Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on the production of tomato in Togo

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1 Aville online t Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 9(3): , June 2015 ISSN X (Online), ISSN (Print) Originl Pper Effects of Arusculr Mycorrhizl Fungi on the production of tomto in Togo Essohoun Modom BANLA 1, Agnssim BANITO 2* nd Jen Minikpo SOGBEDJI 2 1 Institut Togolis de Recherche Agronomique, BP 1163, Lomé, Togo. 2 Ecole Supérieure d Agronomie, Université de Lomé, BP 1515, Lomé, Togo. * Corresponding uthor; E-mil: gnssim@hotmil.com; Tel. : / ABSTRACT A field study ws conducted to ssess the effectiveness of the Arusculr Mycorrhizl Fungus (AMF) Glomus sp. on the plnt growth, the flowering nd the fruit yield of tomto (Lycopersicon esculentum, Mill.). Thus, 4 strins of Glomus sp. (M 233, M 353, B 3 nd Gd) were tested in comprison with NPK fertilizer on 3 tomto vrieties ICRIXINA, TROPIMECH nd PETO76, using complete rndomized lock design with three replictions. The results reveled tht 84 dys fter trnsplnting (DAT), the rte of root coloniztion y the fungus did not exceed 25%, nd the plnt height ws not ffected y AMF inocultion, wheres M 353 induced lte flowering on ICRIXINA t 69 DAT nd PETO76 t 74 DAT. Also the four AMF strins induced similr fruit yields s tht of NPK for ech of the 3 tomto vrieties used. However, the response of tomto plnts to AMF vried with the vrieties Interntionl Formule Group. All rights reserved. Keywords: AMF strins, effectiveness, tomto production, Togo. INTRODUCTION Tomto (Lycopersicon esculentum, Mill.) is one of the importnt vegetle crops worldwide with high nutritionl vlue. Tomto World production estimted to tons in 2011, hs incresed to tones compred to previous yer (FAO, 2012). In Togo, the re of tomto production in the urn nd peri-urn zones incresed while tomto yield decresed (Sikor nd Fernndez, 2005). Production hs decresed from 6000 to 5346 tones etween 2010 nd 2011 (FAO, 2012) due to mny constrints, mong which the decrese of soil fertility is one of the most importnt (Jmes et l., 2005). To fce this mjor constrint, frmers re used to pply chemicl fertilizers which, however, re expensive nd highly polluting. One of the promising lterntives is the use of the rusculr mycorrhizl fungi (AMF), which re orgnisms tht uild symiotic reltionship with more thn 80% of living plnts worldwide (Oehl et l., 2004; Smith nd Red, 2008). AMF were reported to improve plnt vigor nd induce greter protection of the plnt ginst vrious iotic nd iotic stress fctors (Hol nd Cook, 2005; Cstillo et l., 2006; Khosd et l., 2007; Jvid nd Riz, 2008; Tchi et l., 2008; Oseni et l., 2010). AMF induced more efficiency in nutrient nd wter cquisition, thus improved plnt growth (Oseni et l., 2010), crop productivity (Jvid nd Riz, 2015 Interntionl Formule Group. All rights reserved. DOI :

2 2008) nd soil structure (Shreiner et l., 1997). Bryl nd Koide (1990, 1998) reported significnt increse of the numer of flower nd the numer of mture fruits nd their weights in mycorrhized tomtoes. They lso found differentil rection of AMF mong tomto genotypes. The effectiveness of AMF on the plnt productivity hs een well documented (Atimnv nd Adholey, 2002; Zidi et l., 2003 ; Oseni et l., 2010). However, no dt is ville on the use of AMF in griculture in Togo. Therefore, the present study imed t investigting the effects of Arusculr Mycorrhizl Fungi on the tomto production in Togo. MATERIALS AND METHODS Experimentl site The tril ws conducted under field conditions t the High School of Agriculture Experimentl Sttion t the University of Lomé in Togo, from My to Septemer 2011 with the verge temperture nd reltive humidity of 27 C nd 70%, respectively, nd the monthly verge rinfll of 1000 mm. The vegettion is forest-svnnh trnsition zone. The soil is sndy clyey with 48 ppm P, 0.08 meq K, 0.51 meq C, 0.39 meq Mg +, 0.06% N nd ph of Inocultion of plnts Three tomto vrieties ICRIXINA, TROPIMECH nd PETO76 nd four strins of Glomus sp. (M 233, Gd from Benin, M 353, B 3 from Senegl) were used. The plnt mteril nd the strins were received from Interntionl Institute of Tropicl Agriculture (IITA) Sttion in Cotonou, Benin. The inoculums were grown on Allium porrum nd pplied t the dose of 2 kg per 0.5 m 2 ccording to the method descried y Mmtht nd Bgyrj (2002) nd Djigl (2003). The NPK fertilizer ws pplied 15 nd 30 dys fter trnsplnting t the dose of 200 g per 3 m 2. Experimentl design Plnts of tomto vrieties ICRIXINA, TROPIMECH nd PETO76 were grown for 3 weeks in nursery on the soil previously sterilized t 105 C for 30 min nd inoculted with the mycorrhizl strins. Six tretments corresponding to 6 plots were dopted: one plot for ech of the 4 mycorrhizl strins used, one plot for the NPK fertilizer, wheres the control ws neither inoculted nor fertilized. Three weeks old seedlings were trnsplnted in the experimented field plots. The tril ws set up s complete rndomized lock design with three replictions. Weeding ws performed when necessry. Cypercl t the dose of 1 L.h -1 nd Mncoze t the dose of 0.75 kg.h -1 were used to control leforers nd fungl diseses, respectively. Assessment of the mycorrhiztion Six rndomly selected plnts per plot were pulled out from the soil t 12 weeks fter trnsplnting nd wshed. For ech plnt, 10 roots of 10 mm long stined with trypn lue in lctophenol using the method descried y Phillips nd Hymn (1970) mended y Brundrett et l. (1996). The mycorrhiztion rte ws ssessed using the grid line-intersect method of the lter uthors (Brundrett et l., 1996). Assessment of the plnt growth, erly flowering nd fruit yield The plnt height ws recorded once week from the 3 rd to the 12 th week fter trnsplnting. The flowering of 50% of plnts for ech tretment ws determined s n indictor of the erly flowering. Tomto fruits were hrvested three times week on six plnts per plot from 12 to 18 weeks fter trnsplnting. The weight of the fruits per plnt nd the totl yield were determined. Sttisticl nlysis The recorded dt nlysis ws performed using ANOVA in GenSTAT 1271

3 softwre. The mens were discriminted using Duncn s Multiple Rnge Test t the level of 5%. RESULTS Rte of mycorrhiztion The results showed tht the mycorrhiztion rtes rnged from 6% to 23% mong strins (Tle 1). Significnt differences of mycorrhiztion etween the fungus strins were oserved (p 0.001). The highest rte ws recorded with plnts inoculted with the strin Gd (23.67%) followed y tht inoculted with the strin M 353 (18%) on the vriety ICRIXINA, while the strin B 3 recorded the lowest mycorrhiztion level of 6.67% on the vriety PETO76. The mycorrhiztion in ll the inoculted plots ws higher thn in the NPK nd the control plots. Also, significnt differences of mycorrhiztion rtes were oserved regrding vrieties (p = 0.004). For ICRIXINA the strin Gd induced significntly higher mycorrhiztion level thn B 3 nd M 233, ut did not differ from the strin M 353. Also, on TROPIMECH, the strins Gd nd M 353 recorded sttisticlly the sme mycorrhiztion rte, ut significntly higher thn the strins B 3 nd M 233. On PETO76 only the strin M 353 induced significntly higher mycorrhiztion rte thn the strin B 3. Effects of AMF on plnt growth, erly flowering nd fruit yield Plnt growth: The plnt heights rnged from 55 cm to cm for the 4 fungus strins, wheres the control plnt heights were from cm to cm (Tle 2). The ANOVA nlysis reveled no significnt difference etween ll the tretments including the NPK nd the control (p = 0.69). Flowering: The flowering time vried from 59 to 73 dys fter plnting in inoculted plnts nd from 58 to 63 dys in the control tretment (Tle 3). However, no significnt differences ws oserved etween ll the tretments, except the tretment with the strin M 353 which induced significntly longer flowering time thn other tretments on the vrieties ICRIXINA nd PETO76 (p = 0.002). Fruit yield: On the vriety ICRIXINA, the fruit yield ws 10 t.h -1 for plot inoculted with M 233 nd 16 t.h -1 NPK for plot, respectively. On TROPIMECH the fertilizer NPK recorded the highest fruit yield of 26 t.h -1 wheres the strin M 233 s well s the control recorded 14 t.h -1. On the vriety PETO76 the fertilizer NPK nd the strin M233 recorded the fruit yield of 17 t.h -1, while the control recorded 12 t.h -1 (Tle 4). The ANOVA nlysis reveled generlly no significnt difference in fruit yield induced y the mycorrhizl strins nd the NPK tretment, except for the strins M233 nd B3 on the vriety ICRIXINA nd the strin M233 on the vriety TROPIMECH where the fruit yield ws significntly lesser thn tht of the NPK tretment (p = 0.003). Tle 1: Rte of mycorrhiztion (% of colonized roots). Vrieties M cd* M Gd B c c NPK 3.63 d 2.33 c 2.00 c Control d 1.33 c 2.33 c *In column vlues with the sme letter re not significntly different t 5% level with Duncn s Multiple Rnge Test. M233, M353, B3 nd Gd = Glomus strins used. 1272

4 Tle 2: Averge tomto plnt height (cm). Vrieties M * M Gd B NPK Control * In column vlues with the sme letter re not significntly different t 5% level with Duncn s Multiple Rnge Test. M233, M353, B3 nd Gd = Glomus strins used. Tle 3: Time of flowering of tomto (in dys fter plnting). Vrieties M c* M Gd c B NPK c Control c *In column vlues with the sme letter re not significntly different t 5% level with Duncn s Multiple Rnge Test. M233, M353, B3 nd Gd = Glomus strins used. Tle 4: Tomto fruit yield (t.h -1 ). Vrieties M * M Gd B NPK Control * In column vlues with the sme letter re not significntly different t 5% level with Duncn s Multiple Rnge Test. M233, M353, B3 nd Gd = Glomus strins used. 1273

5 DISCUSSION Previous experiment on the coloniztion of tomto plnts y Glomus sp. reveled mycorrhiztion rte of higher thn 50% (Nedorost nd Poklud, 2012). In the present study, the coloniztion level did not exceed 24%. Low mycorrhizl root coloniztion in field (10-20%) hs lso een oserved y Ashley (2007). The uthor found tht low seedlings mycorrhizl coloniztion efore trnsplnting nd soil disturnce during production were correlted with low mycorrhizl root coloniztion in field. In the present study, the seedlings hve een trnsplnted only 21 dys fter sowing; lso weeding hs een performed 10 times during the experiment. This might distur the soil nd influence negtively the estlishment of the fungus on the tomto roots. Erlier studies conducted y Evns nd Miller (1990), demonstrted tht the disturnce of the soil induced destruction of the AMF mycelium nd led on the reduction of the coloniztion of mize plnts y the fungus. The present study reveled vriility mycorrhiztion in the rte etween fungus strins nd lso etween tomto vrieties. Recently, Cstillo et l. (2012) found lso difference in AMF coloniztion of whet, rley nd ots vrieties in southern Chile. The sence of n AMF effect on vegettive growth of tomto plnts ws reported y Smith et l. (2004) nd Ashley (2007) who found no response of the plnts growth to AMF coloniztion. The uthors suggested tht the unresponsive of the plnts growth could e due to the low rte of AMF mycorrhiztion oserved. Moore (1998) oserved tht less thn 20% of root coloniztion y the AMF did not induce positive effect on the plnt growth. In the present study, the rtes of mycorrhiztion otined were generlly less thn 20%, thus could explin the none effect on the plnt growth oserved. Nowk (2004) oserved tht tomto plnts inoculted with some Glomus species hd lte flowering compred to none inoculted plnts. Poulton et l. (2002) found 1274 tht AMF coloniztion reduced significntly the flowering time of the plnts. Recently, Slvioli et l. (2012) found lso tht the mycorrhiztion of Glomus mossee strins on tomto plnts reduced significntly their flowering time. In spite of tht these uthors experimented under controlled conditions while the present study ws crried out under field conditions with nturl climte condition, ssimilr results were found. This could explin the ineffectiveness of the mycorrhiztion on the flowering time. The results showed significnt effect on flowering time induced y the strin M 353 on the vrieties ICRIXINA nd PETO76 ut not on TROPIMECH. Vriility of the mycorrhizl response on the flowering of tomto plnts hs een demonstrted y Poulton et l. (2002). The effect of AMF on tomto yield is remrkle. Except plots inoculted with the strin M 233 on vrieties ICRIXINA nd TROPIMECH, nd those inoculted with the strin B 3 on ICRIXINA, ll inoculted plots recorded sttisticlly the sme tomto yield s NPK tretment. Former studies demonstrted the cpcity of the AMF to improve wter nd minerl supply of tomto plnts in the sence of NPK, thus to induce the vegetle yield s well s the minerl fertilizer (Busher, 2007). The uthor oserved tht the Glomus AMF improved plnt supply in wter, phosphorus nd nitrogen, leding to higher yield. Also, Oseni et l. (2010) demonstrted n enhncement of the crop productivity due to inocultion with the AMF. Mycorrhizl fungi hve een reported in the roots of chickpe plnts, improving the growth nd yield of these plnts (Zidi et l., 2003). Erlier studies reported the enhncement of growth of leguminous plnts y the AMF (Atimnv nd Adholey, 2002). The present results reveled differentil rection of the strins B 3 nd M 233 on the tomto yield of the vrieties. Poulton et l. (2002) showed tht the response of tomto plnts to AMF inocultion vried with genotypes. In the present study, differentil rection of the vrieties ICRIXINA nd TROPIMECH in fruit yield fter inocultion with the strins B 3 nd M 233 ws oserved.

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