Semester 2 Honors Biology 2015 Unit 2 Exam Study Guide

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Cordelia Porter
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1 Vocabulary (definitions from textbook except for Hydrophilic/hydrophobic, sperm, and protists) o Active Transport: The movement of chemical substances, usually across the cell membrane, against a concentration gradient; requires cells to use energy. o Biogenesis: The scientific principle that living organisms come only from other living organisms. o Cell Theory: see cell history o Cell: In biology, the smallest unit that can perform all life processes; cells are covered by a membrane and contain DNA and cytoplasm. o Channel/carrier Proteins: A protein that transports substances across a cell membrane. o Concentration Gradient: A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance. o Diffusion: The movement of particles from regions of higher density to region of lower density. o Endocytosis: The process by which a cell membrane surrounds a particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell. o Eukaryote: An organism made up of cells that have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane, multiple chromosomes, and a mitotic cycle; eukaryotes include animals, plants, fungi, and protists, but not bacteria or archaea. o Exocytosis: The process by which a substance is released from a cell through a vesicle that transports the substance to the cell surface and then fuses with the membrane to let the substance out. o Facilitated Diffusion: The transport of substances through a cell membrane along a concentration gradient with the aid of carrier proteins. o Hydrophilic: Having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water. o Hydrophobic: Tending to repel or fail to mix with water. o Hypertonic Solution: Describes a solution whose solute concentration is higher than the solute concentration inside a cell. o Hypotonic Solution: Describes a solution whose solute concentration is lower than the solute concentration inside a cell. o Isotonic Solution: Describes a solution whose solute concentration is equal to the solute concentration inside a cell. o Osmosis: The diffusion of water from a more dilute solution of water to a more concentrated solution of water through a membrane that is permeable to the water. o Passive Transport: The movement of substances across a cell membrane, with the concentration gradient, without the use of energy by the cell. o Phospholipid: A lipid that contains phosphorus and that is structural component in cell membranes. o Prokaryote: A single-celled organism that has no nucleus and has no membrane-bound organelles; examples include bacteria and archaea. o Specialized Cells Nerve Cell/Neuron: A nerve cell that is specialized to receive and conduct electrical impulses. Protists 1

Amoeba: A single-celled animal that catches food and moves about by extending fingerlike projections of protoplasm. Has the ability to alter shape with pseudopods.

Paramecium: A single-celled freshwater animal that has a characteristic slipper like shape and is covered with cilia.

2 Amoeba: A single-celled animal that catches food and moves about by extending fingerlike projections of protoplasm. Has the ability to alter shape with pseudopods. Euglena: A green, single-celled, freshwater organism with a flagellum, sometimes forming a green scum on stagnant water. Paramecium: A single-celled freshwater animal that has a characteristic slipper like shape and is covered with cilia. Red Blood Cell: A disc-shaped cell that has no nucleus, contains hemoglobin, and that transports oxygen in the circulatory system. Sperm Cell: A male reproductive cell. White Blood Cell: A type of cell in the blood that destroys bacteria, viruses, and toxic proteins and helps the body develop immunities. o Spontaneous Generation: An early and now disproved theory that living organisms come to life spontaneously from nonliving material. Cell Diagrams o Prokaryotic: Bacteria Cell (don t need to know capsule) Streptococcus: Causes strep throat Arachaebacteria: Oldest life form on earth Salmonella: Causes food poisoning Pilus/Pili: helps cell stick to surfaces Can help make cheese and yogurt Decompose: to break down DNA: control center Flagella: helps cell move Archaebacteria live in extreme environments Bacteria belong to the Eubacteria kingdom o Eukaryotic: Animal Cell 2 Also need to know where the flagella, nucleoplasm, and microtubules would be.

3 Note: Animal bells are typically round in shape. Not all animal cells have flagella o Eukaryotic: Plant Cell Don t need to know the amyloplast Also need to know where the nucleoplasm and chromatin would be. Two things in plant cells that aren t in animal cells: Chloroplasts, cell wall Shape: rectangular, unlike the circular animal cell Function of chloroplast: photosynthesis Carbohydrate manufactured in chloroplast: glucose Function of vacuole: stores water Why are some cell walls thicker than other cell walls? The cell needs more support or because of a harsh environment. Organelle Chart Cell Organelle or Part Prok Euk Description and Function in the Cell Mitochondria ** Plasma/Cell Membrane ** Ribosome ** Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough and Smooth) Golgi Apparatus Nucleus/Nuclear Membrane And Nuclear pore ** Nucleolus Membrane-bound, site of cellular respiration, Food ATP, powerhouse of the cell: makes energy Made of phospholipid bilayer, semi-permeable, helps maintain homeostasis, controls what enters and leaves Site of proteins synthesis, makes proteins by bonding together amino acids, makes enzymes Transports substances throughout the cell; involved in protein and lipid synthesis; a network of membrane tubules within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell. A complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells; involved in secretion and intracellular t ransport. **packages and ships** Stores hereditary information, control center of the cell; contains DNA; has a semi-permeable membrane surround it. (DNA- hereditary information) Situated in nucleus, makes ribosomal subunits from proteins and ribosomal RNA (rrna) An organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic ells containing degradative enzyme enclosed in a membrane, used in digestion for the cell 3

4 Protein filaments and tubules; give shape and coherence; gives cytoplasm jelly-like substance/texture All: protest kingdom mainly Cilia: hairlike organelles that line the surfaces of certain cells and beat in rhythmic waves proving locomotion Flagella: a long, lashlike appendage serving as an organ of locomotion Pseudopodia: a temportaty projection from the cell of an amoeba used for feeding and locomotion Centrioles (Animal cells) Cytoplasm Large Central vacuole vs Contractile Vacuole ** Chloroplast with chlorophyll** Plasmid pili Eyespot (Protist Kingdom) Outside the cell membrane in bacteria, plants, plant-like protists, and fungi; for support and structure Chromatin: long strings of DNA in nucleus, stringy and thing Chromosomes: supercoiled and packaged DNA, shortened Play a role in cell division, spindle fibers, right outside the nucleus (ANIMAL CELLS ONLY) Many chemicals, jelly-like, chemical reactions, bounds organelles, mainly water Storage area in a cell. In plant cells, it s large and often stores water. In animal cells, it s small In protists, contracts to release water. Site where the carbohydrate glucose is made in photosynthetic cells, stores chlorophyll- traps light Separate DNA in bacteria, some helps with reproduction, or resistance to antibiotics. Very few genes. **extra circular rings of DNA with few genes** Short, filamentous projections on a bacteria cell, used not for mobility but for adhering to other bacterial/animal cells. Used to seek out light, an adaptation in the euglena (a protist) ** essential standards History of Cells o Cell: see definitions o Tool that was necessary to discover cells: microscope Type used in class: compound light microscope Magnifies more: electron microscopes Example: (SEM) scanning electron microscope Example: (TEM: transmission electron microscope o Robert Hooke: the scientist that is given the credit for naming/discovering the cell. The specimen that he looked at was cork tissue, which was the remains of dead plant cells o Anton Van Leeuwenhoek: used a simple microscope to observe and draw living cells 4

5 o The Cell Theory Contributors: Matthias Scheliden: concluded that all plants were made of cells Theodor Schwann: concluded that all animals were made of cells Rudolf Virchow: Reasoned that cells come from other cells Original hypotheses were revised to make the cell theory Parts All living things are made of cells Cells are the most basic unit of life Cells come from other cells o cells come only from other/pre-existing cells through reproduction. This major premise today is known as BIOGENESIS. However an early belief that life could come from non-living matter was known as SPONTANEOUS GENREATION. Francessco Redi: proved maggots don t come from rotten meat Lazzaro Spallanzani: proved microorganisms do not come from the air and broth, was unable to convince the people Louis Pastuer: proved contamination comes from the microorganisms in the air. REMEMBER THE FLASK!!! Finally disproved spontaneous generation once and for all o Three ways that cells differ (diversity among cells) Size Shape Internal organization/ organelles o Cell size is limited by the ratio between their outer surface area and their internal volume o As cells grow larger, their surface area to volume ratio causes cells to lose control of various processes and might trigger cell division Surface area become too small to allow materials to enter the cell quickly enough to meet the cell s needs o Cell shape or structure is related to cell function Ex. Skin cells are flat to cover the body o The small internal structures of the cell that have specific functions are cal led organelles o Types of cells Prokaryote: bacteria Eukaryote: protists, plants, fungi, animals Differences chart PROKARYOTIC CELLS EUKARYOTIC CELLS NO NUCLEUS NUCLEUS NO MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES MEMBRANE-BOUND ORGANELLES SMALL LARGER ONE LONG PIECE OF DNA SEPARATE PIECES OF DNA (CHROMOSOMES) o If an organism is unicellular (bacteria, yeast) then that one cell carries out all the processes of life. In multicellular organisms, cells are organized into levels of hierarch. Cells tissue organs organ system organism 5

o DNA is the molecule that has the information causes cell differentiation cells become specialized with specific functions o Plants also have specialized cells, tissues, and organs Four main: Roots

6 o DNA is the molecule that has the information causes cell differentiation cells become specialized with specific functions o Plants also have specialized cells, tissues, and organs Four main: Roots Leaves Stem Flower (reproduction) o Evolution 1 st (earliest): prokaryotes such as bacteria 2 nd : simple unicellular eukaryotic organisms such as protists (amoeba, paramecium) 3 rd : colonial eukaryotic organisms such as protists (volvox) 4 th (latest/present day): multicellular organisms such as plants, animals and fungi Endosymbiotic theory: how we went from prokaryotes to eukaryotes Fluid Mosaic Model: functions of parts o Carbohydrate: helps to ID the cell type, and helps with communication o Receptor proteins: recognizes and binds to substances outside the cell o Transport proteins: helps substances move across the cell membrane o Hydrophilic head: water loving o Hydrophobic tail: water hating o Enzyme: assists chemical reactions inside the cell o Cholesterol: adds firmness and integrity to plasma membrane; helps keep the lipids flexible REVIEW CELL COMMUNTICATION ARTICLE!!!!!!! Microscopes o Preparing wetmount slides: (1) put a drop of water on a side (2) place organism in the drop of water (3) place cover slide on water drop with organism REVIEW NOTEBOOK NOTES!!! 6

Cell Theory and Structure. Discoveries What are Cells? Cell Theory Cell Structures Organelles

Cell Theory and Structure. Discoveries What are Cells? Cell Theory Cell Structures Organelles Cell Theory and Structure Discoveries What are Cells? Cell Theory Cell Structures Organelles Discoveries In 1665 Robert Hooke observed a thin slice of cork from an oak tree What he saw reminded him of