 6 out of 8 to be answered Short Answer ( 3 out of 8 to be answered) Essay Questions (Internal Choice 4 to be answered) Q X 2 = Q X 5= Q X 12= 48

23 Dr. V. S. KRISHNA GOVT. DEGREE & PG COLLEGE(A) SEMESTER IV, BOTANY CORE - 4 EXAMINATION PLANT TAXONOMY AND MEDICINAL BOTANY TIME: 3H MAX. MARKS: SECTION A (5X 2 = 10MARKS) ANSWER ALL QUESTION 1. Species 2. Linnaeus 3. Head inflorescence 4. Gynostegium 5. Pharmacopiea SECTION B (5X 5=25MARKS) ANSWER ANY FIVE FROM THE FOLLOWING 6. Cytotaxonomy 7. Pollination in Fabaceae 8. Biosystematics 9. Economic importance of Euphorbiaceae 10. CIMAP 11. AYUSH. 12. RAUWOLFIA MEDICINAL SIGNIFICANCE 13. Ethnobotany SECTION C (4 X 10 = 40MARKS) ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS 17. Compare critically Bentham and Hooker s system of classification with that of Engler and Prantl. (OR) Write an essay on plant Nomenclature. 18. Describe the vegetative and floral characters of Orchidaceae. Add a note on advance features of family. (OR) Describe the vegetative and floral characters of Cucurbitaceae. Add a note on the economic importance of the family. 19. Write an essay on principles of Homeopathy (OR) Write an essay on basic concepts of Ayurveda treatment of medicine. 20. Give an account of biological source, chemical constituents and medicinal value of Ocimum and Piper longum. (OR)Write an essay on branches of pharmacognosy.

24 BLUE PRINT OF III SEMESTER BOTANY CORE-11 QUESTION PAPER Question type Very Short Answer (Answer any six out of eight questions) Short Answer ( 3 out of 6 to be answered) Essay Questions (Internal Choice 4 to be answered) Module I 15Hours Module II 15Hours Module III 20Hours Module IV 10Hours Max. Marks Q X 2 = Q X 5= Q X 12= 48

25 Dr. V. S. KRISHNA GOVT. DEGREE & PG COLLEGE(A) SEMESTER IV, BOTANY CORE - 4 EXAMINATION PLANT DEVELOPMENT, REPRODUCTION&TISSUE CULTURE Time: 1Hr. INTERNAL MODEL QUESTION PAPER Draw diagrams where ever necessary. Max.: 20Marks SECTION A (1 X 10 = 10): ANSWER ANY ONE ESSAY QUESTION 1. Describe the salient features of Bentham and Hooker s system of classification. OR 2. Give an account on AYURVEDA system of medicine. SECTION B (5X2= I0M) ANSWER ANY TWO QUESTIONS 3. Salient features ot ASTERACEAE family 4 Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) 5. TINOSPORA CORDIFOLIA 6 AYUSH

26 TOPICS INCLUDED IN THE REVISED SYLLABUS 1. Sapotaceae, family in Taxonomy(2h) 2. Tissue culture: Introduction, sterilization procedures, culture media - composition and preparation; explants. (3h) 3. Callus culture; cell,organ and protoplast culture, Somatic hybrids and cybrids. (6h) 4. Applications of tissue culture: Production of pathogen free plants and somaclonal variants, production of stress resistance plants, secondary metabolites and synthetic seeds. (4h) SYLLABUS JUSTIFICATION The revised syllabus (15% increases) provides an in-depth analysis of the subject. Tissue culture is advanced; skill oriented which increases the self employment prospects of the student.

27 PRACTICAL BOTANY CORE - 3 Semester- IV Taxonomy and Medicinal Botany (Total Hours of Laboratory Exercises: 3 h / Week in 15 Sessions) Suggested Laboratory Exercises: 1. Systematic study of locally available plants belonging to the families prescribed in theory syllabus (Minimum of one plant representative for each family) (30h) Annonaceae, Capparidaceae, Rutaceae, Fabaceae, Caesalpinaceae, Mimosaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Apiaceae, Asclepiadaceae, Lamiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, Orchidaceae, Poaceae 2. Demonstration of herbarium techniques. (2h) 3. Detailed morphological and anatomical study of medicinally important part of locally available plants (a minimum 10 plants) used in traditional medicine. (10 h) 4. Field visits to identify and collect ethno medicinal plants used by local tribes/folklore.(3h) 5. Preparation and submission of 25 herbarium specimens for evaluation during the practical examination. 6. Local field visits to study the vegetation and flora.

28 Suggested Reading for Semester IV BOTANY CORE - 4 PRACTICALS Gamble J.S. and C.E., C.Fischer Flora of the Presidency of Madras. Vol. I, II and III. Botanical Survey of India, Howrah. Kocchar, S.L Economic Botany of the Tropics, 2 nd Edition. Mac Millian India Ltd., Delhi. Lawrence, G.H.M., Taxanomy of vascular plants. Mac Millian Company, New York. Jain, S. K. and V. Mudgal A Handbook of Ethnobotany. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun. Sivarajan, V. V. and I. Balasubramaniyan, Ayurvedic Drugs and their Plant Sources. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi. Rastogi, R. R. and B. N. Mehrotra, Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants. Vol. I & Vol. II. CSIR, Publication and Information Directorate, New Delhi. Jeffrey, C An Introduction to Plant Taxonomy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, London. Textbooks of Telugu Akademi II B.Sc.

29 DR.V.S.KRISHNA GOVT. DEGREE & PG COLLEGE(A) MODEL QUESTION PAPER FOR PRACTICALS BOTANY PRACTICAL II AT THE END OF II YEAR Plant Development and Reproduction, Taxonomy and Medicinal Botany Time - 3 Hrs Max.Marks 50 I. Describe the given specimen A in technical terms 10 Draw the diagrams of Twig. L.S.of flower. T.S. of ovary Floral Diagram and Floral formula Technical description (5), Twig (1), L.S. of Flower (1) T.S. of ovary-1,floral Diagram (1), floral formula (1) II. Derive the given specimen B up to family level with reasons. 5 III. Take the section of given material C stain and mount. Leave the preparation for valuation. Identify giving reasons. Draw neat labeled diagram. B-Anomalous secondary growth from stem 10 Slide preparation (4), Reasons (3) Identification (1), Diagram (2) IV. Write the inoculation process of explant D in micropropagation. 5 V. Identify and writes notes on E & F 2 x 2½ = 5 (Identification + Diagram + Embryology Notes) V1. Write the Botanical name, Family and Medicinal important of G & H 2 X 2½ =5 VII. Submission +Identify the herbarium sheets I & J 2 + 1½ X 2 = 5 VII. Record 5 TOTAL=50

Paper - II: Anatomy, Embryology, Taxonomy and Medicinal Botany (Total Hours of Teaching: 4 h / Week)

Paper - II: Anatomy, Embryology, Taxonomy and Medicinal Botany (Total Hours of Teaching: 120 @ 4 h / Week) Unit - I: Anatomy (30 h) 1. Meristems Types, histological organisation of shoot and root apices