ANIMALS LIVE IN GROUPS FLOCK, HERD, SCHOOL PRIDE

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1 מבוא להתנהגות בעלי חיים מגן דוד ירוק

2 ANIMALS LIVE IN GROUPS FLOCK, HERD, SCHOOL עדרים גדולים של (עד כבשים PRIDE 1000 ויותר) נעים כגוש אחד. חוש העדר המפותח תורם לחשיבותם הכלכלית שכן רועה אחד יכול לשלוט על קבוצה גדולה של חיות.

3 THEY ARE NAMES OF GROUPS OF ANIMALS. עדר להקה קבוצה

4 A SCHOOL OF FISH A GROUP OF FISH LOOKS LARGER THAN THEY REALLY ARE. BY LOOKING LARGER, THEY ARE PROTECTED FROM PREDATORS.

5 A PRIDE OF LIONS LIONS LIVE TOGETHER IN GROUPS CALLED PRIDES. להקת האריות תנוע בעקבות עדרי הפרסתנים בהתאם לעונות השנה באפריקה.

6 A TROOP OF BABOONS IN A TROOP OF BABOONS, THE LARGEST ANIMAL IS THE HEAD MALE. HE STAYS IN THE CENTER OF THE GROUP.

7 COLONY Aמושבת נמלים IS A KIND OF GROUP IN WHICH EACH MEMBER HAS A DIFFERENT JOB. ANTS LIVE IN A COLONY.

8 ANIMALS HAVE SPECIAL WAYS THEY LIVE TOGETHER SYMBIOSIS IS HOW THESE ANIMALS LIVE TOGETHER. BIRDS LIVE NEAR BUFFALO TO EAT INSECTS. THE BUFFALO ARE HELPED BY THE BIRDS EATING THE INSECTS.

9 Behaviorהתנהגות בעלי חיים What an animal does How it does it

10 Behavioral Ecology Behavioral ecology emphasizes evolutionary hypothesis: science as a process Based on expectation that animals als behave in ways that will increase their Darwinian fitness (reproductive success)

11 Stimuli גירוי ותגובה Certain stimuli trigger innate behaviors called fixed action patterns A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a highly stereotypical, innate behavior that continues to completion after initiation by an external stimulus

12 Learning למידה ומשחק Learning is experience based modification of behavior Some learning is due mostly to inherent maturation Habituation is learning involving loss of sensitivity to unim portant stim uli Associative learning involves linking one stimulus with another

13 Rhythmic Behaviors Rhythmic behaviors synchronize an animal s activities with daily and seasonal changes in the environm ent Governed by endogenous clocks, which in turn require exogenous cues to keep the behavior properly timed with the external environm ent

14 Foraging Behavior התנהגות שיחור מזון Ecologists are using cost/benefit analysis to study foraging behavior Species may be generalists or specialists as foragers שינוי התנהגות לפי היחס בין צריכת אנרגייה להוצאתה Animals modify behavior to favor a high ratio of energy intake to expenditure

15 Social Behavior Sociobiology places social behavior in evolutionary context

16 Competitive Social Behaviors Agonistic behavior: competitor gains advantage by getting a limited resource like food or a mate Natural selection: survival of the fittest Pecking order : dominance hierarchies with differently ranked individuals permitted options according to their status

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18 Mating Behavior Promiscuity having many random mates Monogamy having only one mate Polygamy having a few, selected mates

19 Social Interactions Social interactions depend on diverse modes of com m unication Some animals communicate with smells Honeybees communicate through dancing

20 Altruistic Behavior Inclusive fitness accounts for most altruistic behavior Best explained by a kin theory, animals try to maintain the survival of others who share their genes

21 Reciprocal altruism Some animals behave altruistically toward others who are not relatives. A wolf may offer food to another wolf even though they share no kinship. Such behavior can be adaptive if the aided individual returns the favor in the future. This sort of exchange of aid is called reciprocal altruism. Commonly used to explain altruism in humans.

22 Sociobiology Human sociobiology connects biology to the hum anities and social sciences