1.1 The Body of Seed Plants Seed Plants those

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1 1.1 The Body of Seed Plants Seed Plants those plants that make seeds. come in all shapes and sizes. have the same structures, which do the same job in all plants. Structures: Flowers each flower usually has both male and female parts for reproduction. Stems provide a pathway for movement of water and food. support the leaves and reproductive structures. Seeds contain an embryo that will form a new plant. contain a food supply for the embryo. Leaves produce food for the plant. take in and release oxygen and carbon dioxide. allow water to exit the plant. Cones there are separate male and female cones for reproduction. Each tree will have both Roots absorb water and dissolved nutrients. anchor the plant in the soil. Flower Stem Leaves Cones Seeds Roots 1

2 1.2 Plant Processes A Process for Moving Water Up from the Roots Plants move water from the roots up to the leaves through several processes. Transpiration Transpiration the plant process that pulls the water up from the roots. 1st - evaporation of water from the surface of the leaves. 2nd evaporated water pulls water inside stem up to the leaves. 3rd water is continuously pulled which brings water into the roots. Transpiration Capillary Action Two processes help move the water up the narrow tube. Cohesion water is attracted to other water particles. Adhesion water is attracted to the walls of the narrow tube in stem. Capillary Action In a very narrow tube the force of adhesion and cohesion is more attractive than the force of gravity, which allows the water to move up through the stem. Osmosis in cells, the movement of water across the cell membrane. moves water into roots from the soil. water naturally moves: High Water Low Water Concentration Concentration (in the soil) (in the roots) Osmosis 2

3 Photosynthesis Photosynthesis A Process to Make Food Photosynthesis process by which plants use light energy, carbon dioxide, and water to make their own food. Chloroplasts the structure in plants cells that carry out photosynthesis. Equation Solar + Carbon + Water Food + Oxygen + Water Energy Dioxide Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration A Process to Use Food Cellular Respiration the process in which cells break down sugar particles into carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Equation Cellular Respiration Food + Oxygen + Water Energy + Carbon + Water Dioxide Mitochondria the structure in plant & animal cells that carry out cellular respiration. Processes to Move Substances In and Out of Plant Cells After making the food, the plants must transport it to the other cells. 2 important processes move substances. Pores - tiny openings in the cell membrane of plant cells. - act like a filter, allow certain substances to move in and out of the cell. 3

4 Processes to Move Substances In and Out of Plant Cells 1) Diffusion the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area with a low concentration. Processes to Move Substances In and Out of Plant Cells 2) Active Transport the process in which large particles cross the cell membrane; active transport requires energy. Concentration the number of particles of one substance in a certain volume of another substance. Diffusion Can be seen in all substances. Substances move from HIGH LOW concentrations Osmosis Is basically the diffusion of water Very common in cells because water is small enough to move through pores. A Process to Exchange Gases Gas Exchange the process by which carbon dioxide and oxygen move in and out of the plant. Life Cycle the stages that an organism passes through in going from one generation to the next. 1.3 Reproduction of Seed Plants Seed starts Seedling grows & develops to grow reproductive structures Adult pollination Seed Plant Life Cycle 4

5 The Seed Stage A seed has 3 main parts embryo stored food -used to nourish embryo until able to survive on own. seed coat The Seedling Stage Grows very fast. Produces own food through photosynthesis and nutrients from soil. The Adult Stage Produces reproductive structures Ex) flower or cone Reproduction of Seed Plants Pollination process in which male and female parts of a plant join to produce a seed. Male part is called the pollen. Pollen small, sticky cells - a plant produces millions of pollen grains Female part is called ovary. Ovary usually in the centre of the blossom. - contains an ovule 5

6 Pollination 1st - Occurs after a pollen grain lands on the stigma of a flower, above the ovary. 2nd - Pollen grain produces a pollen tube that grows down to the ovule. 3rd - Pollen grains then transfer to the ovule and grow into a seed. Pollination Cone-bearing plants (conifers) usually have separate male and female cones Male produce pollen Female produce ovules (once pollinated seed develops on female cones) Many plants such as conifers & wheat fields, are pollinated by wind. Pollinators organisms that carry pollen from one flower to another. pollination video 1st the organism lands on a flower in search of nectar. 2nd pollen gets stuck to the body of the organism. 3rd then the organism transports the pollen to the next flower. Although it is done naturally, farmers develop ways to ensure it happens. Ex) beehives near their plants Pollination Video Bucket Orchid 6

7 Reproduction without Seeds Vegetative Reproduction reproduction of seed plants that does not involve the production of seeds. these reproduced plants are genetically identical. Examples Some plants reproduce from stems Runners long stems that grow along the soil of the surface and produce new plants. Rhizomes plants that form underground stems and produce new plants. Bulbs, tubers, & corms underground stems produced close to the plants. Technology to Reproduce Plants Suckers new plants that are produced from the roots of the parent plant. Common in the horticultural industry; new plants are produced in nurseries. Cuttings a cut piece of a plant that is used to reproduce that plant. - cuttings usually have a part of the stem and a few leaves. 7

8 Technology to Reproduce Plants Grafting a technology to reproduce plants that involves attaching part of one plant to a second plant. Check and Reflect Questions Page Plant Structures are Adapted to Their Environment Orange trees can not grow in Alberta, but white pine trees can. Plants have structures and adaptations that match their environment Examples Cacti in Dry environments - have thick stems to conserve water - have tiny spines for protection Grass - thin leaves so many can fit in a small place for easy pollination. - depth of roots help find water in drought conditions. 8

9 Sunflower - have large, wide leaves to capture lots of sun. Pretty Flowers - have bright colours and sweet nectar to attract insects. White Spruce Trees - have thin needle-like leaves with thick resin coating to protect from drying out. Some plants - have fibrous thick mat of roots to gather water near upper layers of soil. - have long taproot that collect water that is deep in the soil. Check and reflect Wild Mustard - have adapted to produce seeds in a short growing season. Page

10 Plant Needs and Growing Conditions Plants need the right amount of: Light Water Nutrients Space Plants need different amounts of Light Ex) A fern needs less light than a marigold does. Plants need different amounts of Water A cactus needs very little water. A rice plant needs to grow in water Plants need different Nutrients Nutrients are substances that provide the energy and materials that plants need to grow. The main nutrients are: nitrogen phosphorous potassium calcium magnesium Plants need sufficient amounts of each nutrient to grow and develop properly. Ex) Lack of nitrogen leads to yellow leaves 10

11 Venus Fly Trap a carnivorous plant that compensates for a lack of nutrients (especially nitrogen) in soil by capturing and eating insects. Plants need different amounts of Space Ex) Buttercup plants need very little space compared to redwoods. Page 125 # 1-6 Assess Your Learning 11