Earth-Sun Relationships. The Reasons for the Seasons
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1 Earth-Sun Relationships The Reasons for the Seasons
2 Solar Radiation The earth intercepts less than one two-billionth of the energy given off by the sun. However, the radiation is sufficient to provide 99.9% of the energy that heats the earth / drives our climate. Photosynthesis provides the energy for nearly all earth processes.
3 Radiation Receipt Solar radiation is received as parallel rays of energy ( line of sight, speed of light ) Earth s diameter is 12,765 km Sun s diameter is 1,390,000 km (over 100 times that of the Earth) So is the receipt of radiation the same everywhere on Earth?
4 Why is it hot in the tropics and cold at the poles?
5 The Earth is curved and this cause differing angles of incidence.
6 Intensity of incoming solar radiation (insolation) is related to angle of incidence. Higher angles = higher intensity.
7 Does our distance from the sun throughout the year cause seasons? The line marking the shortest distance between the Sun and Earth's orbit is called the perihelion and is 91,500,000 miles long. The line marking the greatest distance between the Sun and Earth's orbit is called the aphelion and is 94,500,000 miles long.
8 Rotation of the Earth Rotate west to east or counter-clockwise (when viewed from the North Pole) sunset and sunrise Rotation period is 24 hours per solar day (23 hours 56 minutes with respect to other stars) Axis points to Polaris
9 Tilt of the earth on its axis. The earth is tilted 23.5º from perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic. Tilt is currently constantly toward Polaris
10 Tilt of the earth on its axis. The earth is tilted 23.5º from perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic. Tilt is currently constantly toward Polaris
11 What causes the seasons? 23.5 O tilt of the earth axis from perpendicular to the plane of the ecliptic revolution of the earth around the sun polarity (axial parallelism)
12 SOLSTICES SUMMER, JUNE 21 WINTER, DECEMBER 21 Where are the overhead rays of the sun on these days? Which parts of the earth are in darkness and light? For how long?
13 EQUINOXES VERNAL, MARCH 21 AUTUMNAL, SEPTEMBER 21
14 Effects of the Seasons Changes in solar altitude Changes in day length Changes in apparent solar intensity Changes in temperature All of these changes are most extreme at high latitudes and minimized at the equator.
15 90 o N
16
17 Annual Change in Noontime Solar Altitude 1 of 2 What is the change in height from the solstice to the equinox? The total annual change? Summer Solstice Equinox Winter Solstice N E S S W N
18 Annual Change in Noontime Solar Altitude 2 of 2 Summer Solstice Total annual change: 47 O Equinox 23.5 O Winter Solstice 23.5 O sunrise N E S S W N sunset
19 Annual Change in Noontime Solar Altitude Total annual change: 47 O sunrise N E N sunset
20 Effects of the Seasons Changes in solar angle Changes in day length All of the above lead to: Changes in temperature Changes in apparent solar intensity All of these changes are most extreme at high latitudes and minimized at the equator.
21 Key Points Size and Shape of Earth Latitude and Longitude Explain the basic earth-sun relationships Equinoxes, solstices and the relationship among seasons the latitude of the sun s direct rays, and the intensity of solar radiation received changes in Daylight and Darkness
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