Exploring litter bug diversity: the challenges of collecting and curating some of the smallest Heteroptera
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1 Exploring litter bug diversity: the challenges of collecting and curating some of the smallest Heteroptera Christiane Weirauch and Rochelle Hoey-Chamberlain Entomology Department University of California, Riverside
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3 1. Tiny, but understudied and cool: background on Dipsocoromorpha 2. NSF project goals 3. Litter bugs in the field 4. Museum work: residues and more 5. Organizing, extracting, imaging Schizopteridae: Hypselosomatinae sp. Papua New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago Prague October 2013 Schizopteridae: Hypselosomatinae sp. New Zealand Prague October 2013 Ceratocombidae: Issidomimus sp. Tanzania Prague October 2013 Schizopteridae: Humpatanannus sp. Tanzania Prague October 2013 Schizopteridae: Biturinannus sp. Brazil Prague October 2013 Schizopteridae: Pinochius sp. India Prague October 2013
4 ? Schizopteridae ~ 240 described spp. Ceratocombidae ~ 50 described spp. Dipsocoridae ~ 25 described spp. 0.5mm 5 morphologically divergent families ~320 described species Monophyly of infraorder is controversial Tiny, cryptic bugs Symmetrical to asymmetrical and uniquely modified male genitalia Sexual dimorphism slight to extreme, with females often coleopteroid
5 Images: Alex Knyshov, Rochelle Hoey-Chamberlain, Christane Weirauch 5 morphologically divergent families ~320 described species Monophyly of infraorder is controversial Tiny, cryptic bugs Symmetrical to asymmetrical and uniquely modified male genitalia Sexual dimorphism slight to extreme, with females often coleopteroid
6 Schizoptera sp. male Schizoptera spp. females? Chinannus sp. male Chinannus sp. female Nannocoris sp. male Nannocoris sp. female Symmetrical to asymmetrical and uniquely modified male genitalia Sexual dimorphism slight to extreme, with females often coleopteroid
7 Data: 28S rdna & 18S rdna Taxa: 87 terminals (all infraorders); 35 are Dipsocoromorpha MAFFT alignments; TNT and RAxML Dipsocoridae: Cryptostemma spp. only: monophyletic Ceratocombidae: Ceratocombus spp. only: monophyletic Schizopteridae: all three tribes: monophyletic Weirauch & Stys, in press, Insect Systematics & Evolution
8 Weirauch & Stys, in press, Insect Systematics & Evolution
9 tc 5 Kokeshia sp tc 4 Corixidea sp. Wing images: Stephanie Leon Weirauch & Stys, in press, Insect Systematics & Evolution
10 NSF project goals 1. Assemble the largest worldwide collection of Dipsocoromorpha or litter bugs (~15,000 specimens). 2. Produce integrative taxonomic revisions of genera and species of Schizopteridae. 3. Test family-level concepts of the 5 recognized families of Dipsocoromorpha, the monophyly of the infraorder, and the classification of Schizopteridae. 4. Test hypotheses on the stepwise evolution of elytra (Fig.1) and genital and abdominal asymmetry Three-year project; starting date July 1, 2013
11 ..in schizopterid heaven UCR crew Rochelle Hoey- Chamberlain Stephanie Léon Alex Knyshov Pavel Štys Main collaborators (taxonomic projects, coparative morphology; specimen acquisition) Dimitri Forero Petr Baňař David Rédei Jose Antonio Fernandes Dimitri Forero der/pentatomoidea/researchers/fe tomoidea/researchers/redei_david.jpg rnandes_jose.jpg Daniela Takiya
12 Litter bugs in the field Litter sifting OTS course: Costa Rica, 2010 light Traditional collecting methods
13 Beating vegetation Malaise YPT Images: Plant Bug PBI Cameroon, 2013
14 Mt. Cameroon, 2013 Pinochius sp. Mt. Cameroon, 2013 Dundonannus sp. Trinidad, 2013 Schizoptera sp.
15 Hand collecting Ceratocombus sp. Honduras 2013
16 Schizoptera sp. Honduras 2013.no jumping..., but adhesion? I. Ceratocombinae 1 Ceratocombini Ceratocombus Signoret (3 subgenera; 25 spp.) Leptonannus Reuter (3 spp.; Nearct; Neotr.; Afrotrop Feshnia Stys (1 sp.; Zaire) 2 Issidomimini Issidomimus Poppius (2 spp.; Oriental, Papua) Kvamula Stys (4 spp.; Vietnam) Muatianvuaia Wygodzinsky (5 spp.; Afrotrop.) II. Trichotonanninae 3 Trichotonannini Trichotonannus Reuter (6 spp.; Palaeotrop.) Issidomimini sp. Cameroon 2013
17 Museum work: residues and more LACM CAS MHNG CUNY Planned visits (next 12 months): FMNH, AMNH, USNM, FSCA, BMNH, SAMC
18 Curated collections and types: mostly AMNH, USNM, and BMNH Semi-curated collections : mostly CUNY
19 MHN Geneva The (?) largest leaf litter sample collection >30 countries, all biogeographic regions >1,500 Dipsos pulled (5 days) ~1,300 are Schizopteridae Semi-sorted (Heteroptera) wet samples: mostly MHNG Unsorted bulk and residue samples: various collections Weirauch Lab sample sorting 1130 samples sorted since April countries, focus on Thailand and Neotropics 1,151 Schizopteridae 5,817 Ceratocombidae
20 Samples sorted: some insights Proportion of samples per country sorted Proportion of samples with Schizopteridae per country Thailand (= TIGER) Argentina Brazil Colombia Costa Rica Honduras American Samoa Argentina Australia Bermuda Bolivia Brazil Cameroon Colombia Costa Rica Ecuador French Guyana Guatemala Guyana Honduras Karamea Madagascar Mexico New Zealand Peru Rep. of Congo Thailand Trinidad Trinidad Thailand Madagascar Honduras Argentina Brazil Cameroon Colombia American Samoa Argentina Australia Bermuda Bolivia Brazil Cameroon Colombia Costa Rica Ecuador French Guyana Guatemala Guyana Honduras Karamea Madagascar Mexico New Zealand Peru Rep. of Congo Thailand Trinidad USA Percentage of samples with Dipsocoromorpha Dipsocoromorpha Ceratocombidae Dipsocoridae Schizopteridae # of successful traps % 19% # of unsuccessful traps TOTAL
21 Samples sorted: some insights Sorted samples, by collecting method Ceratocombidae (#) by trap type Pan traps All Pan traps BL S 500 Malaise (MT) sweep Leaf Litter BT GC LL MT MV All Pan traps BL S BT GC LL MT MV PFT Schizopteridae (#) by trap type PFT All Pan traps BL S BT GC LL MT MV PFT
22 Bridget Gonzales Bryan Vanderveer Andrew Freedman
23 Keeping track of bulk sample sorting Preliminary IDs Habitus imaging (Leica MZ16) DNA extractions Specimen databasing Confocal SEM Compound microscope
24 What s next.? Start taxonomic projects Keep sorting, imaging, extracting, databasing. Chinannus Wygondzinsky 2 described spp.; several new spp. Male/female association?..and have a lot of fun! Schizoptera Fieber 62 described spp.; many new spp. Subgeneric limits? Corixidea Reuter genus group 6 genera and 16 described spp.; many new spp. Generic limits? Male/female association?
25 Acknowledgements NSF for financial support Litter Bug ARTS project Lots of collaborators and colleagues for access to specimens Fieldtrip logistics: Oliver Schlein, Rachid Hanna, Maurice Tindo, Tom Smith, Kevin Njabo and many others All Weirauch lab members for help with collecting, sorting, imaging, etc. Istvan Miko for advise on confocal imaging The Heraty Lab for use of their GT Vision System
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