How Plants Grow HOME GARDENING OSHER LIFELONG LEARNING SPRING 2015
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1 How Plants Grow HOME GARDENING OSHER LIFELONG LEARNING SPRING 2015
2 What is a plant? 1.bp.blogspot.com
3 What is a plant? Living organism that, unlike an animal, cannot move voluntarily, manufactures food from the sun s energy and carbon dioxide and has no sense organs... Webster
4 How Plants Grow Part 1: Plant Anatomy and Structure
5 The Cell
6 Plant Tissues Groups of cells similar in appearance or function. Differentiate from meristematic tissues. Vascular tissue is an example.
7 Root Functions Anchor the plant in the soil Absorb nutrients and moisture Serve as food storage organs Provide a means of propagation
8 Taproot Roots Primary root continues to elongate downward to the soil Becomes dominant and most important root feature Lateral Side or branch roots that grow from another, larger root Fibrous Root system where primary root never existed or developed Numerous smaller or lateral roots develop Branching repeatedly to form absorptive fibrous root system
9 Types of Roots Root Hairs -Develop on root just behind zone of elongation -Perform much of the work for water and nutrient absorption
10 Mycorrhizae Mycorrhizae (white) growing on a root
11 Mycorrhizae Fungus benefits from a steady supply of sugar donated by the host plant Plant benefits from added absorptive surface area
12 Stems Support leaves to maximize light absorption Part of conduit for transport of water, minerals, and organic solutes Storage
13 Herbaceous dicot Stems Cambium monocot Woody dicot
14 Stem (twig) Parts terminal bud terminal bud scar internode node leaf scar lateral bud Thorns- Develop as modified twigs on stem
15 Above Ground Modified Stems Crowns Compressed stems having leaves /flowers on short internodes Strawberries, dandelions, African violets Spurs Short stubby stems, arise from the main stem Pears, apples, cherries Stolons Horizontal stems that are fleshy or semi-woody Lie along top of the ground Strawberry runners and spider plants
16 Modified Stems Modified Stems C R O W N S P U R T H O R N S T O L O N
17 Below Ground Modified Stems Rhizomes Grow underground Compressed and fleshy Bulbs Short stem surrounded by fleshy leaves/scales Tulips, lilies, daffodils, onions Corms Solid, swollen stems with dry, scale-like leaves Gladiolus
18 Modified Stems Modified Stems Tuber Bulb Corm
19 Buds Undeveloped shoot, containing leaves or flowers Protect from cold (scales) Require chilling to resume growth Classified by their location on the stem
20 Principal function is to absorb sunlight and manufacture sugars. The Leaf
21 The Leaf
22 Leaf Types Margins Veination
23 Cotyledons Leaf Modifications (all leaves are modified stems) Seed leaves; storage organs to feed the germinating seedling while true leaves develop Spines and tendrils Protect the plant or assist in support
24 Leaf Modifications, cont. Bracts Brightly colored; showy structures Storage leaves Serve as storage organs containing starch and water in bulbs and other structures
25 The Flower
26 Pistil Stamens Petal Sepal
27 Types of Flowers Complete Has stamens, pistil, petals, and sepals Perfect Contains functional stamens and pistils Pistillate (Female) Flower that possesses a functional pistil or pistils Staminate (Male) Flower that contains stamens Dioecious Male and female flowers on separate plants Monoecious Male and female flowers on same plant
28 How Plants Grow PART 2: PLANT PROCESSES AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES
29 Plant Processes: Photosynthesis The process of a plant manufacturing its own food This requires: Energy from the sun Carbon dioxide from the air Water, usually from the soil Chlorophyll harnesses light energy Use this energy to split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen
30 Factors Affecting PHO Light Carbon dioxide Temperature Water Photosynthesis Illustrated
31 Respiration Chemical process by which sugars and starches produced by photosynthesis are converted to energy Energy is used to build new tissues and help the plant grow
32 PHO vs. Resp. and Plant Growth Photosynthsis Respiration
33 Transpiration Transpiration loss of water vapor from the plant Process is a consequence of plants having stomata open to take in air containing carbon dioxide Excessive transpiration leads to wilting and closing of stomata Transpiration does help to cool leaves
34 Plant Growth and the Environment
35 Environmental Influences: Water Primary component of cells Necessary for turgidity Solvent and transport agent Biochemical reagent Water-related conditions Water stress Drought tolerance Excess moisture
36 Environmental Influences: Light Quantity Up to a point, more sunlight the received by a plant the greater its capacity to produce food If light intensity becomes too high, photosynthesis can actually be reduced Intensity varies with the season of the year
37 Light: Quantity Low-light plants High-light plants
38 Light: Quality Color or wavelength reaching the plant affects growth Spectrum of electro-magnetic wave radiation Photosynthesis- red and blue wavelengths Photoperiodism- red and far-red wavelengths
39 Photoperiod: Light: Duration Length of time that a plant is exposed to sunlight or darkness Short-day: Length of uninterrupted darkness is critical to flowering Long-day: Day lengths longer than a certain number of hours critical for flowering to occur Day-neutral: Form flowers regardless of day length
40 Two short-day effects Chrysanthemum Sugar Maple
41 Environmental Influences: Temperature Affects productivity and growth By affecting photosynthesis and respiration A plants response: Depends upon its needs Adaptability to warm or cool season conditions
42 The Cardinal Temperatures Optimum Temperature Minimum Plant Growth Maximum images.search.yahoo.com
43 Influence of Temperature 100 Temperature ( o C) Photosynthsis Respiration Growth rate
44 High Temperature Stress Reduced PHO Starvation Plant injury
45 Low Temperature Stress Reduced PHO Poor growth Chill injury Freeze damage Freeze Damage
46 USDA Cold-hardiness Map Zone 6 Zone 5 (-10 to -20) (0 to -10) Zone 7 (0 to +10)
47 Heat Zones Map Days hotter than 86 o F
48 Environmental Influences: Air Contains nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide Also water vapor or humidity Number of other gaseous compounds 79% nitrogen 20% oxygen.04% carbon dioxide = 400 ppm
49 Why carbon dioxide? Carbon dioxide Water Glucose Oxygen gas PHOTOSYNTHESIS
50 The Soil Atmosphere Air in the soil usually contains more carbon dioxide than atmospheric air
51 Air Pollutants Many of the gases in the air will affect plant growth
52 Air Pollution Symptoms Ozone: tissues become marked white to tan specks; destroys plant cells by damaging their membranes Sulfur dioxide: causes dry, dead leaves at the leaf margins and between veins Ethylene: drooping (epinastic) leaves -mostly occurs in greenhouses with malfunctioning heaters
53 Questions?
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Chapter 28 The plant body has a hierarchy of organs, tissues, and cells Plants, like multicellular animals: o Have organs composed of different tissues, which are in turn composed of cells 3 basic organs:
Roots anchor plants and absorb mineral nutrients from soil.
Thu 3/30 Activities Learning Target Describe the forms and functions of plant roots and stems. (21.3) Describe the structures that are common to most leaves. (21.4) Identify the adaptations that allow
Plant Anatomy and Life Processes Study Guide
Plant Anatomy and Life Processes Study Guide Science SOL 4.4 Please use this study guide to study daily for your test! Please keep this study guide in your HOMEWORK FOLDER so that you can use it to study
Roots, Shoots & Leaves
Name Test Date Hour Plant Structure & Function #2 - Notebook Roots, Shoots & Leaves LEARNING TARGETS I can describe the functions of roots I can explain the nitrogen fixing process and why it is needed.