FUNDAMENTALS SOIL MECHANICS. Isao Ishibashi Hemanta Hazarika. >C\ CRC Press J Taylor & Francis Group. Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

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1 SOIL MECHANICS FUNDAMENTALS Isao Ishibashi Hemanta Hazarika >C\ CRC Press J Taylor & Francis Group Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business

2 - 3.5 Contents Preface The Authors xv xvii Chapter 1 Introduction Soil Mechanics and Related Fields I 1.2 Dr. Karl von Terzaghi Uniqueness of Soils Approaches to Soil Mechanics Problems Examples of Soil Mechanics Problems Leaning Tower of Pisa Sinking of Kansai International Airport Liquefaction Sand Becomes Liquid during Earthquake Organization of Contents 8 References 9 Chapter 2 Physical Properties of Soils Introduction Origin of Soils Soil Particle Shapes Definitions of Terms with Three-Phase Diagram Particle Size and Gradation Summary 26 References 26 Problems 27 Chapter 3 Clays and Their Behavior Introduction Clay Minerals Kaolinite Clay Montmorillonite Clay Illite Clay Clay Shapes and Surface Areas Surface Charge of Clay Particles 37 Clay-Water System Interaction of Clay Particles Van der Waal's Force (Attractive) Dipole-Cation-Dipole Attraction 40

3 vjjj Contents Cation Linkage (Attractive) Cation-Cation Repulsive Force Anion-Anion Repulsive Force Clay Structures Atterberg Limits and Indices Activity Swelling and Shrinkage of Clays Sensitivity and Quick Clay Clay versus Sand Summary 52 References 52 Problems 52 Chapter 4 Soil Classification Introduction Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) ForGorS For C, M, O, or Pt AASHTO Classification System Summary 64 References 65 Problems 65 Chapter 5 Compaction Introduction Relative Density Laboratory Compaction Test Standard Proctor Test Procedure Compaction Curve Zero Air Void (ZAV) Curve Compaction Energy Specification of Compaction in the Field Field Compaction Methods Compaction Equipments Dynamic Compaction Field Density Determinations Sand Cone Method Other Field Density Methods California Bearing Ratio (CBR) Test Summary 83 References 83 Problems 84

4 Contents 'x Chapter 6 Flow of Water through Soils Introduction Hydraulic Heads and Water Flow Darcy's Equation Coefficient of Permeability Hazen's Formula Chapuis's Formula Kozeny and Carman's Formula Laboratory Determination of Coefficient of Permeability Constant Head Permeability Test Falling Head Permeability Test Field Determination of Coefficient of Permeability Unconfined Permeable Layer Underlain by Impervious Layer Confined Aquifer Flow Net One-Dimensional Flow Net Flow Net for Two-Dimensional Problems with Isotropic Soils Pressure Heads in Flow Net Boundary Water Pressures Summary 108 References 109 Problems 109 Chapter 7 Effective Stress Introduction Total Stress versus Effective Stress Effective Stress Computations in Soil Mass Dry Soil Layers Soil Layers with Steady Water Table Totally Submerged Soil Layers Effective Stress Change due to Water Table Change Capillary Rise and Effective Stress Effective Stress with Water Flow Quicksand (Sand Boiling) Heave of Clay due to Excavation Dry Excavation Wet Excavation Summary 129 References 129 Problems 129

5 X Contents Chapter 8 Stress Increments in Soil Mass Introduction :1 Approximate Slope Method Vertical Stress Increment due to a Point Load Vertical Stress Increment due to a Line Load Vertical Stress Increment due to a Strip Load Vertical Stress Increment under a Circular Footing Vertical Stress Increment under an Embankment Load Vertical Stress Increment under Corner of Rectangular Footing Vertical Stress Increment under Irregularly Shaped Footing Summary 158 References 158 Problems 158 Chapter 9 Settlements Introduction Elastic Settlements Primary Consolidation Settlement One-Dimensional Primary Consolidation Model Terzaghi's Consolidation Theory Laboratory Consolidation Test Determination of Cv Log t Method Vt Method e-logo Curve Normally Consolidated and Overconsolidated Soils Final Consolidation Settlement for Thin Clay Layer Normally Consolidated Soils Overconsolidated Soils Consolid ation Settlement for Multilayers or a Thick Clay Layer Summary of Primary Consolidation Computations "How Much" Problem "How Soon" Problem (Rate Problem) Secondary Compression Allowable Settlement Ground Improving Techniques against Consolidation Settlement Vertical Drain (Paper Drain, Wick Drain, and Sand Drain) Techniques Preloading Technique Vacuum Consolidation Technique 198

6 Contents * 9.16 Summary 199 References 199 Problems 199 Chapter 10 Mohr's Circle in Soil Mechanics Introduction Concept of Mohr's Circle Stress Transformation Mohr's Circle Construction Sign Convention of Shear Stress Pole (Origin of Planes) of Mohr's Circle Summary of Usage of Mohr's Circle and Pole Examples of Usage of Mohr's Circle and Pole in Soil Mechanics Shear Failure Direction on Soil Specimen Failure Zone in Rankine's Lateral Earth Pressure Theory Summary 220 Reference 221 Problems 221 Chapter 11 Shear Strength of Soils Introduction Failure Criteria Direct Shear Test Unconfined Compression Test Triaxial Compression Test General Concept and Test Setup Initial Consolidation Process and Drainage Condition during Shear Consolidated Drained (CD) Triaxial Test Consolidated Undrained (CU) Triaxial Test with Pore Water Pressure Measurement Effective Stress Parameters from CU and CD Tests Unconsolidated Undrained (UU) Test Other Shear Test Devices Vane Shear Device Tor-Vane Shear Test Pocket Penetrometer Summary of Strength Parameters for Saturated Clays UUTest CD Test and CU Test (Effective Stress) CU Test (Total Stress) 248

7 xji Contents 11.8 Applications of Strength Parameters from CD, CU, and UU Tests to In Situ Cases Construction of Embankment on Soft Clay Soil at Once (UU Case) Foundation Design for Rapidly Constructed Structures Staged Construction of Embankment on Soft Clay (CU Case) Stability of Cut Slope (CD Case) Strength Parameters for Granular Soils Direction of Failure Planes in Sheared Specimen Summary, 255 References 255 Problems 256 Chapter 12 Lateral Earth Pressure Introduction At-Rest, Active, and Passive Pressures At-Rest Earth Pressure Elastic Solution Empirical Formulae Rankine's Lateral Earth Pressure Theory Active Case Passive Case Summary of Rankine's Pressure Distributions Coulomb's Earth Pressure Active Case Passive Case Coulomb Lateral Pressure Distribution Lateral Earth Pressure due to Surcharge Load Due to Infmitively Long Uniform Surcharge Load Due to Point Load (No Yielding Wall) Due to Line Load (No Yielding Wall) Due to Strip Load (No Yielding Wall) Coulomb, Rankine, or Other Pressures? Summary 288 References 289 Problems 289 Chapter 13 B earing Capacity Introduction Terzaghi's Bearing Capacity Theory Generalized Bearing Capacity Equation 296

8 Contents xiii 13.4 Correction due to Water Table Elevation Gross versus Net Bearing Capacity Factor of Safety on Bearing Capacity FS for Gross Bearing Capacity FS for Strength Parameters Summary 305 References 305 Numerical Answers to Selected Problems 309 Subject Index 313 Author Index 323 Unit Conversion Table

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