The Human Body An Orientation Anatomy of the body and its parts Observation is used to see sizes and relationships of parts

Transcription

1 Chapter 1: Class Ntes The Human Bdy An Orientatin Anatmy f the bdy and its parts Observatin is used t see sizes and relatinships f parts Anatmy Levels f Study Large structures Easily bservable Anatmy Levels f Study Structures cannt be seen with the naked eye Structures can be viewed nly with a micrscpe The Human Bdy An Orientatin Physilgy Study f hw Relatinship between Anatmy and Physilgy determines what can ccur If structure, the functin must als change Levels f Structural Organizatin Six levels f structural rganizatin

2 Organ System Overview Integumentary system Frms the external bdy cvering (skin) Prtects deeper tissue frm injury Helps regulate Lcatin f cutaneus nerve receptrs Skeletal system Cnsists f,, and the bdy Prvides muscle fr mvement Site f bld cell frmatin (hematpiesis) Stres minerals Muscular system Skeletal muscles cntract r Prduces f bnes

3 Nervus system Fast-acting cntrl system Cnsists f: internal and external change Sends messages via nerve impulses t central nervus system Central nervus system activates effectrs (muscles and glands) Endcrine system Pituitary gland Thyrid and parathyrids Adrenal glands Thymus Pancreas Pineal gland Secretes regulatry hrmnes Cardivascular System Includes Heart pumps bld Vessels transprt bld t tissues Transprts materials in bdy via bld pumped by heart

4 Lymphatic system Includes: Returns leaked fluids back t bld vessels Cleanses the bld Invlved in immunity Respiratry system Includes: Supplies bld with xygen Remves carbn dixide Digestive system Includes: Breaks dwn fd Allws fr nutrient absrptin int bld Eliminates indigestible material as feces

5 Urinary system Includes: Eliminates nitrgenus wastes Maintains acid-base balance Regulates water and electrlytes Reprductive system, includes the testes, scrtum, penis, accessry glands, and duct system Testes Duct system includes the varies, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina Ovaries Uterus prvides site f Maintaining Life: Necessary Life Functins Maintain bundaries Mvement Respnsiveness Digestin Mvement f Ability t sense changes and react Breakdwn and absrptin f nutrients

6 Necessary Life Functins chemical reactins within the bdy cmplex mlecules int smaller nes (catablic) larger mlecules frm smaller nes (anablic) Prduces Regulated by hrmnes Eliminates waste frm metablic reactins Wastes may be remved in urine r feces Necessary Life Functins Occurs n cellular level r rganismal level Prduces future generatin Increases cell size and number f cells Survival Needs Nutrients Oxygen Chemicals fr energy and cell building Includes Required fr chemical reactins

7 Survival Needs Water f bdy weight Mst abundant in the human bdy Prvides fr metablic reactins Stable (98 F) Atmspheric pressure Must be apprpriate fr Hmestasis Hmestasis A dynamic state f equilibrium Necessary fr and t sustain life Hmestatic imbalance A disturbance in hmestasis results in disease Maintaining Hmestasis The bdy cmmunicates thrugh neural and hrmnal cntrl systems Receptr Respnds t changes in the envirnment ( ) Sends infrmatin t cntrl center alng an pathway

8 Maintaining Hmestasis Cntrl center Effectr Determines set pint Analyzes Determines apprpriate respnse Prvides a t the stimulus Infrmatin flws frm cntrl center t effectr alng efferent pathway Feedback Mechanisms Includes mst hmestatic cntrl mechanisms Wrks like a husehld thermstat Feedback Mechanisms t push the variable farther Reactin ccurs at a faster rate In the bdy psitive feedback ccurs in bld cltting and during the birth f a baby The Language f Anatmy Special terminlgy is used t prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used fr: Psitin Directin Regins Structures

9 Anatmical psitin Standard bdy psitin used t avid cnfusin Terminlgy refers t this psitin regardless f actual bdy psitin Directinal Terms Directinal terms Explains lcatin f ne bdy structure in relatin t anther (cranial r cephalad): tward the head r upper part f a structure r the bdy; abve (caudal): away frm the head r tward the lwer part f a structure r the bdy; belw (anterir): tward r at the frnt f the bdy; in frnt f (psterir): tward r at the backside f the bdy; behind : tward r at the midline f the bdy; n the inner side f : away frm the midline f the bdy; n the uter side f : between a mre medial and a mre lateral structure : clse t the rigin f the bdy part r pint f attachment t a limb t the bdy trunk : farther frm the rigin f a bdy part r the pint f attachment f a limb t the bdy trunk (external): tward r at the bdy surface (internal): away frm the bdy surface; mre internal

10 Reginal Terms Anterir (ventral) bdy landmarks Psterir (drsal) bdy landmarks Bdy Planes and Sectins Sectins are cuts alng imaginary lines knwn as Three types f planes r sectins exist as right angles t ne anther A divides the bdy (r rgan) int left and right parts A, sectin divides the bdy (r rgan) int equal left and right parts A, sectin divides the bdy (r rgan) int anterir and psterir parts A, sectin divides the bdy (r rgan) int superir and inferir parts

11 Bdy Cavities Tw bdy cavities Drsal Ventral Bdy cavities prvide prtectin t Drsal bdy cavity subdivisins 1. Cranial cavity 2. Spinal cavity Prtective membranes in drsal Bdy Cavity: Ventral bdy cavity subdivisins (separated by the ) 1. Thracic cavity Cavity t the diaphragm Huses, the central regin, huses heart, trachea, and ther rgans A. Pleural Cavity cntains Visceral Pleura Parietal Pleura

12 B. Medial Prtin - Mediastinum: Cntains the visceral and parietal Pericardial cavity space filled with 2. Abdminpelvic cavity Cavity t the diaphragm Superir abdminal cavity: Prtected nly by trunk muscles Inferir pelvic cavity: Prtected smewhat by bny pelvis N physical structure separates abdminal frm pelvic cavities Prtective membranes in Abdminpelvic cavity: Bdy Cavities: Space between and membranes is filled with fluid. Thracic cavity = Abdminpelvic cavity = Peritneal membranes: Greater Omentum Lesser Omentum Suspends the superir brder f the stmach t the liver Mesentery Encircles & hlds t the wall f abdminpelvic cavity

13 Abdminpelvic cavity subdivisins Fur quadrants Nine regins Bdy Cavities Other bdy cavities include: Oral and digestive cavities Nasal cavity Orbital cavities Middle ear cavities