Water Milfoil. Summary. Protection Threatened in New York State, not listed federally.

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1 Water Milfoil Myriophyllum alterniflorum Scientific Name Family Name Myriophyllum alterniflorum DC. Haloragaceae Water-Milfoil Family Did you know? The genus name Myriophyllum comes from the Greek, murios (myrios), "countless, infinite", and fullon (phyllon), "leaf; foliage"; hence "many leaved". Small fish and aquatic invertebrates use this plant for shelter. Most populations in New York are large and contain thousands of plants. Photo credits: USDA Summary Protection Threatened in New York State, not listed federally. Rarity G5, S2 This level of state protection means: listed species are those with: 1) 6 to fewer than 20 extant sites, or 2) 1,000 to fewer than 3,000 individuals, or 3) restricted to not less than 4 or more than 7 U.S.G.S. 7 ½ minute topographical maps, or 4) listed as threatened by U.S. Department of Interior. A global rarity rank of G5 means: This species is demonstrably secure globally, though it may be quite rare in parts of its range, especially at the periphery. A state rarity rank of S2 means: This plant is threatened/imperiled in New York because of rarity (typically 6-20 populations or few remaining individuals) or is vulnerable to extirpation from New York due to biological factors. NYNHP Conservation Guide - Water Milfoil (Myriophyllum alterniflorum)

2 Conservation Status in New York There are only 13 verified occurrences, and 11 historical records in the state. Only two of the existing populations have 100 or more plants. Most occurrences lack accurate counts or estimates of population size. Only 3 of the sites have been visited since Short-term Trends Revisits to the documented sites for this species are needed in order to assess short-term population trends. Long-term Trends There are few data on long-term trends for this species in New York, as most stations for it have only been known for 20 or fewer years. Conservation and Management Threats The use of chemical herbicides to eliminate Myriophyllum spicatum and other submerged aquatic plants is an ongoing threat to this species. Conservation Strategies and Management Practices Care should be taken to survey for this species before using herbicides to control aquatic invasives (including M. spicatum). Habitat In New York, this species has been most often collected near the shore of cold, mesotrophic, dimictic lakes with soft sandy bottoms (or within sandy patches of rocky lake bottoms), in 1 to 5 feet of water (New York Natural Heritage Program 2008). Northern species of soft water lakes and bays (Voss 1985). Lakes and rivers (Crow and Hellquist 1983). Lakes, ponds and streams (Fernald 1970). Associated Ecological Communities Mesotrophic Dimictic Lake The aquatic community of a lake that is intermediate between an oligotrophic lake and a eutrophic lake. These lakes are dimictic: they have two periods of mixing or turnover (spring and fall); they are thermally stratified in the summer, and they freeze over and become inversely stratified in the winter. Associated Species Narrow-leaf Water-plantain (Alisma gramineum) Water-shield (Brasenia schreberi) Broad Waterweed (Elodea canadensis) Seven-angle Pipewort (Eriocaulon aquaticum) Grassleaf Mud-plantain (Heteranthera dubia) NYNHP Conservation Guide - Water Milfoil (Myriophyllum alterniflorum) 2

3 Eurasian Water-milfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) Slender Naiad (Najas flexilis) American White Waterlily (Nymphaea odorata) Pickerelweed (Pontederia cordata) Ribbon-leaf Pondweed (Potamogeton epihydrus) Grassy Pondweed (Potamogeton gramineus) Floating Pondweed (Potamogeton natans) Clasping-leaf Pondweed (Potamogeton perfoliatus) Flatleaf Pondweed (Potamogeton robbinsii) Spiral Pondweed (Potamogeton spirillus) Grassleaf Arrowhead (Sagittaria graminea) Hard-stemmed Bulrush (Schoenoplectus acutus) Sparganium spp. Greater Bladderwort (Utricularia macrorhiza) Eel-grass (Vallisneria americana) Identification Comments This is an aquatic plant that grows entirely underwater, except for the flowering spikes which emerge above the surface. It has long, slender, intertwining stems. The delicate, feathery, alternately arranged leaves are in whorls of 3 to 5 and mostly less than 1 centimeter long. The small (1.5 to 2 millimeter), hard fruits split into four parts (mericarps) have vertical rows of small projections or thick hooks along the outside. Best Life Stage for Identifying This Species Stems with both leaves and mature fruits are necessary for identification. The Best Time to See Small leaves, flowers and fruits are present during the latter half of the summer season. Vegetative Flowering Fruiting Similar Species Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec The time of year you would expect to find Water Milfoil in New York. Myriophyllum alterniflorum can be distinguished from M. pinnatum and M. farwellii by having distinctly whorled leaves, from M. aquaticum (an exotic species, found in the state only on Long Island) by having emergent leaves under 2 cm, and from the other Myriophyllum species in the state by having alternately arranged bracts and flowers (except sometimes the lowermost) (Gleason and Cronquist 1991). NYNHP Conservation Guide - Water Milfoil (Myriophyllum alterniflorum) 3

4 Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Synonyms Plantae Anthophyta Order Dicots (Dicotyledoneae) Family Haloragales Haloragaceae (Water-Milfoil Family) Myriophyllum alternifolium (auct. non DC.) Additional Resources Links USDA Plants Database MYRIOPHYLLUM+ALTERNIFLORUM NatureServe Explorer ERNIFLORUM Google Images References Aiken S.G An experiment relating vegetative morphology of Myriophyllum alterniflorum DC. (Haloragaceae) to growth substrate. Aquatic Botany 10: Aiken, S.G A conspectus of Myriophyllum (Haloragaceae) in North America Brittonia 33(1): Crow, G.E. and C.B. Hellquist Aquatic Vascular Plants of New England: Part 6. Trapaceae, Haloragaceae, Hippuridaceae. New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station. University of New Hampshire. Station Bull Edinger, Gregory J., D.J. Evans, Shane Gebauer, Timothy G. Howard, David M. Hunt, and Adele M. Olivero (editors) Ecological Communities of New York State. Second Edition. A revised and expanded edition of Carol Reschke's Ecological Communities of New York State. (Draft for review). New York Natural Heritage Program, New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Albany, NY. 136 pp. Fernald, M.L Gray's manual of botany. 8th edition. D. Van Nostrand, New York pp. Gleason, Henry A. and A. Cronquist Manual of Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. 910 pp. Hellquist, C.B., and R.L. Hilton A new species of Potamogeton (Potamogetonaceae) from northeastern U.S. Systematic Botany 8(1): Holmgren, Noel The Illustrated Companion to Gleason and Cronquist's Manual. Illustrations of the Vascular Plants of Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. NYNHP Conservation Guide - Water Milfoil (Myriophyllum alterniflorum) 4

5 House, Homer D Annotated list of the ferns and flowering plants of New York State. New York State Museum Bulletin 254: Howe, M.D Vascular plants of Oneida County. Keys, Jr.,J.; Carpenter, C.; Hooks, S.; Koenig, F.; McNab, W.H.; Russell, W.;Smith, M.L Ecological units of the eastern United States - first approximation (cd-rom), Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. GIS coverage in ARCINFO format, selected imagery, and map unit tables. Mitchell, Richard S. and Gordon C. Tucker Revised Checklist of New York State Plants. Contributions to a Flora of New York State. Checklist IV. Bulletin No New York State Museum. Albany, NY. 400 pp. Muenscher, W.C Aquatic vegetation of the Lake Champlain watershed. pp In: A biological survey of the Lake Champlain watershed. E. Moore, ed. supplemental to 19th annual report, NYS Conservation Department, 321 pp. NatureServe NatureServe Central Databases. Arlington, Virginia. USA New York Natural Heritage Program Biotics database. New York Natural Heritage Program. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. Albany, NY. New York State Department of Environmental Conservation New York State Breeding Bird Atlas Database. Division of Fish and Wildlife, Albany, NY. Ogden, E.C Potamogeton in New York. New York State Museum Bulletin. 423:1-20. Voss, E.G Michigan Flora. Part II. Dicots (Saururaceae - Cornaceae). Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium. Ann Arbor, Michigan. 724 pp. Weldy, T. and D. Werier New York flora atlas. [S.M. Landry, K.N. Campbell, and L.D. Mabe (original application development), Florida Center for Community Design and Research University of South Florida New York Flora Association Albany, New York Weldy, Troy W. and David Werier New York Flora Atlas. [S.M. Landry, K.N. Campbell, and L.D. Mabe (original application development), Florida Center for Community Design and Research. University of South Florida]. New York Flora Association, Albany, NY. Available on the web at ( New York Natural Heritage Program 625 Broadway, 5th Floor, Albany, NY Phone: (518) acris@nynhp.org This project is made possible with funding from: - New York State Department of Environmental Conservation Hudson River Estuary Program - Division of Lands & Forests, Department of Environmental Conservation - New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation Information for this guide was last updated on Aug 24, 2017 This guide was authored by NYNHP Conservation Guide - Water Milfoil (Myriophyllum alterniflorum) 5