Introduction to Soil Mechanics
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1 Introduction to Soil Mechanics Sela Sode and Colin Jones WILEY Blackwell
2 Contents Preface Dedication and Acknowledgments List of Symbols Soil Structure 1.1 Volume relationships Voids ratio (e) Porosity (n) Degree of saturation (5) 1.2 Weight-volume relationships Bulk densities Dry densities Saturated densities Submerged densities (y') Density of solids (y) Specific gravity (G) Moisture content (m) Partially saturated soil Relative density (Or) 1.3 Alteration of soil structure by compaction Laboratory compaction tests Practical considerations Relative compaction (C ) r Compactive effort Under- and overcompaction Site tests of compaction 1.4 California bearing ratio (CBR) test 1.5 The pycnometer Supplementary problems for Chapter 1 2 Classification of Cohesive Soils 2.1 Atterberg Limits Liquid Limit (LL) Plastic Limit Shrinkage Limit Swelling of cohesive soils Saturation Limit (ZOfo) Relationship between the limits Linear shrinkage and swelling 2.2 Consistency indices Plasticity index (PI) xii xiii xiv
3 vi Contents Relative consistency index (RI) Liquidity index (LI) 2.3 Classification of soils by particle size Sieve analysis Uniformity coefficient (U) Filter design Typical problems Combination of materials Sedimentation tests Supplementary problems for Chapter 2 3 Permeability and Seepage 3.1 Coefficient of permeability (k) 3.2 Seepage velocity (v) 3.3 Determination of the value of k Constant head test Falling head test 3.4 Field pumping tests Unconfined layer Radius of influence (R) Confined layer under artesian pressure (0) 3.5 Permeability of stratified soil 3.6 Flow nets Flow lines (Fl) Head loss in a flow channel Equipotential lines (EPl) Flow net construction Application of flow nets Seepage flowrate (Q) Seepage pressure Seepage force (5) 3.7 Erosion due to seepage 3.8 Prevention of piping 3.9 Flow net for earth dams Supplementary problems for Chapter 3 4 Pressure at Depth Due to Surface Loading 4.1 Concentrated point load 4.2 Concentrated line load 4.3 Uniform strip loading (Michell's solution) 4.4 Bulb of pressure diagrams 4.5 Vertical pressure under triangular strip load 4.6 Vertical pressure under circular area 4.7 Rectangular footing 4.8 Footings of irregular shape 4.9 Pressure distribution under footings Influence of footing Influence of loading 4.10 Linear dispersion of pressure Supplementary problems for Chapter
4 Contents vii 5 Effective Pressure «1') Unloaded state Loaded state Flooded state Types of problem Effeet of seepage on shallow footings Ground water lowering (at atmospheric presc:;ure) Reduetion of artesian pressure Capillary movement of water Equilibrium moisture content (me) Soil suetion (55) 208 Supplementary problems for Chapter Shear Strength of Soils Coulomb-Mohr Theory Stresses on the plane of failure Friction and cohesion Apparent cohesion Stress path Stress path failure envelope Variation of stress path Effect of saturation Effective Mohr's circle Effective stress path (ESP) Measurement of shear strength Triaxial tests Variation of pore pressure Total excess pore pressure Unconsolidated-undrained tests Quick-undrained test Consolidated-undrained (CU) test Consolidated-drained (CD) test Unconfined compression strength of clays Standard shear box test The Vane shear test Residual shear strength Thixotropy of clay Undrained cohesion and overburden pressure 263 Supplementary problems for Chapter Consolidation and Settlement Consolidation The pressure-voids ratio curve Analytical solution Equation of the (1'-e curve Alternative conventional procedure Graphical solution Forms of the (1'-e curve Normally consolidated clay 280
5 viii Contents Overconsolidated clays Coefficient of compressibility (a) Coefficient of volume change (m) Voids ratio method Direct method Estimation of settlement Voids ratio method Method using m v Direct method Rate of consolidation Variation of excess pore pressure with time Typical pore pressure distributions Estimation of time Coefficient of consolidation (c) Pore pressure isochrones Average percentage consolidation Coefficient of permeability (k) Time from similarity Total settlement Initial compression Primary consolidation Secondary consolidation 312 Supplementary problems for Chapter Lateral Earth Pressure Resistance to active expansion The value of K o Stress path representation Rankine's theory of cohesionless soil Stress path representation (Lambe) Rankine-Bell theory for c-i/> soil Tension cracks Effect of surcharge (q kn/m) on Zo Water in the cracks only Rankine-Bell theory for c-soil Pressure-force and its line of action Triangular diagram for uniform soil Triangular diagram for water Rectangular diagram for surcharge only Wall supporting sloping surface General formulae for c-i/> soil Active case Passive case (with surcharge) Formulae for pure clay (I/> =0) Height of unsupported clay Wedge theories Procedure for cohesionless soil 351
6 Contents ix Procedure for cohesive soil Point of application of Pa(x) Effect of static water table Stability of retaining walls Gravity walls Canti lever walls Buttress and counterfort walls Stability check Sheet piles Canti lever sheet pile walls Factor of safety Bending of sheet piles Sheet pile in cohesive soils Anchored sheet pile walls Free-earth support method Fixed-earth support method Anchorage Length of tie rod (l) Stability of anchors Effect of ground water Stability of deep trenches Horizontal bracing Bentonite slurry support Trench in clay Trench in sand 408 Supplementary problems for Chapter Bearing Capacity of Soils Terminology Foundation pressure (a) Net foundation pressure (an) Effective overburden pressure (a;) Ultimate bearing capacity (q) Net ultimate bearing capacity (qn) Safe net bearing capacity (qsn) Safe bearing capacity (q) Allowable foundation pressure (a) Presumed bearing values Shallow strip footing Terzaghi's equation for qu Effect of static water table Influence of footing shape Shallow rectangular footing Method of Fellenius Deep foundations Moderately deep foundations Standard penetration test (SPT) 443
7 )( Contents 9.7 Pile foundations (~> 5) Types of pile 9.8 Some reasons for choosing piles 9.9 Some reasons for not choosing piles 9.10 Effects necessitating caution 9.11 Negative skin friction 9.12 Stress distribution around piles 9.13 Load-carrying capacity of piles Static formulae End-bearing resistance (Oe) Shaft resistance (Os) Ultimate carrying capacity of pile Allowable carrying capacity of piles (Q,) Negative skin friction (Of) 9.14 End bearing resistance and SPT 9.15 Influence of pile section on Qu 9.16 Group of piles Eccentrically loaded pile group Settlement of pile groups Raking piles Supplementary problems for Chapter 9 10 Stability of Siopes 10.1 Short-term and long-term stability 10.2 Total stress analysis (cohesive soils) Homogeneous, pure clay (cf!u = 0) Increasing the value of F s Minimum value of F s Potential slip surface Determination of the factor of safety Homogeneous c-cf! soil (total stress analysis) Stratified slopes Siopes under water Taylor's stability numbers 10.3 Effective stress analysis (cohesive soils) Method of slices (radial procedure) Bishop's conventional method Bishop's rigorous iterative method 10.4 Stability of infinite slopes Supplementary problems for Chapter Eurocode Introduction 11.2 Recommended units 11.3 Limit states 11.4 Design procedures 11.5 Verification procedures 11.6 Application of partial factors
8 Contents xi Appendices Appendix A Appendix B Appendix C Appendix D Appendix E Index Mass and Weight Units, Conversion Factors and Unity Brackets Simpson's Rule Resultant Force and Its Eccentricity References About the companion website This book's companion website is at and ofters invaluable resources for students and lecturers: Supplementary problems Solutions to supplementary problems
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