Theory Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms & Palaeobotany. Theory Anatomy & Plant Theory Developmental & Medicinal Botany

Transcription

1 ANDHRA UNIVERSITY: VISAKHAPATNAM DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY B.Sc., BOTANY SEMESTER WISE SYLLABUS AND MODEL QUESTION PAPERS OF THEORY AND PRACTICALS (AS PER CBCS AND SEMESTER SYSTEM) ALLOCATION OF CREDITS AT SUBJECT LEVEL S. No. Sem ester 1 1 CORE-1 Paper-1A Module Nature Modules (Paper) Hours/ Week Credits Max. Marks (75+25) Theory Microbial Diversity, Algae, Fungi & Plant Pathology Practical -do / CORE-1 Paper-1B 3 3 CORE-1 Paper-2A 4 4 CORE-1 Paper-2B 5 5 CORE-1 Paper-3A CORE-1 Paper-3B 6 6 CORE-1 Paper-4A CORE-1 Paper-4B Theory Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms & Palaeobotany Practical -do /50 Theory Anatomy & Plant Taxonomy Practical -do /50 Theory Developmental & Medicinal Botany Practical -do /50 Theory Cell Biology & Ecology Theory Practical for A&B Theory Theory Practical for A&B Genetics, Biodiversity & Conservation Cell Biology & Ecology, Genetics and Biodiversity Plant Physiology, Tissue culture and Biotechnology Plant Physiology, Seed Technology and Horticulture Plant Physiology, Tissue culture, Biotechnology, Seed Technology and Horticulture / /50 Total /1100 1

2 I B.Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUS PAPER-I; SEMESTER- I Paper-I-I T : Microbial Diversity, Algae and Fungi Total hours of teaching 60 4 hrs per week UNIT- I: igin and Evolution of Life, Microbial diversity (12 hrs) 1. igin of life theories 2. Geological time scale 3. Microbial diversity-mycoplasma Chlamydia -Archaebacteria Actinomycetes UNIT- II: VIRUSES AND BACTERIA (12 hrs) 1. Viruses: General account of Viruses, structure, replication and transmission ofplant diseases Caused by Viruses. 2. Bacteria: Structure, nutrition, reproduction and economic importance. Outlineof plant diseases of important crop plants caused by Bacteria and their control. UNIT III: CYANOBACTERIA AND LICHENS (12 hrs) 1. Cyanobacteria: General account of cell structure, thallus organization and their uses as Biofertilizers 2. Structure and reproduction and life history of Nostoc and Scytonema 3. Lichens Morphology Anatomy Reproduction Economic importance UNIT IV Algae (12 hrs) 1. General account, Fritsch classification of Algae and economic importance. 2. Structure, reproduction, life history of Oedogonium, Ectocarpus and Polysiphonia UNIT V: FUNGI 1. General characters, classification(alexopolous) and economic importance 2. Structure, reproduction and life history of Albugo, Penicillium, Puccinia 3. General account of plant diseases caused by Fungi and their control (12 hrs) 2

3 Suggested Readings: Alexopolous, J. and W.M Charles.1988 introduction to mycology.wiley Eastern, New Delhi. Ananthanarayan&Panikers ; Microbiology 9 th edition. Pandey, B.P College Botany Vol. I: Algae, Fungai, Lichens, Bacteria, Viruses, Plant pathology, Industrial Microbiology and Bryophyta. S. Chand & company Ltd, New Delhi. Pandey, B.P Botany for Degree students: Diversity of microbes, Cryptograms, Cell biology and Genetics. S. Chand & company Ltd, New Delhi. Sambamurthy, A.V.S.S A textbook of Algae. I.K. International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi. Sambamurthy, A.V.S.S A textbook of Plant Pathology. I.K. International Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi Sharma, O.P A text book of Thallophyta, McGraw Hill Publishing. Co. New Delhi. Thakur, A.K. and S.K. Bassi. 2008, A text book of Botany: Diversity of Microbes and Cryptogams. S. Chand & company Ltd, New Delhi. Vashishta, B.R., A.K. Sinha and V.P.Singh Botany for Degree Students: Algae. S. Chand & company Ltd, New Delhi Vashishta, B.R Botany for Degree Students: Fungi. S. Chand & company Ltd, New Delhi. 3

4 I B.Sc - BOTANY PAPER-I; SEMESTER- I THEORY MODEL PAPER Paper-I- I T: Microbial Diversity, Algae and Fungi Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 75 SECTION-A (Short Answer Questions) (Instructions to the paper setter: Set minimum ONE question from each unit, max Eight from all.) Answer any five of the following questions 5x5=25M SECTION-B (Essay Questions) (Instructions to the paper setter: Set minimum two questions from each unit, either or internal choice) Answer All of the following questions 5x10=50M 9. a) 10. a) 11. a) 12. a) 13. a) from unit I from unit II from unit III from unit IV from unit V INTERNAL EXAMS - 25Marks 15 marks for unit tests, 5 marks for assignments and remaining 5 marks for seminar etc. 4

5 I B. Sc BOTANY PRACTICAL SYLLABUS: PAPER I SEMESTER -I Paper-I-IP: Microbial Diversity, Algae and Fungi Total hours of laboratory Exercises 48 3 per week 1. Knowledge of Equipment used in Microbiology: Spirit lamp, Inoculation loop, Hotair oven, Autoclave/Pressure cooker, Laminar air flow chamber, Incubator, etc. 2. Preparation of solid and liquid media for culturing of microbes (Demonstration) 3. Study of viruses and bacteria using electron micro photographs 4. Gram staining of Bacteria 5. Study of Plant disease symptoms caused by Bacteria (Citrus canker, leaf blight of rice, Angular leaf spot of Cotton) and viruses (TMV, Vein clearing of Bhendi and Leaf curl of Papaya),Fungi (Late blight of potato, Red rot of Sugarcane and Paddy blast 6. Vegetative and reproductive structures of the following : a. Algae: Oedogonium, Ectocarpus,Polysiphonia, Nostoc and Scytonema b. Fungi: Albugo, Penicillium and Puccinia. 7. Section cutting of diseased material infected by Fungi and identification of pathogens as per theory syllabus 8. Lichens: Different types of thalli and Anatomy 9. Field Visit 5

6 I B.Sc - BOTANY PRACTICAL EXAMINATIONS - MODEL PAPER PAPER I SEMESTER -I Paper-I-1 P: Microbial Diversity, Algae and Fungi Time 3hrs Max. Marks: Identify giving reasons two of the given Algal mixture A". Leave your preparation for evaluation. Draw labeled diagrams. (Slide--1marks, Diagrams--1marks, Identification--1mark) 3 x 2 = 6 Marks 2. Make suitable stained preparation of the material "B" to bring out the details of internal structure--identify giving reasons. Draw labeled diagrams and leave your preparations for evaluation. (Slide-4 marks, diagrams-3 marks, Identification- 3marks) 10 Marks 3. Conduct C.- Gram staining of Bacteria 9Marks. 4. Write critical notes and Identify D, E, F, G and H 15 Marks. 5. Record (submission is compulsory) 10Marks Total: 50 Marks Key: A. Algal material B. Fungi material C. Bacterial material. D. Instruments of Micro biology. E. Whole specimen or permanent slide of Algae. F. Whole specimen or permanent slide of Fungi. G. Whole specimen or permanent slide of plant pathology. H Whole specimen or permanent slide of Lichens 6

7 I B. Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUS PAPER-I SEMESTER- II Paper I-II T: Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms & Palaeobotany Total hours of teaching 60 4 hrs per week UNIT I: BRYOPHYTA (14 hrs) 1. Bryophyta: General characters, classification and alternation of generations. 2. Structure, reproduction and Life history of Marchantia, Anthoceros and Polytrichum. 3. Evolution of Sporophyte in Bryophytes. UNIT - II: PTERIDOPHYTA Part A (14 hrs) 1. Pteridophyta: General characters, Classification, alternation of generations. 2. Structure, reproduction and life history of Rhynia, Lycopodium, and Equisetum. UNIT-III: PTERIDOPHYTA Part B 1. Structure, reproduction and life history of Marsilea 2. Heterospory and seed habit 3. Stelar Evolution in Pteridophytes (10 hrs) UNIT VI: GYMNOSPERMS 1. Gymnosperms: General characters, structure, reproduction and classification. 2. Morphology, Anatomy, reproduction and life history of Pinus and Gnetum. (12 hrs) UNIT V: PALAEOBOTANY 1. Palaeobotany: Introduction, Fossils and fossilization; Importance of fossils. 2. Bennetitiales: General account (10 hrs) 7

8 Suggested Readings: Pandey, B.P College Botany Vol. I: Algae, Fungai, Lichens, Bacteria, Viruses, Plant pathology, Industrial Microbiology and Bryophyta. S. Chand & company Ltd, New Delhi. Pandey, B.P College Botany Vol. II: Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms and paleobotany. S. Chand & company Ltd, New Delhi. Sporne, K.R, 1965, Morphology of Gymnosperms, Hutchinson Co., Ltd., London. Vashishta, P.C., A.K. Sinha and Anilkumar Botany Pteridophyta (Vascular Cryptogams), S. Chand & company Ltd, New Delhi. Vashishta, B.R., A.K. Sinha and Adarshakumar Botany for Degree Students: Bryophyta. S. Chand & company Ltd, New Delhi. Vashishta, P.C., A.K. Sinha and Anilkumar Botany for Degree students: Gymnosperms. S. Chand & company Ltd, New Delhi. Watson.E.V The structure and life of Bryophytes, B.I. Publications, New Delhi. 8

9 I B.Sc - BOTANY MODEL QUESTION PAPER PAPER-I; SEMESTER- II Paper I-II T : Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms & Palaeobotany Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 75 SECTION-A (Short Answer Questions) (Instructions to the paper setter: Set minimum ONE question from each unit, max Eight from all.) Answer any five of the following question 5x5=25Marks SECTION-B (Essay Questions) (Instructions to the paper setter: Set minimum two questions from each unit, either or internal choice) Answer All of the following questions 9. a) from unit I 5x10=50Marks 10.. a) 11.. a) 12.. a) 13.. a) from unit II from unit III from unit IV from unit V INTERNAL EXAMS - 25Marks 9

10 15 marks for unit tests, 5 marks for assignments and remaining 5 marks for seminar etc. I. B.Sc BOTANY PRACTICAL SYLLABUS: PAPER I-SEMESTER -II Paper-I-IIP: Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms & Palaeobotany Total hours of laboratory Exercises 48 3 per week 1. Morphology (vegetative and reproductive structures), anatomy of the following taxa 1. Bryophyta: a) Marchantia, Anthoceros, c) Polytrichum 2. Ptridophyta: a) Lycopodium, Equisetum, c) Marsilea, 3. Gymnosperms: a) Pinus Gnetum c) Fossil Gymnosperms/ Photographs 10

11 I B.Sc.,BOTANY PRACTICAL SYLLABUS: PAPER I-SEMESTER -II Paper-I-IIP: Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnosperms & Palaeobotany Time 3hrs Max. Marks: Section cutting of A material 9 Marks (Slide 3 marks, diagrams-3 marks, Identification-3 marks) 2. Section cutting of B material 9 Marks (Slide 3 marks, diagrams-3 marks, Identification-3 marks) 3. Section cutting of C material 10 Marks (Slide 4 marks, diagrams-3 marks, Identification-3 marks) 4. Identification of spotters D,E,and F 3x4 =12 marks 5. Record (submission complosary) 10 marks Total : 50 Marks Key: A. Bryophyta material B. Pteridophyta material C. Gymnosperm material. D. Whole specimen or permanent slide of Bryophyta E. Whole specimen or permanent slide of Pteridophyta F. Whole specimen or permanent slide of Gymnosperm 11

12 II B. Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUS PAPER II; SEMESTER -III (Paper-II-I T: Anatomy and Plant Taxonomy) Total hours of teaching 60 4 hrs per week UNIT I: ANATOMY (10 hrs) 1. Meristems: Types, histological organization of shoot and root apices and theories. 2. Tissues: Simple, Complex and special tissues. 3. Leaf: Diversity of internal structure, stomata and epidermal outgrowths UNIT II: STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT (14 hrs) 1. Stem and root: Vascular Cambium - Formation and function. Anomalous secondary growth General account. 2. Stem Achyranthus, Boerhaavia, Bignonia and Dracaena. 3. Root: Beta 4. Wood structure: General account. Study of local timbers Teak (Tectona grandes) Rosewood (Dalbergia latifolia), Redsanders, (Pterocarpus santalinus) Nallamaddi (Terminalia tomentosa (T. alata) Yegisa (Pterocarpus marsupium) and Neem (Azadirachta indica) UNIT III: PLANT TAXONOMY (12 hrs) 1.Introduction: Principles of plant Taxonomy. Systematics vs. Taxonomy.. 2. Systems of Classification: Types of Classification: Artificial, Natural and Phylogenetic; Salient features and comparative account of Bentham & Hooker and Engler & Prantle. An introduction to Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG) 3. Recent trends in Plant Taxonomy: Embryology in relation to taxonomy, Cytotaxonomy, Chemotaxonomy and Numerical taxonomy. UNIT IV: SYSTEMATIC TAXONOMY (14 hrs) 1. Nomenclature and Taxonomic resources: An introduction to International code of Botanical Nomenclature; Principles, Rules and Recommendations. Herbarium: Concept techniques and application. 2. Systematic study and economic importance of plants belonging to the following families Annonaceae, Capparidaceae, Rutaceae, Fabaceae,, Caesalpinaceae, Mimosaceae Curcurbitaceae, Apiaceae, UNIT V: SYSTEMATIC TAXONOMY (10 hrs) Systematic study and economic importance of plants belonging to the following families Asteraceae, Asclelpiadaceae, Lamiaceae, Amaranthaceae, Euphorbiaceae, chidaceae and Poaceae. 12

13 Suggested Readings: Davis, P.H. and V.H. Heywood Principles of Angiosperm Taxanomy. Oliver and Boyd, London. Esau, K Anatomy of Seed plants.john wiley and Son, USA. Hey wood, V.H Plant Taxonomy. ELBS, London Hey wood, V.H. and D.M. Moore (Eds) Current concepts in Plant Taxanomy. Acadamic press, London. Jeffrey, C An Intoduction to Plant taxanomy. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, London. Singh, G Plant systematics: Theory and Practice. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi. Stace, C. A Plant Taxanomy and Biostatastics (2 nd Edition). Edward Arnold, London. 13

14 II B.Sc - BOTANY PAPER-II- SEMESTER-III THEORY MODEL PAPER (Paper-II-I T: Anatomy and Plant Taxonomy) Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: SECTION-A (Short Answer Questions) (Instructions to the paper setter: Set minimum ONE question from each unit,max Eight from all.) Answer any five of the following question x5=25M SECTION-B (Essay Questions) (Instructions to the paper setter: Set minimum two questions from each unit, either or internal choice) Answer All of the following questions 5x10=50M 9. a) from unit I 10.. a) 11.. a) 12.. a) 13.. a) from unit II from unit III from unit IV from unit V INTERNAL EXAMS - 25Marks 15 marks for unit tests, 5 marks for assignments and remaining 5 marks for seminar etc. 14

15 II B.Sc - BOTANY PRACTICAL SYLLABUS PAPER-II- SEMESTER-III Practical II-I P: Anatomy and Plant Taxonomy Total hours of laboratory Exercises 48 3 per week Suggested Laboratory Exercises: 1. Demonstration of double staining technique. 2. Tissue organization in root and shoot apices using permanent slides 3. Preparation of double staining slides Primary structure: Root - Cicer, Canna; Stem Tridax, Sorghum Secondary structure: Root Tridax sp.; Stem Pongamia Anomalous secondary structure: Examples as given in theory syllabus. 4. Stomatal types using epidermal peels. 5. Microscopic study of wood in T.S., T.L.S. and R.L.S. 6. Systemiatic study of locally available plants belonging to the families prescribed in theory Syllabus. 7. Demonstration of herbarium techniques 8. Field visits 15

16 II B.Sc - BOTANY PAPER-II- SEMESTER-III MODEL PRACTICAL QUESTION PAPER Practical II-I P: Anatomy and Plant Taxonomy 3 Hors Marks Section cutting of A plant material of Anatomy 10 Marks (Slide 4 marks, diagrams-3 marks, Identification-3 marks) 2. Identification of Plants B and C in respective to their family 4x2 8 Marks 3. Give complete technical description of plant D. (vegetative and floral parts- diagrams, floral diagram, floral formula etc.) 10 Marks 4. Identification of spotter E 4 Marks 5. Identification of F herbarium Sheet (Genus, species and family name) 3 marks 6. Submission of herbarium sheets (25 nos) 5Marks 7. Field Notes and record submission compulsory 10marks Total 50 Marks Key: A. Stem of Anomalous secondary growth B C. Plants from Polypetalae, Gamopetalae and Monochlamydae D. E. Anatomy slide of histology F. Herbarium of individual 16

17 I B.Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUS PAPER II SEMESTER - IV (Paper-II - II T: Developmental biology and Medicinal Botany) Total hours of teaching 60 4 hrs per week UNIT I: DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (14 hrs) 1.Introduction : History and Importance of Embryology. 2.Anther structure, Microsporogenesis and development of male gametophyte. 3.Ovule structure and types; Megasporogenesis; Monosporic; Bisporic and Tetrasporic types of female gametophyte/embryosac development 4.Pollination -Types; Pollen - pistil interaction, Fertilization. UNIT II: EMBRYOLOGY AND PALYNOLOGY 10 hrs 1.Endosperm Development and types..embryo - development and types: 2. Polyembryony and Apomixis - an outline. 3.Palynology: Principles and applications. UNIT III: ETHNOMEDICINE 10 hrs 1.Ethnomedicine: Scope, interdisciplinary nature, distinction of Ethnomedicine from Folklore Medicine. 2.Outlines of Ayurveda, Sidda, Unani and Homeopathic systems of traditional medicine. 3.Role of AYUSH, NMPB, CIMAP and CDRI UNIT IV: COMMON MEDICINAL PLANTS 10 hrs 1.Plants in primary health care: Common medicinal plants Tippateega ( Tinospora cordifolia), tulasi (Ocimum sanctum), Pippallu (Piper longum), Karaka (Terminalia Chebula), Kalabanda(Aloe vera), Turmeric (Curcuma longa) UNIT V: MODERN MEDICINE 16 hrs 1. Traditional Medicines vs Modern medicine: Study of select plant examples used in traditional medicine as resource ( active principles, structure, usage and pharmacological action) of modern medicine: a. Aswagandha (Withania somnifera), b. Sarpagandha (Rauvolfia serpentina) c. Nela usiri (Phyllanthus amarus), d. Amla (Phyllanthus emblica) e. Brahmi (Bacopa monnieri) 2. Pharmocognosy: Introduction and scope. Adulternation of plant crude drugs and methods of identification - some examples. Indian Pharmacopoeia. 3. Plant crude drugs: Types, methods of collection, processing and storage practices. Evaluation of crude drugs. 17

18 Suggested readings: Agrawal S.S.and Paridhavi.M. Herbal Drug Technology (2 nd Edition), University press Hyderabad. Bhattacharya et. al A text book of Palynology, Central, New Delhi. Bhojwani, S. S. and S. P. Bhatnagar, The Embryology of Angiosperms (4 th edition ), Vikas publishing House, Delhi. Jain S.K. and V. Mudgal A Hand book of Ethanobotany. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun Johri, B.M Embriology of Angiosperms. Springer-Verleg, Berlin. Joshi, S.G Medicinal plants. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi. Kapil, R.P Pollination biology. Inter India publishers. New Delhi. Kokate.C, and Gokeale-Pharmacognacy NiraliPrakasan, New Delhi. Lad, V,1984. Ayurveda- The Science of Self- Healing.MotilalBanarasidass, New Delhi Lewis,W.H. and M.P.F. Elwin Lewis Medicinal Botany. Plants affecting Mans health. Wiley inter science Publication. Johr Wiley and sons, New York. Maheswari.P An introduction to Embryology of Angiosperms.McGraw Hill Book Co., London. Pandey, B.P Botaney for Degree Students: Diversity of Seed plants and their Systemics, Structure, Development and Reproduction in Flowering plants. S. Chand & Company Ltd, New Delhi. Rastogi, R.R. and B.N. Mehrotra Compendium of Indian Medicinal Plants. Vol. l & Vol. ll. CSIR, Publication and Information Directorate, New Delhi. Sivarajan, V.V. and Balachandran, I Ayurvedic Drugs and their plant sources. Oxford and IBH, New Delhi. 18

19 II B.Sc - BOTANY PAPER-II- SEMESTER-IV THEORY MODEL PAPER (Paper-II-II T: Developmental biology and Medicinal Botany) Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks:75 SECTION-A (Short Answer Questions) (Instructions to the paper setter: Set minimum ONE question from each unit,max Eight from all.) Answer any five of the following question 5x5=25M SECTION-B (Essay Questions) (Instructions to the paper setter: Set minimum two questions from each unit, either or internal choice) Answer All of the following questions 5x10=50M 9. a) from unit I 10.. a) 11.. a) 12.. a) 13.. a) from unit II from unit III from unit IV from unit V INTERNAL EXAMS - 25Marks 15 marks for unit tests, 5 marks for assignments and remaining 5 marks for seminar etc. 19

20 II B.Sc - BOTANY PRACTICAL SYLLABUS PAPER IISEMESTER - IV (Paper-II - II P: Developmental biology and Medicinal Botany) Total hours of laboratory Exercises 48 3 per week 1. Structure of pollen grains using whole mounts (Catharanthus, Hibiscus,Acacia, Grass). 2. Demonstration of Pollen viability test using in- vitro germination (Catharanthus). 3. Study of ovule types and developmental stages of embryo sac using permanent slides / Photographs. 4. Structure of endosperm (nuclear and cellular); Developmental stages of dicot and monocot Embryos using permanent slides / Photographs 5. Isolation and mounting of embryo (using Symopsis / Senna / Crotalaria) 6. Detailed morphological and anatomical study of medicinally important part(s) of locally Available plants (Minimum 8 plants) used in traditional medicine. 7. Field visits to identify and collect ethno medicinal plants used by local tribes/folklore Preparation and submission of 25 herbarium specimens for evaluation during the practical Examination. 20

21 II B.Sc - BOTANY PAPER-II- SEMESTER-IV MODEL PRACTICAL QUESTION PAPER (Paper-II - II P: Developmental biology and Medicinal Botany) 3 Hors Marks Medicinal plant A - technical description with diagrams, chemicals and medicinal values 12 Marks 2. Medicinal plant material -B section cutting 8 Marks (Slide 3 marks, diagrams-3 marks, Identification-2 marks) 3. Embryology C slide / spotter/mounting/isolation 5 Marks 4. Identify D, E, F spotters 9 Marks 5. Identification of herbarium sheets of individual 3 Marks (Botanical name, family name and medicinal use) 6. Submission of medicinal plant herbarium sheets 15 nos 3 Marks 7. Field Notes And record submission compulsory 10Marks Total 50 Marks KEY A. Medicinal plant B. Medicinal plant part root/stem/leaf C. Embryology D. Medicinal botany spotter E. Embryology spotter F. Embryology / Medicinal botany spotter 21

22 III B. Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUS PAPER III Part A SEMESTER-V (Paper III-A- T: Cell Biology and Ecology) Total hours of teaching 60 4 hrs per week UNIT - I: CELL BIOLOGY (14 hrs) 1. Plant cell envelops: Ultra structure of cell wall, molecular organization of cell membranes. 2. Nucleus: Ultrastructure, 3. Nucleic acids - Structure and replication of DNA, types and functions of RNA UNIT II: CHROMOSOMES AND CELL DIVISION (12hrs) 1. Chromosomes: Morphology, ganization of DNA in a chromosome, Euchromatin and Heterochromatin, Karyotype. 2. Special types of chromosomes: Polytene, Lampbrush and B-Chromosomes 3. Cell division: Cell cycle and its regulation, Mitosis, Meiosis and their Significance. UNIT - III: ECOSYSTEM (12 hrs) 1. Ecosystem: Concept and components of Ecosystem, energy flow, food chains, food webs, ecological pyramids, biogeochemical cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus. 2. Plants and environment: Ecological factors - Climatic (light and temperature), Edaphic and biotic, Ecological adaptations of plants. UNIT IV: POPULATIONAND COMMUNITY ECOLOGY (12hrs) 1. Population Ecology:population density Natality- mortality- survivorship curves age distribution and pyramids - growth curves population dispersal ecotypes, ecads 2. Community ecology: Introduction plant community qualitative characters (Physiogonomy-Phenology stratification abundance life forms) Quantitative - characters (Density Frequency, cover and basal area) 3. Plant succession (Hydrosere, Xerosere) UNIT V: Production ecology (10 hrs) 1. Production ecology: Concepts of productivity, GPP, NPP, CR (Community Respiration) and secondary production, P/R ratio and Ecosystems. 2. Pollution and their control: Air, Water, Soil 3. Social forestry 22

23 Suggested readings: Bharucha,E Textbook of environmental Studies for Undergraduate Courses. Universities Press (India) Private Limited, Hyderabad. Chennarayappa, Cell Biology, University Press, Hyderabad. Chennarayappa, Molecular Biology, University Press, Hyderabad. Fukui,K. and S. Nakayama Plant Chromosomes: Laboratory Methods.CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. Harris, N. and K.J.Oparka Plant Cell Biology: A Practical Approach. IRL Press aat University Press, Oxford. UK. Khitoliya, R.K Environmental Pollution Management and Control for Sustainable Development.S. Chand &Comapany Ltd., New Delhi. Kormondye, E Concepts of Ecology(3 rd Ed.). Printice Hall of India, New Delhi. Odum,E.P Basics of Ecology.Saunder s International Students Edition, Philadelphia. Sharma.P.D., Ecology and Environment., Rastoogi publications Meerut. Sharma.A. k. and A.Sharma.1999.plant Chromosomes: Analysis, Manipulation and Engineering. Haewood Academic PUBlishers, Australia. Singh,H.R Enivronmental Biology.S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi. 23

24 Time: 3 Hours III B. Sc - BOTANY PAPER- III Part A SEMESTER V Model Question Paper (Paper III-A T: Cell Biology and Ecology) Max. Marks:75 SECTION-A (Short Answer Questions) (Instructions to the paper setter: Set minimum ONE question from each unit, max Eight from all.) Answer any five of the following question 5x5=25Marks SECTION-B (Essay Questions) (Instructions to the paper setter: Set minimum two questions from each unit, either or internal choice) Answer All of the following questions 9. a) from unit I 5x10=50Marks 10.. a) 11.. a) 12.. a) 13.. a) from unit II from unit III from unit IV from unit V INTERNAL EXAMS - 25Marks 15 marks for unit tests, 5 marks for assignments and remaining 5 marks for seminar etc. 24

25 III B. Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUS PAPER III Part - B SEMESTER-V (Paper III-B T: Genetics, Biodiversity & Conservation) Total hours of teaching 60 4 hrs per week UNIT I: GENETICS (12 hrs ) 1. Introduction to Genetics and history 2. Mendelism: Laws of inheritance. Gene interactions - Epistasis, Complementary, Supplementary, Inhibitorygenes. UNIT II: LINKAGE AND CROSSING OVER MUTATIONS (14 hrs) 1. Linkage and crossing over: A brief account, construction of genetic maps -2 point and 3 point test cross data. 2. Mutations:-Type of Mutations-Mutagens - Chromosomal aberrations - structural and numerical changes, genemutation, transposable elements. UNIT III: GENE CONCEPT AND EXPRESSION-GENETIC CODE (12hrs) 1. Gene expression: ganization of gene, transcription, translation, mechanism and regulation of gene expression in prokaryotes (Lac. and Trp. Operons ) 2. Extra nuclear genome:plasmids,mitochondrial and plastid DNA. 3. Genetic Code UNIT IV: BIODIVERSITY (12hrs) 1. Biodiversity: Concepts, convention on Biodiversity - Earth Summit. Types of Biodiversity. Levels, threats and value of Biodiversity. Hot spots of India - Endemism, North Eastern Himalayas, Western Ghats, Agro Biodiversity, Vavilov centers of crop plants. UNIT V : PRINCIPLES OF CONSERVATION (10hrs) 1. Principles of conservation :In-situ, Ex-situ conservation; IUCN threat - categories RED data book threatened and endangered plants of India. Role of organization in the conservation of Biodiversity - IUCN, UNEP, WWF, NBPGR, NBD. 25

26 Suggested readings: Kothari,A Understanding Biodiversity: Life, Sustainability and Equity: Tracts for the Times.11. ient Longman Ltd., New Delhi. Mishra.D.D Fundamental Concepts in Environmental Studies.S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi Pandey, B.P Botany for Degree Students: Diversity of Microbes, Croptograms, Cell Biology and Genetics. S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi. Shukla,R.S. and P.S.Chandel Cytogenetics, Evolution, Biostatistics and Plant Breeding. S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi. Singh,H.R Enivronmental Biology.S. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi. Snustad, D. P. and M.J. Simmons Principles of Genetics. Joha Wiley & Sons, Inc.USA. Strickberger, M. W Genetics (3 rd Ed.). Macmillan Publishing Company. Verma, P.S. and V.K. Agrawal Genetics.S.Chand& Company Ltd., New Delhi. 26

27 Time: 3 Hours III B. Sc - BOTANY Theory Model Question Paper PAPER III Part B SEMESTER-V (Paper III-B T: Genetics, Biodiversity & Conservation) Max. Marks:75 SECTION-A (Short Answer Questions) (Instructions to the paper setter: Set minimum ONE question from each unit, max Eight from all.) Answer any five of the following question 5x5=25Marks SECTION-B (Essay Questions) (Instructions to the paper setter: Set minimum two questions from each unit, either or internal choice) Answer All of the following questions 9. a) from unit I 5x10=50Marks 10.. a) 11.. a) 12.. a) from unit II from unit III from unit IV 13.. a) INTERNAL EXAMS from unit V - 25Marks 15 marks for unit tests, 5 marks for assignments and remaining 5 marks for seminar etc. 27

28 III B. Sc - BOTANY PRACTICAL SYLLABUS Practical III Part - A&B: Cell Biology, Genetics, Ecology and Biodiversity (Total Hours 3 h / Week in 16 Sessions) Suggested Laboratory Exercises: 1. Study of various stages of mitosis using cytological preparation of Onion root tips 2. Study of various stages of meiosis using cytological preparation of Onion flower buds 3. Study of polytene chromosomes using cytological preparation of salivary glands from Chironomus / prepared slides / photographs 4. Study on the ultra structure of cell organelles using electron microphotographs 5. Solving genetic problems related to Monohybrid,(two) Dihybrid ratio(two) and interaction of genes (six) (minimum of eight problems). 6. Construction of linkage maps; two point test cross (three problems) 7. Knowledge of ecological instruments: Working principles and applications of Hygrometer, rain gauze, anemometer, altimeter, light meter, wet and dry bulb thermometer (with the help of Equipment / diagrams/ photographs). 8. Determination of soil texture (composition of clay, sand, silt etc. by sieve method.) and ph. 9. Study of morphological and anatomical characteristics of plant communities using locally available plant species: Hydrophytes (Eichhornia Root, Hidrilla Stem, Nymphaea Petiole,), Xerophytes (Causuarina Anatomy, and Opuntia, Euphorbia antiquorum Morphology) and Halophytes (Rhizophora, and Avecenia- Root). 10. Detailed study on flora of a local fresh water or aquaculture pond. 11. Geographical spotting of certain endemic and endangered plant species of AP. 12. Minimum of two field visits to local areas of ecological / conservation of biodiversity\ importance (Sacred grove / Reserved forest / Botanical garden / Zoo Park / Lake etc.). 28

29 III B.Sc Practical Model Question paper Botany practical paper III Part A & B at the end of V Semester (Cell Biology, Genetics, Ecology and Biodiversity) Time: 3h Maximum Marks: Identify the Material A by application of the squash technique 10 Marks 2. Solve the B Genetic Problem with the given data and explain in detail 8 Marks 3. Make suitable stained preparation of the material C and identify the material with the help of the labeled diagram giving reasons: 8 Marks 4. Conduct D Minor Ecology Experiment: 5 Marks 5 Critical notes on E,F,G spotters of scientific interest: (3x3) 9 Marks 6. Field Notes and Record (submissions is Compulsory) 10 Marks Total - 50 Marks Key: A: Root tip of Onion B: Genetic problem C: Ecology Material Section Cutting D: Soil test E: Cytology slides - Mitosis / Meiosis stages, Karyotype, Lamp brush and, Polytene Chromosomes. F: Ecology material Morphology/ Anotomy of any specimen studied in theory G: Biodiversity Any endemic plant studied. 29

30 III B. Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUS PAPER IV Part A SEMESTER-VI Paper IV- A -T : Plant Physiology,Tissue culture and Biotechnology Total hours of teaching 60 4 hrs per week UNIT I: PLANT PHYSIOLOGY (14 hrs) 1.Water Relaltions: Importance of water to plant life, physical properties of water, diffusion, imbibition, osmosis, water, osmotic and pressure potentials, absorption, transport of water, ascent of sap, transpiration, stomatal structure and movements. UNIT II: PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY (14 hrs) 1.Mineral Nutrition: Essential macro and micro mineral nutrients and their role, symptoms of mineral deficiency, absorption of mineral ions: passive and active processes. 2.Enzymes: Nomenclature, characteristics, mechanism and regulation of enzyme action, enzyme kinetics, factors regulating enzyme action. UNIT III:: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT (12 hrs 1.Growth and development: Definition, phases and kinetics of growth, Physiological effects of phytohormone - auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ABA, ethylene and brassinosteroids, Physiology of flowering and photoperiodism, role of phytochrome in flowering. 2. Stress Physiology: Concept and plant responses to water, salt and temperature stresses. UNIT IV: TISSUE CULTURE (12hrs) 1. Tissue culture: Introduction, sterilization procedures, culture media composition and preparation, Explants. Callus culture, cell and protoplast culture, somatic hybrids and cybrids. 2.Applications of tissue culture: production of pathogen free plants and somaclonal variants, production of stress resistant plants, secondary metabolites and synthetic seeds. UNIT V: BIOTECHNOLOGY 1. Introduction, history and scope of Biotechnology. r-dna technology: Vectors and gene cloning and transgenic plants. (8 hrs) 30

31 Suggested readings: Agrawal, P.K Hand Bok of Seed Technology. Dept.Of Agriculture and Cooperation. National Seed Corporation Ltd., New Delhi. Balasubramanian.D, Bryce C.F.A, Dharmalingam. K. Green. J, Kunthala Jayaraman. Concepts of Biotechnology revised edition. Universities Press (India) Private Limited, Hyderabad. Channarayappa Molecular Biotechnology- Principles and Practices. Universities Press (India) Private Limited, Hyderabad. Chawala, H.S Introduction to Plant Biotechnology. Oxford & IBH Publishing Company, New Delhi. Dubey, R. C A Textbook of Biotechnology. S. Chand& Company Ltd., New Delhi Hopkins, W.G Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley &Sons Inc,. New York, USA. Jain, J. L., S. Jain and Nitin Jain.2008 Fundamentals of Biochemistry.S. Chand& Company Ltd., New Delhi. Jha, T.B. and B.Bhosh Plant Tissue Culture- Basic and Applied. Universities Press (India) Private Limited, Hyderabad. Lewin, b genes V. Oxford university press., oxford. Pandey, b.p Botany for Degree Students : Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, Biotechnology,ecology and utilization of plants.s. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi. Salisbury,F.B. and C.W.Ross Plant Physiology. 4 th edn.(india Edition), Wordsworth, Thomson Learning Inc., USA. Taiz, L. And E. Zeiger Plant Physiology (2 nd Ed.). Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, Massachusetts USA. TimirBarauJha and BiswajitGhosh. Plant Tissue culture Basic & Applied. 31

32 III B. Sc - BOTANY PAPER- IV Part A SEMESTER VI Theory Model Question Paper Paper IV-A- T: Plant Physiology,Tissue culture and Biotechnology Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks:75 SECTION-A (Short Answer Questions) (Instructions to the paper setter: Set minimum ONE question from each unit, max Eight from all.) Answer any five of the following question 5x5=25Marks SECTION-B (Essay Questions) (Instructions to the paper setter: Set minimum two questions from each unit, either or internal choice) Answer All of the following questions 9. a) from unit I 5x10=50Marks 10.. a) 11.. a) 12.. a) 13.. a) from unit II from unit III from unit IV from unit V INTERNAL EXAMS - 25Marks 15 marks for unit tests, 5 marks for assignments and remaining 5 marks for seminar etc. 32

33 III B. Sc - BOTANY SYLLABUS PAPER IV Part -B SEMESTER-VI (Paper IV-B T Plant physiology Seed technology and Horticulture) Total hours of teaching 4 hrs per week UNIT I: PHOTOSYNTHESIS: (14 hrs) 1. Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic pigments, absorption and action spectra; Red drop and Emerson enhancement effect, concept of two photosystems, mechanism of photosynthetic electron transport and evolution of oxygen, photophosphorylation, carbon assimilation pathways: C3, C4, and CAM. 2. Photorespiration. 3. Translocation of organic substances: Mechanism of phloem transport, source-sink relationships. UNIT II: PLANT METABOLISM (12 hrs) 1.Respiration: Aerobic and Anaerobic, Glycolysis, Krebs cycle, electron transport system, mechanism of oxidative phosphorylation, pentose phosphate pathway. 2. Lipid Metabolism: Structure and functions of lipids, conversion of lipids to carbohydrates, Beta-oxidation. UNIT III: NITROGEN METABOLISM (10 hrs) 1. Nitrogen Metabolism: Nitrogen significance fixation and types-mechanism of Biological nitrogen fixation - nitrate reduction, ammonia assimilation, amino acid synthesis. 2. Protein synthesis-transcription translation UNIT IV: SEED TECHNOLOGY (12 hrs) 1. Seed: Structure and types, Seed dormancy, causes and methods of breaking dormancy. 2. Seed storage: Seed Banks, factors affecting, seed viability, genetic erosion. Seed production technology, 3. Seed testing and certification. UNIT V: HORTICULTURE (12 hrs) 1. Horticulture techniques: Introduction, Cultivation of ornamental and vegetable crops, 2. Bonsai and landscaping. 3. Floriculture: Introduction, Importance of green house, polyhouse, mist chamber, shade nets, Micro irrigation systems. Floriculture potential and its trade in India. 4. Vegetative propagation of plants: Stem, root and leaf cuttings, Layering and bud grafting. 5. Role of plant growth regulators in horticulture. 33

34 Suggested readings: Adams, C. R., K. M. Banford and M. P. Early Principles of Horticulture. Butterworth Heineman Ltd., London. Agrawal, P.K Hand Bok of Seed Technology. Dept.Of Agriculture and Cooperation. National Seed Corporation Ltd., New Delhi. Bedell, Y.E. Seed Science and Technology.Indian Forest Species.Allied Publishers Limited. New Delhi. Edmond, J. B., T. L. Senn, F.S. Adrews and R. J. Halfacre Fundamentals of Horticulture (4 th Ed.) Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi. Gorer, R The Growth of Gardens. Faber and Faber Ltd., London. Hartman,H. T. and D. E. Kestler Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices. Prentice & Hall of India, New Delhi. Hopkins, W.G Introduction to Plant Physiology. John Wiley &Sons Inc,. New York, USA. Janick Jules Horticultural Science. (3 rd Ed.). W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco. USA. Pandey, B.P Botany for Degree Students : Plant Physiology, Biochemistry, Biotechnology,ecology and utilization of plants.s. Chand & Company Ltd., New Delhi. Rao, K.M A Text Book of Horticulture.McMillan India Ltd, New Delhi. Salisbury,F.B. and C.W.Ross Plant Physiology. 4 th edn.(india Edition), Wordsworth, Thomson Learning Inc., USA. Taiz, L. And E. Zeiger Plant Physiology (2 nd Ed.). Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, Massachusetts USA. Tiwari, G.N and R.K. Goal. Green House Technology- Fundamental, Design, Modelling and application. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi. Tunwar, N.S and S. V. Singh Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standards. The Central Seed Certificatoin Board, Govt. Of India, New Delhi. 34

35 III B. Sc - BOTANY Theory Model Question Paper PAPER IV Part B SEMESTER-VI (Paper IV-B T Plant physiology, Seed technology and Horticulture) Time: 3 Hours Max. Marks: 75 SECTION-A (Short Answer Questions) (Instructions to the paper setter: Set minimum ONE question from each unit, max Eight from all.) Answer any five of the following question 5x5=25Marks SECTION-B (Essay Questions) (Instructions to the paper setter: Set minimum two questions from each unit, either or internal choice) Answer All of the following questions 9. a) from unit I 5x10=50Marks 10.. a) 11.. a) 12.. a) from unit II from unit III from unit IV 13.. a) INTERNAL EXAMS from unit V - 25Marks 15 marks for unit tests, 5 marks for assignments and remaining 5 marks for seminar etc. 35

36 III B. Sc BOTANY PRACTICAL SYLLABUS PAPER- IV Part - A&B SEMESTER VI Paper IV- A & B -P :( Plant Physiology, Tissue culture, Biotechnology, Seed Technology and Horticulture) Total hours of laboratory Exercises 48 3 per week in 16 sessions Suggested Laboratory Exercises: 1. Determination of osmotic potential of vacuolar sap by plasmolytic method using leaves of Rhoeo / Tradescantia. 2. Determination of rate of transpiration using cobalt chloride method. 3. Effect of Temperature on membrane permeability by colorimetric method 4. Study of mineral deficiency symptoms using plant material/photographs. 5. Determination of catalase activity using potato tubers by titration method. 6. Separation of chloroplast pigments using paper chromatography technique. 7. Estimation of protein by Biuret method. 8. Isolation and estimation of DNA. 9. Testing of seed viability using 2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC). 10. Demonstration of seed dressing using Biofertilizer (Rhizobium) to enrich nutrient supply. 11. Study on tools/equipment used in horticulture: Rake, hoe, spade, trowel, digger, pick-axe, shade net, glass house and mist chamber 12. Demonstration of vegetative plant propagation: 13. Knowledge of instruments and facilities used in plant tissue culture Using equipment / Photographs) 14. Study of protocols and photographs/charts related to plant Bio-technology: 15. Study of biotechnology products: Samples of antibiotics, vaccines, Biofertilizers, single cell protein, cosmetics; photographs of transgenic plants, and Artificial / synthetic seeds 16. Bonsai plants, Landscaping 17. Study visits to places of Horticultural and Biotechnological interest - Commercial Nurseries /Botanical gardens; Biotechnology R & D laboratories/industries. 36

37 III B. Sc BOTANY PAPER- IV A&B at the end of VI Semester Practical Model Question Paper Paper IV-A&B P : Plant Physiology, Tissue culture and Biotechnology, Seed technology And Horticulture 3 hours Marks Conduct the Major Experiment A and discuss the results along with its application. 15 Marks 2. Explain the Specimen/ Chart / setup of B in detail with a labeled diagram. 9 Marks 3. Explain or comment on the Specimen / Chart / setup of C in detail with a labeled diagram. 8 Marks 4. Explain or comment on the Specimen / Chart / setup of D in detail with a labeled diagram. 8 Marks 5. Field Notes and Record submissions is Compulsory 10 Marks Total 50 Marks Key: A: Physiology Experiments any one 1. Determination of osmotic potential 2. Determination of rate of transpiration using cobalt chloride method. 3. Determination of catalase activity using potato tubers by titration method. 4. Separation of chloroplast pigments using paper chromatography technique. 5. Estimation of protein by biuret method. 6. Testing of seed viability using 2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC). 7. Effect of temperature on membrane permeability. B: Minor Experiment 1. Study of mineral deficiency symptoms using plant material /photographs 2. Isolation and estimation of DNA 3. Demonstration of seed dressing using fungicide to control diseases. 4. Demonstration of seed dressing using biofertilizer (Rhizobium) to enrich nutrient supply. C: Plant Tissue Culture Techniques 1. Knowledge of instruments and facilities used in plant tissue culture Using photographs 2. Study of protocols and photographs/charts related to plant Bio-technology 3. Study of biotechnology products: Samples of antibiotics, vaccines, biofertilizers, single Cell protein, photographs of transgenic plants, Plant synthetic seeds D: Horticulture Techniques 1. Study on tools/equipment used in horticulture: Rake, hoe, spade, trowel, digger, pick-axe, shade net, glass house and mist chamber 2. Demonstration of vegetative plant propagation: Rooting of cuttings Leaf and Stem; layering; stem, bud and wedge grafting. 3. Landscape, and Bonsai Plants 37