Dynamic Plant. Adapted for Photosynthesis. Common Leaf Forms. An examination of leaves. Leaves are usually thin
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1 Dynamic Plant An examination of leaves Common Leaf Forms Adapted for Photosynthesis DICOT blade petiole axillary bud node MONOCOT sheath node blade Leaves are usually thin High surface area-to-volume ratio Promotes diffusion of carbon dioxide in, oxygen out Leaves are arranged to capture sunlight Are held perpendicular to rays of sun Arranged so they don t shade one another 1
2 Simple leaves - With a single blade Leaf Shape Compound leaves - Blade divided into leaflets Pinnately compound leaves - Leaflets in pairs along rachis (petiole) Bipinnately compound leaf - Leaflets subdivided Palmately compound leaves - All leaflets attached at same point at end of petiole. Bipinnately compound leaf Palmately compound leaf Venation Arrangement of veins in a leaf or leaflet blade Pinnately veined leaves - Main midvein included within enlarged midrib. Palmately veined leaves - Several primary veins fan out from base of blade. Leaf Arrangement a) Alternate b) Opposite c) Whorled Pinnate venation Palmate venation 2
3 Internal Anatomy of Leaves Cuticle Epidermis Veins -surrounded by bundle sheath Stomata stem xylem Water, dissolved mineral ions from roots and stems move into leaf vein (blue arrow) phloem Photosynthetic products (pink arrow) enter vein, will be transported throughout plant body leaf blade leaf vein Oxygen and water vapor diffuse out of leaf at stomata. Leaf Vein (one vascular bundle) Carbon dioxide in outside air enters leaf at stomata. cuticle Upper Epidermis Palisade Spongy Lower Epidermis cuticle-coated cell of lower epidermis one stoma (opening across epidermia) 50µm Fig , p.501 Most photosynthesis takes place in the mesophyll between the two epidermal layers. I. Palisade Compactly stacked, barrel-shaped parenchyma cells, commonly in two rows Contains most of leaf s chloroplasts II. Spongy Loosely arranged parenchyma cells with abundant air spaces 3
4 Leaf Veins: Vascular Bundles Xylem and phloem; often strengthened with fibers In dicots, veins are netlike In monocots, they are parallel Stomata Site of gas exchange. CO2 comes into the leaf Water and oxygen exit the leaf. Open when water is abundant. Close when water is scarce. Transport of Sugars Sugars flow from: Source (leaf) Sink Sink = any structure that uses up sugars or stores them e.g. fruits, roots, stems. Pressure-flow theory relies on differential hydrostatic pressure to move fluid through the phloem cells. 4
5 Specialized Leaves Sundews Have round to oval leaves covered with glandular hairs that have a sticky fluid of digestive enzymes at tip Venus s Flytraps Only in North Carolina and South Carolina Blade halves trap insects. Sundew Venus s Flytraps Specialized Leaves Leaves of Arid Regions Arid regions have limited availability of water, wide temperature ranges, and high light intensities. Leaves reduce loss of water by: Thick, leathery leaves Fewer stomata or sunken stomata Succulent, water-retaining leaves, or no leaves Dense, hairy coverings Leaves of Aquatic Areas Less xylem and phloem not differentiated into palisade and spongy layers. Tendrils Spines Specialized Leaves Tendrils Thorns - Modified stems arising in the axils of leaves of woody plants Thorn 5
6 Abscission Seasonal leaf drop Process by which leaves are shed Occurs as a result of changes in abscission zone near base of petiole Protective layer o Cells coated and impregnated with suberin. Separation layer o Pectins in middle lamella of cells are broken down by enzymes. Trichomes on an Arabidopsis leaf. Trichomes are extensions from the plant's epidermis and they occur in numerous shapes and sizes in various plants. Trichomes may provide defense against insects and the trichomes of the stinging nettle (Urtica) irritate human skin. SEM. Phytoremediation Using plants to clean up contaminants. 6
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