Introduction to cells
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- Martin Underwood
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1 Almen Cellebiologi
2 Introduction to cells 1. Unity and diversity of cells 2. Microscopes and visualization of cells 3. Prokaryotic cells, eubacteria and archaea 4. Eucaryotic cells, nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts 5. Organization of an eukaryotic cell, intracellular compartments and cytoskeleton 6. Examples of different cell types: bacteria, yeast, protozoans, plants, animals 7. Model organisms
3 What is a cell? A cell is the structural and functional unit of all living organisms ("building block of life. ) Some organisms, such as bacteria, are unicellular, consisting of a single cell. Other organisms, such as humans, are multicellular. Humans have an estimated cells and about 210 different cell types, a typical cell size is 10 µm, a typical cell mass is 1 nanogram. The largest known cell is an ostrich egg.
4 Cells come in a variety of shapes and sizes: A nerve cell (cerebellum) Paramecium dendrites cilia cell body axon 100 μm 25 μm
5 Embryonic cells differentiate into a variety of different cell types with different functions There are about 210 distinct human cell types
6 Why are most cells microscopic small? A big surface to-volume ratio is important for the cell to take up all the substances (e.g. oxygen, nutrients) needed for metabolic activity. Often, transport is done by simple diffusion. In smaller cells, distances are shorter. The greater the cell volume, the longer it takes to synthesize the required RNA molecules from the two copies of most genes in the single nucleus.
7 1595: The first microscope
8 1610: Telescopes as microscopes
9 1665: Robert Hooke described cells How he for the first time saw cells in a thin slice of cork Hooke s drawing
10 Common for all cells: Cells are self-containing and self-maintaining Cells possess a genetic program and the means to use it Reproduce by cell division Cells acquire and utilize energy, carry out a variety of chemical reactions (metabolism) All cells have a similar basic chemistry Response to external and internal stimuli A cell surface or plasma membrane that contains proteins and a lipid bilayer Information flow: DNA -> RNA -> protein
11 Cell Division New cells are formed by division of existing cells 1880, Eduard Strasburg (A); light microscope (B)
12 Flow of genetic information is identical in all cells genome transcriptome proteome
13 All living organisms are constructed from cells, evolved from the same ancestor
14 Cell Theory: 1. Cells are the building blocks of all living tissues 2. All new cells are formed by division of existing cells Formulated 1838/1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden ( ) Theodor Schwann ( )
15 Light microscope (LM) Bright-field Phase-contrast Nomarski (DIC) Dark-field Resolution: 0,2 μm = 200 nm Max. magnification: 1000x
16 Cells form tissues in plants and animals cells extracellular matrix (ECM) Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) stained root tip of a fern urine-collecting ducts of the kidney
17 Internal structures of a living cell seen under a LM
18 Fluorescence microscopy (FM) emission filter excitation filter
19 Indirect immunocytochemistry The secondary antibody is often conjugated with a fluorescent dye, visible in the light microscope
20 Confocal fluorescence microscope laser Only fluorescence from the exact focus plane is visible 3D-pictures can be calculated with a computer
21 Fluorescent staining of cell components confocal fluorescence microscopy
22 Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) Resolutuion: 2 nm Max. magnification: 1 mio x
23 Cilia from a cell from a rabbit trachea Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
24 Scanning electron microscopy with artificial coloring Saccharomyces cerevisiae
25 Scales and dimensions
26 Procaryotes (eubacteria and archaea) (Pro = before, karyon = nucleus) No nucleus, no organelles 1 DNA molecule Bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa
27 Bacteria have different shapes and sizes and a very diverse chemistry
28 Photosynthetic bacteria get their energy from sunlight Anabaena cylindrica Phormidium laminosum
29 Sulfur bacteria get their energy from H 2 S oxydation Beggiatoa
30 The plasmamembrane is a selective barrier
31 Eucaryotic cells (eu = truly, karyon = nucleus) Plasma membrane Cytoplam: All inside the plasma membrane except the nucleus: cytosol (water, ions, soluble proteins, RNA), cellular organelles (membrane-enclosed compartments), ribosomes, cytoskeleton Nucleus Yeast, a simple free-living eucaryote
32 Eucaryotic cells may have originated as predators: one protazoan eats another Didinium Didinium eats Paramecium
33 Protozoans: single-celled microorganisms
34 The nucleus of eucaryotes: the information store containing several DNA molecules (chromosomes)
35 The nuclear membrane is a double membrane
36 Mitochondria power the cell in all aerobic organisms, produce ATP by cellular respiration contain a smooth outer and a convoluted inner membrane contain their own DNA and reproduce by dividing in two
37 Chloroplasts capture energy from sunlight Outer membrane, inner membrane and chlorophyll-containing membranes perform photosynthesis: produce sugar molecules and release oxygen contain their own DNA and reproduce by dividing in two
38 Origin of mitochondria and chloroplasts Endosymbiotic theory 1. A prokaryotic cell capable of engulfing other prokaryotes, engulfed aerobic bacteria. 2. Rather than digesting them, the bacteria remain, as symbionts, benefiting the host cell by removing harmful O 2 and helping in the production of ATP. 3. As interdependence between the aerobic bacterium and the host cell grows, the bacterium becomes the mitochondrion. 4. Some of these cells also engulf and keep blue-green algal cells which become chloroplasts.
39 Evolution of eucaryotes
40 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (endoplasmic meaning "within the cytoplasm, reticulum meaning "little net" in Latin) only a single membrane, a continuous membrane system synthesis of glycogen, membrane components (lipids, membrane proteins) and secreted proteins; sequestration of calcium
41 Details of the endoplasmic reticulum
42 The Golgi apparatus only a single membrane modification of material made in the ER sorting facillity ( posthus ) material transport by vesicle budding and fusion
43 Lysosomes Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases) in an acidic environment
44 The formation and function of lysosomes
45 Internal membranes create compartments (organelles) with different functions Lysosomes: intracellular digestion Peroxisomes: compartment for H 2 O 2 -producing chemical reactions Vesicles: transport of material between different organelles Cytosol: protein biosynthesis (ribosomes), many different chemical reactions
46 Endocytosis and exocytosis Endocytosis: Import of compounds into the cell Exocytosis: Export of compounds out of the cell
47 actin filaments The Cytoskeleton microtubules intermediate filaments Actin filaments: cell shape, rapid cell movement (e. g. muscle contraction) Microtubules: railroad tracks for intracellular movements, cell division Intermediate filaments: mechanical strength, formation of nuclear lamina
48 Procaryote vs. eucaryote
49 Animal cell
50 Plant cell
51 Escherichia coli: the model bacterium for molecular biologists
52 The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a model eucaryote
53 Arabidopsis thaliana: the model plant
54 Drosophila melanogaster: a model organism in developmental biology and genetics
55 Caenorhabditis elegans: a model organism to study development, programmed cell death and cancer
56 Humans and mouse share similar genes A defect in the same gene (kit) causes the same pigmentation type
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