Earth is rotating on its own axis
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- Willa Russell
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1 Earth is rotating on its own axis 1 rotation every day (24 hours) Earth is rotating counterclockwise if you are looking at its North pole from other space. Earth is rotating clockwise if you are looking at its South pole from other space.
2 Because of the Earth s rotation A W E To the lion, celestial object A is rising at East from the horizon.
3 Because of the Earth s rotation W E A To the lion, celestial object A is high in the middle of the sky.
4 Because of the Earth s rotation E W A To the lion, celestial object A is setting at the West.
5 Because of the Earth s rotation Celestial objects rise (roughly) at East and set (roughly) at West. More precisely, all celestial objects are rotating about the line joining you and the star Polaris. W E
6 Because of the Earth s rotation The motion of all celestial objects in the sky is dominated by the Earth s rotation. There is no exception, including the Sun. W E
7 Because of Sunrise and Sunset When the Sun is above horizon: Day time When the Sun is below horizon: Night time W E To the lion, the Sun is rising at the East from the horizon. Beginning of a day: approximately 6:00 a.m.
8 Because of Sunrise and Sunset When the Sun is above horizon: Day time When the Sun is below horizon: Night time W E To the lion, the Sun is rising high in the middle of the sky. Approximately Noon, 12:00 p.m (closer to 12:30 p.m. EST in Lexington, because of our location in the Eastern time zone).
9 Because of Sunrise and Sunset When the Sun is above horizon: Day time When the Sun is below horizon: Night time W E To the lion, the Sun is setting at the West. It will below the horizon after a while. Beginning of evening: approximately 6:00 p.m.
10 Because of Sunrise and Sunset When the Sun is above horizon: Day time When the Sun is below horizon: Night time W E To the lion, the Sun is at the other side of the Earth. It cannot see the Sun at all. Midnight: 12:00 a.m.
11 In summary The local time of every place on Earth is determined by the Sun position. 6 p.m. 12 p.m. 12 p.m. 6 a.m.
12 But the Moon is revolving around the Earth once every ~ 30 days. The Moon will move in the manner similar to all other celestial objects over one day time, because of Earth s rotation. However, over several days, the Moon s motion in the sky will deviate from that of other stars because of the Moon s revolution around the Earth.
13 Earth is rotating and Moon is revolving around Earth The Moon is revolving around the Earth. One revolution in about 30 days (~ 1month).
14 Both the Earth and Moon are lit by the Sun 12:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. 12:00 p.m. Sun Light 6:00 a.m.
15 Do not worry whether the Moon and the Earth will bock sunlight from each other Earth and Moon are very small compare with Moon s orbit. Earth: Basket ball; Moon: Tennis Ball. These two balls are separated by a distance of 30 basket balls. Moon orbit is tilted at an angle of 5 o with the Earth s orbit, so they usually don t get exactly between each other. Eclipses occur when the Earth and Moon are aligned with the sun rays.
16 A realistic drawing (side view) Sun Light 5 o N When the Moon and the Earth kind of align with the sun ray, the Moon is actually way high above the Earth s shadow. Eclipses rarely occur. The dark part of the Moon we see commonly is NOT a result of Earth s shadow or lunar eclipse.
17 A Myth If that is the Earth s shadow, then this is a lunar eclipse and we will have a lunar eclipse every month! Earth s shadow cannot produce the Gibbous appearance of the Moon: This is NOT the Earth s shadow!
18 Phases of Moon Sun Light Seeing the dark side of the Moon, i.e. nothing!
19 Phases of Moon Left side: fuzzy edge Right side: Sharp edge Sun Light
20 Phases of Moon What you will see: (waxing crescent) Left side: fuzzy edge Right side: Sharp edge Sun Light
21 Phases of Moon another example Sun Light Right side: fuzzy edge Left side: Sharp edge
22 Phases of Moon What you will see: (waning Gibbous) Sun Light Right side: fuzzy edge Left side: Sharp edge
23 Phases of Moon Waxing Quarter Waxing Gibbous Waxing Crescent Full Moon New Moon Sun Light Waning Gibbous Waning Crescent Waning Quarter
24 Phases of Moon angle between Sun and Moon Waxing Quarter Moon-Sun angle: 90 o Waxing Qibbous Moon-Sun angle: 135 o Waxing Crescent Moon-Sun angle: 45 o Full Moon Moon-Sun angle: 180 o Sun Light New Moon Moon-Sun angle: 0 o Waning Qibbous Moon-Sun angle: 135 o Waning Crescent Moon-Sun angle: 45 o Waning Quarter Moon-Sun angle: 90 o
25 Phases of Moon - Don t forget about time! 12:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. 12:00 p.m. Sun Light New Moon High in sky: 12:00 p.m. 6:00 a.m. The Moon is high at the sky to this place on Earth, which is at 12:00 p.m. (noon) now.
26 Phases of Moon - Don t forget about time! 12:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. 12:00 p.m. Sun Light New Moon High in sky: 12:00 p.m. Rise: 6:00 a.m. Set: 6:00 p.m. 6:00 a.m. To this place on Earth, the Moon rose 6 hours before and it will set 6 hours later.
27 Phases of Moon - Another example Waxing Gibbous High in sky: 9:00 p.m. The Moon is high at the sky to this place on Earth, which is at 9:00 p.m. now. 12:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. 12:00 p.m. Sun Light 6:00 a.m.
28 Phases of Moon - Another example Waxing Gibbous High in sky: 9:00 p.m. Rise: 3:00p.m. Set: 3:00 a.m To this place on Earth, the Moon rose 6 hours before and it will set 6 hours later. 12:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. 12:00 p.m. Sun Light 6:00 a.m.
29 Waxing Gibbous High in sky: 9:00 p.m. Rise: 3:00p.m. Set: 3:00 a.m. Moon-Sun angle: 135 o Phases of Moon Waxing Quarter High in sky: 6:00 p.m. Rise: 12:00p.m. Set: 12:00 p.m. Moon-Sun angle: 90 o Waxing Crescent High in sky: 3:00 p.m. Rise: 9:00 a.m. Set: 9:00 p.m. Moon-Sun angle: 45 o Full Moon High in sky: 12:00 a.m. Rise: 6:00p.m. Set: 6:00 a.m. Moon-Sun angle: 180 o 12:00 a.m. 6:00 p.m. 6:00 a.m. 12:00 p.m. Sun Light New Moon High in sky: 12:00 p.m. Rise: 6:00 a.m. Set: 6:00 p.m. Moon-Sun angle: 0 o Waning Gibbous High in sky: 3:00 a.m. Rise: 9:00p.m. Set: 9:00 a.m. Moon-Sun angle: 135 o Waning Quarter High in sky: 6:00 a.m. Rise: 12:00a.m. Set: 12:00 p.m. Moon-Sun angle: 90 o Waning Crescent High in sky: 9:00 a.m. Rise: 3:00 a.m. Set: 3:00 p.m. Moon-Sun angle: 45 o
30 The Earth and Moon are revolving around the Sun at the same time - once every days (1 year) Note circular orbit
31 Size Earth: basketball; Moon: tennis ball; Sun diameter: length of 110 basketballs, larger then the space between Earth and Moon. Sun Earth Moon s orbit around Earth
32 Size Distance between Sun and Earth: length of basketballs (~2.3 miles) Sun Earth Sun! Moon s orbit around Earth Earth s orbit
33 Myth Summer and Winter cannot be a result of changing distance between Sun and Earth! If that is the case, then how can Australia be in Summer when we are in Winter?
34 Real reason for seasons 23 o Tilted circular orbit (closer to side view) Not to scale
35 The Earth is lit by the Sun ` 23 o always in day time always at night Tilted circular orbit (closer to side view) Not to scale
36 Different time in a year Beginning of Spring: March 21 ` 23 o Beginning of Summer: June 21 (Summer Equinox) Beginning of Fall: September 21 Beginning of Winter: December 21 (Winter Equinox) Tilted circular orbit (closer to side view) Not to scale
37 Top View Beginning of Spring: March 21 Leo Beginning of Summer: June 21 Beginning of Winter: December 21 In a year, we are seeing different parts of the universe at night. Aquarius Beginning of Fall: September 21 Not in scale
38 Where are we on the globe? Beginning of Spring: March 21 ` 23 o Beginning of Summer: June 21 (Summer Equinox) Beginning of Fall: September 21 Beginning of Winter: December 21 (Winter Equinox) Tilted circular orbit (closer to side view) Not to scale
39 Where are we on the globe? Lexington at midday (noon) Lex North Pole Sun Light 42 o` Equator December 21
40 Where are we on the globe? Sun Light S 65 o N Lex 23 o 42 o` 23 o Northern Hemisphere North Pole Northern Hemisphere receives less sun light then Southern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere Equator December 21
41 Where are we on the globe? Sun Light Sun is directly overhead at this place S ` 65 o Lex 23 o 42 o` N Tropic of Capricorn 23 o Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere North Pole Northern Hemisphere receives less sun light then Southern Hemisphere Equator December 21
42 Here is what we see on ground S W 65 o Lex N E
43 But everything is rotating about the line joining between you and the Polaris. Polaris S Path of Sun on Dec. 21 W 65o Lex E N
44 Now in the beginning of Summer Beginning of Spring: March 21 ` 23 o Beginning of Summer: June 21 (Summer Equinox) Beginning of Fall: September 21 Beginning of Winter: December 21 (Winter Equinox) Tilted circular orbit (closer to side view) Not to scale
45 Now in the beginning of Summer North Pole Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere 23 o N 42 o Lex Sun Light 19 o ` Northern Hemisphere receives more sun light then Southern Hemisphere Equator S June 21
46 Now in the beginning of Summer North Pole Tropic of Cancer` N Sun Light Northern Hemisphere receives more sun light then Southern Hemisphere Northern Hemisphere Southern Hemisphere 23 o 42 o Lex 23 o Equator S 19 o ` June 21 Sun is directly overhead at this place
47 Here is what we see on ground 19 o S W Lex N Path of Sun on Dec. 21 E
48 But everything is rotating about the line joining between you and the Polaris. Polaris 19 o S W Lex N Path of Sun on Dec. 21 E Path of Sun on June 21
49 In summary
50 But everything is rotating Polaris W S Lex Path of Sun on Dec. 21 Path of Sun on March 21 and Sept 21 Path of Sun on June 21 E N
51 Gnomon Light (Sun) ray Gnomon Shadow Line joining tip of gnomon and tip of shadow Sun ray
52 The shadow of a gnomon is pointing in the opposite direction to the position of the Sun in the sky Polaris W S Lex Path of Sun on Dec. 21 Path of Sun on March 21 and Sept 21 Path of Sun on June 21 E N
53 In summary (for Lexington) In one day, the shortest shadow always occur at 12:00 p.m. (noon), due South. March 21 and September 21 N December 21 (shortest path) June 21 (longest path) W Gnomon S E
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