1. Climatic Factors. Light Water Temperature Wind Humidity
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1 Plant Environment - Factors Affecting Plant Growth & Distribution
2 1. Climatic Factors Light Water Temperature Wind Humidity
3 1. Climatic factors (Light) Effect of light intensities, quality, and duration of light 1. Photosynthesis Low light intensity decreases rate of photosynthesis Increase in light intensity increases rate of photosynthesis Photosynthesis rate is high in blue and red lights Photosynthesis rate is low in green light (except red algae)
4 1. Climatic factors (Light) Effect of light intensities, quality, and duration of light 2. Pigmentation Low light intensity is more effective for chlorophyll production, compared to high. Strong light destroys chlorophylls and decreases rate of photosynthesis. 3. Distribution of chloroplast In Strong light intensity, chloroplast get arranged parallel to vertical walls in order to receive light by their edges (Parastrophie). In Low light intensity, chloroplast get arranged parallel to horizontal walls in order to receive maximum light on their flat sides (Epistrophie).
5 1. Climatic factors (Light) Effect of light intensities, quality, and duration of light 4. Photomorphogenesis Absence of light or dim light produces long and weak seedlings with elongated internodes (Etiolation). Presence of light produces green seedlings with expanded leaves and upright apex. 5. Seed germination In total drakness, mots of seeds do not germinate. Flash of Red light induces 100% germination (Positively Photoblastic). E.g. Lettuce Some seeds don not germinate in presence of light (Negatively Photoblastic). E.g. Tomato.
6 1. Climatic factors (Light) Effect of light intensities, quality, and duration of light 6. Plant movements Movements of organisms towards or away from light is called Phototaxis. Stem is positively phototropic. Roots are negatively phototropic 7. Startification and canopy Tall tress receive full light, smaller trees and shrubs receive less light and herbs and ground vegetation receive very low light intensity. Conifers have cone-shaped canopy in which upper younger branches are shorter and receive maximum light.
7 1. Climatic factors (Water) Rain Transpiration Evapo-transpiration Runoff Irrigation Evaporation Root Zone Water Storage Below Root Zone Drainage
8 1. Climatic factors (Water) Functions of water in plants- A primary component in photosynthesis. Maintains the turgor pressure or firmness of tissue and transports nutrients throughout the plant. A major constituent of the protoplasm of a cell. Regulates the opening and closing of stomatas, thus regulating transpiration. Provides the pressure to move a root through the soil. Solvent for the plant' nutrients and for moving carbohydrates to their site of use or storage.
9 1. Climatic factors (Water) Scarcity of water causes- Wilting and drying up of plants. Reduced growth. Reduced photosynthesis. Stunted growth. Pale yellow seedlings. Reduced rates of gaseous exchange.
10 1. Climatic factors (Temperature) Effects of on plant Growth Photosynthesis: Increases with temperature to a point. Respiration: Rapidly increases with temperature. Transpiration: Increases with temperature. Flowering: May be partially triggered by temperature. Sugar storage: Low temperatures reduce energy use and increase sugar storage. Dormancy: Warmth, after a period of low temperature, will break dormancy and the plant will resume active growth.
11 1. Climatic factors (Temperature) Injuries due to extremes of temperature Sun scald Yellowing of leaves Wilting Fruit scald Extreme Temp. Stem girdle Leaf scorch
12 1. Climatic factors (Temperature) Adaptation to prevent frost or chilling injury Conversion of starch into soluble sugars H 2 O inside cells changes into ice crystals Development of propagules e.g. bulbs, tubers, rhizomes, corms Deposition of mucilage, pectans pentosans Presence of thick coating of hair like growths
13 1. Climatic factors (Temperature) Adaptation to high temperature Presence of cuticle, bark, hairs, waxy coating to reduce transpiration Shedding off leaves (leaf fall) Orientation of leaves Development of pigments like anthocyanins, tannins etc. High contents of soluble carbohydrates
14 Dispersal of pollen grains & disease causing m organisms Dispersal of seeds & fruits Dwarfing Breaking of branches and uprooting of plants (wind throw/wind fall) Deformation of shoots 1. Climatic factors (Wind) Effects on plants Lodging (bending & flattening of plants against ground) Abrasion (damage of delicate parts of plant by sand/dust particles/ice) Soil erosion & deposition Salt spray (at sea coasts) Transpiration Rain fall
15 1. Climatic factors (Humidity) High atmospheric humidity reduces transpiration in plants. Plants growing in high humidity areas show luxuriant growth with long internodes and thinner leaves. Plants growing in dry areas are adapted to reduces transpiration and storing water. Many orchids, bromaliads, lichens, mosses etc. absorb water directly from atmosphere. Epiphytes absorb water from air s moisture by hygroscopic roots which possess spongy dead tissue, called Velamen.
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