Evaluation of Copper Sulphate Fertilizer Rates and Planting Pattern Effects on Chickpea Varieties Yield

Transcription

1 Interntionl Journl of Siene nd Advned Tehnology (ISSN ) Volume 2 No 2 Ferury 22 Evlution of Copper Sulphte Fertilizer Rtes nd Plnting Pttern Effets on Chikpe Vrieties Yield *A Khourgmi, 2 A Mehrdd, 3 M Rfiee, 4 H Nsrollhi nd Z Bitrfn Assistnt professor of Agronomy, Khorrmd Brnh, Islmi Azd University, Khorrmd, Irn *(Corresponding uthor) 2 Mster of Agronomy, Khorrmd Agriulturl Jihd Orgniztion, Khorrmd, Irn 3 Assotite Professor of Plnt Physiology, Khorrmd Agriulturl Reserh Center, Khorrmd, Irn 4 Mster of Agronomy, Khorrmd Brnh, Islmi Azd University, Khorrmd, Irn Deprtment of Agronomy, Siene nd Reserh Brnh, Islmi Azd University, Tehrn, Irn Astrt- The effets of plnting pttern nd opper sulphte fertilizer rtes on prodution of two hikpe (Cier retinum) vrieties under dry frming ondition were studied in rndomized omplete lok ftoril design with three replitions t Khorrmd, Irn during rop yer The experimentl ftors inluded () Amount of opper sulphte fertilizer in four levels (C : without fertilizer (ontrol) nd pplition of opper sulphte fertilizer t rtes of C 2 :, C 3 : 2 nd C 4 : 2 Kg h - ), (2) Plnting Pttern in four levels (P : 2, P 2 : 3, P 3 : 4 nd P 4 : m distnes etween rows with onstnt rop density of plnts m -2 ) nd (3) vriety in two levels (V : Armn nd V 2 : Hshem) The results showed the highest seed per unit re otined in P, C 3, V, P C 3, P V, V C 3 nd V P C 3 Therefore plnting pttern of 2, 2 Kg h - opper sulphte fertilizer nd Armn vriety showed signifint preferene in omprison to other tretments Key wrds: Chikpe; Vriety; Plnting pttern; Copper sulphte fertilizer I INTRODUCTION Legumes (Leguminose) re the seond importnt soure of humn food fter erels nd their grins with 8 to 32 perent protein onsidered s n pproprite supplement for erel grins In poor ountries fing shortge of food espeilly from the niml protein point of view, legumes with vriety of prodution potentil ould e n importnt food soure [] In ddition, the oexistene of mny speies of this fmily with different teri of Rhizoium genus fixes nitrogen moleules uses providing nitrogen needed y plnts nd lso soil fertility [2-] whih inrese their importne in rop mngement prties Essentil nutrients in plnts prodution, sed on plnts need re divided into two groups Highly needed ones y plnts nmed s mronutrients nd the ones needed in lower rtes y plnts nmed s mironutrients Mronutrients inlude Cron, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potssium, Clium, Mgnesium nd Sulfur nd mironutrients inlude Iron, Mngnese, Zin, Copper, Molydenum nd Chlorine Also Sodium, Sili nd Colt re essentil for some plnts ut not for most of plnts [] Generlly, studies hve shown the optiml use of fertilizers espeilly mironutrients ones in legumes inrese, in ddition to inrese of grin protein Zin folir pplitions notly inresed en from 39 to 696 t h - [7] By 2 to 3 t h - pplition of ommeril fertilizers ontin mironutrients (Miroit nd florit) signifint inrese of, numer of pods per plnt nd numer of seeds per pod ws otined in en [8-9] Folir pplition of Fe, Mn nd Zn in en ws noted nd the mximum ws otined with folir pplitions efore nd fter flowering [-] Copper interferes in most enzyme tivities in plnts Existene of this element in oxidize-tlse enzymes system is neessry This element ts s n tivtor for enzymes in hemil retions nd s n ssistnt in the metolism of protein nd rohydrte, lthough very low opper rtes re needed nd sored y plnts The mount of opper in the most of plnts leves is out 2 mg per kg of dry weight Copper defiieny uses yellowing in plnts [2-3] 6

2 Interntionl Journl of Siene nd Advned Tehnology (ISSN ) Volume 2 No 2 Ferury 22 Optiml derese of distne etween rows nd etween plnts on row to hieve proper plnting pttern resulting inrese of plnt density uses leves reeives suffiient light provided during the grin filling stge nd thus the effiieny of light energy nd therefore grin per unit re would inrese Also in n pproprite plnting pttern due to optiml growth of plnts on soil levels the evportion from the soil surfe nd lso numer of weeds ompeting the min rop redues Shyelz nd Weer (99) hve suh inferene in soyen [4] Considering the ove points this study onduted with the ojetive to determine the effets of plnting pttern nd opper sulphte fertilizer rtes on prodution of two hikpe (Cier retinum) vrieties under dry frming II MATERIALS AND METHODS The experiment ws rried out t the Khorrmd, Irn during the growing seson The experimentl design ws ftoril rrngement in the form of rndomized omplete lok design with 3 replitions Tretments were inluded tow gents: the mount of opper sulphte fertilizer in 4 levels (C : without fertilizer (ontrol) nd pplition of C 2 :, C 3 : 2 nd C 4 : 2 kg h - opper sulphte fertilizer), plnting pttern in 4 levels (P : 2, P 2 : 3, P 3 : 4 nd P 4 : m distnes etween rows with onstnt rop density of plnts m -2 ) nd 2 hikpe vrieties (V : Armn nd V 2 : Hshem) plnts per m -2 onsidered to hieve onstnt density s were plnted sed on four plnting pttern 2, 3 67, 4 nd 4 m Opertion of ed preprtion inluded plowing with moldord for logs reking s were plnted t 3 Mrh 26 The first rinfll ourred one dy fter plnting Eh experimentl plt inluded rows with 4 m length Distnes etween plots nd loks onsidered m nd 2 m, respetively, to prevent tretments mingling After field preprtion opper sulphte fertilizer ording to tretments were uniformly distriuted Also efore plnting, pe seeds were disinfeted with kroxitirm t 2/ onentrtion At the end of growing seson, t rop mturity stge plnts seleted rndomly form eh plot to mesuring omponents Mesured prmeters inluded plnt, numer of rnhes After eliminting mrgin effet, the rop hrvested to mesuring seed test t % proility level used for men omprisons III RESULTS AND DISCUSSION IIII Plnt The simple effets of tretments nd their intertion effets of them were ll signifint for plnt The highest Plnt lloted to plnting pttern of m distne etween rows nd 4 m distne etween plnts Minimum of hikpe plnts ws relevnt to plnting pttern of 3 67 m Aording to LSD men omprison test, tretments of 4 m plnting pttern signifintly produed the higher in omprison to plnting pttern of 3 67 m 2 m nd 4 m plnting ptterns did not hve signifint differene with 4 m plnting pttern (Fig) Men omprisons reveled sttistilly there ws not signifint differene mong levels of opper sulphte fertilizer in plnt prodution, lthough higher s otin in highest level of opper sulphte (Fig 2) The verge of Hshem nd Armn vrieties were 449 nd m, respetively (Figure 3) 42 4 Plnt 4 (m) Plnt 4 (m) 4 39 Fig Mens of plnt in different plnting ptterns Plnting pttern 2 2 Copper sulphte (kg/h) Fig 2 Mens of plnt in different opper sulphte fertilizer rtes Anlysis of vrine ws performed using the MSTATC softwre Drwing digrms nd equtions ws done using Exel nd Sigmplot softwre LSD 7

3 Interntionl Journl of Siene nd Advned Tehnology (ISSN ) Volume 2 No 2 Ferury Plnt 4 (m) 3 The study of intertion effet of plnting pttern nd opper sulphte fertilizer showed mximum of plnts relted to plnting pttern of 4 m in the sene of pplition opper sulphte nd minimum ws relted to plnting pttern of 3 67 m in terms of pplition opper sulphte with 2 kg h - (Fig 4) Bsed on the intertion of vriety nd plnting pttern ftors, mximum plnt relted to Hshem ultivr with 4 m plnting pttern nd minimum relted to Armn vriety with 3 67 m plnting pttern (Fig ) Aording to intertion etween the vriety nd fertilizer opper sulphte mximum relted to Hshem ultivr in lk of opper sulphte fertilizers nd minimum plnt ws relted to Armn ultivr in ondition of opper sulphte pplition t rte of kg h - (Fig 6) Aording to intertion of three ftors, the highest plnt ws relted to Hshem ultivr with 4 m plnting pttern in ondition of opper sulphte pplition (Dt not shown) Plnt (m) Armn Pe vriety Fig 3 Plnt mens of hikpe vrieties 2 2 Copper sulphte (kg/h) Fig 4 Intertion etween plnting pttern nd opper sulphte fertilizer for plnt Hshem 2* 3*67 4* *4 Plnt (m) Plnt 4 (m) Armn Hshem Plnting pttern 4 Fig 6 Intertion etween vriety nd opper sulphte fertilizer for plnt IIIII Numer of rnhes per unit re 4 Armn 2 2 Copper Sulphte (kg/h) The simple effets of tretments nd their intertion effets of them were ll signifint for numer of rnhes per unit re The highest numer of rnhes per unit re ws lloted to 2 m plnting pttern nd the lowest numer of rnhes per unit re ws lloted to 4 m plnting pttern The numer of rnhes per unit re for plnting pttern with minimum distne etween rows nd mximum distne etween plnts on the row ws signifintly higher thn the other plnting pttern (fig 7) Bsed on men omprisons, the numer of rnhes per unit re under the pplition of 2 kg h - opper sulphte ws signifintly more thn the pplition of 2 kg h - (Fig 8) The numer of rnhes per unit re for two vrieties of Hshem nd Armn ws not signifintly different ording to LSD men omprison t % proility level (Fig 9) Hshem Vriety Fig Intertion etween vriety nd plnting pttern for plnt Armn Hshe m 8

4 Interntionl Journl of Siene nd Advned Tehnology (ISSN ) Volume 2 No 2 Ferury Num er 2 of rn hes per Plnting pttern Fig 8 Numer of rnhes mens in different plnting ptterns 6 Num er of 4 rn 2 hes per Copper sulphte(kg/h) Fig Intertion etween plnting pttern nd opper sulohte fertilizer for numer of rnhes 2* 3*67 4* *4 Num er of rn h per ( ) Copper sulphte (kg/h) Fig 8 Numer of rnhes mens in different opper sulphte fertilizer rtes Numer of rnhes per Plnting pttern 4 4 Fig Intrtion etween vriety nd plnting pttern for Numer of rnhes d Arm Hshe Hshe Arm Vriety 2 Nume r of rnh es per Armn Vrity Fig 9 Mens of the numer of rnhes of hikpe vrieties Intertion etween plnting pttern nd opper sulphte fertilizer showed tht the highest numer of rnhes per unit re relted to 2 m plnting pttern nd opper sulphte pplition t rte of kg h - (Fig ) Bsed on the intertion of ultivr nd plnting pttern, mximum numer of rnhes per unit re lloted to Hshem vriety with 2 m plnting pttern (Fig ) Bsed on the intertion of opper sulphte fertilizer nd ultivr ftors the highest numer of rnhes per unit re ws lloted to Hshem vriety in opper sulohte pplition t rte of 2 kg h - (Fig 2) The triple intertion of experimentl ftors showed the highest numer of rnhes ws lloted to Hshem vriety with 2 m plnting pttern in the pplition of kg h - opper sulphte ondition (Dt not shown) Hshem Nume r of rnh es per Armn Hshem Fig 2 Intertion etween vriety nd Copper sulphte fertilizer for Numer of rnhes IIIIII per unit re 2 2 The simple effets of tretments nd their intertion effets of them were ll signifint for seed per unit re The highest seed (4732 kg h - ) ws lloted to 2 m plnting pttern per unit re for 2 m plnting pttern ws 3% higher thn the verge of the three other plnting ptterns (Fig 3) Bsed on men omprisons, there ws not signifint differene etween opper sulphte fertilizer levels from the seed per unit re point of view (Fig 4) Bhri et l (2) reported pplition of opper hd no signifint effet on growth hrteristis, omponents nd seed [6] Bsed on LSD men omprison etween Armn nd Hshem vrieties from the seed per unit re point of view, there ws Copper sulphte(kg/h) 9

5 Interntionl Journl of Siene nd Advned Tehnology (ISSN ) Volume 2 No 2 Ferury 22 signifint differene The verge for Armn nd Hshem vrieties ws 6 nd 246 kg h -, respetively of Armn vriety ws nerly twie the seed of Hshem vriety (Fig) (kg/h) (kg/h 36 ) (kg/h ) Armn Plnting pttern Fig 3 mens in different plnting ptterns 2 2 Copper sulphte (kg/h) Fig 4 mens in different opper sulphte fertilizer rtes Vriety Fig mens of hikpe vrieties Bsed on the intertion of plnting pttern nd fertilizer ftors the highest seed per unit re (6478 kg h - ) ws lloted to 2 m plnting pttern in opper sulphte pplition t re of 2 kg h - (Fig 6) Bsed on the intertion of plnting pttern nd vriety the highest seed per unit re (6888 kg h - ) ws lloted to Armn vriety with 2 m plnting pttern (Fig7) Bsed on Hshem the intertion of opper sulfte fertilizer nd vriety, the highest seed (664 kg/ h) ws lloted to Armn vriety in pplition of opper sulphte t rte of 2 kg h - (Fig 8) Bsed on the intertion of three ftors the highest seed (8296 kg/ h) ws lloted to Armn vriety with 2 m plnting pttern in the pplition of 2 kg h - ondition (Dt not shown) 64 9 (kg/h 4 ) Fig 6 Intertion etween plnting pttern nd opper sulphte fertilizer for seed (kg/h ) (kg/h) Copper sulphte (kg/h) Armn Hshem 4 Armn Hshem Vriety Plnting pttern 2 Armn Hshem 2 2 Copper sulphte(kg/h) Fig 8 Intertion etween vriety nd opper sulphte fertilizer for seed Fig 7 Intertion etween vriety nd plnting pttern for seed 2* 3*67 4* *4 6

6 Interntionl Journl of Siene nd Advned Tehnology (ISSN ) Volume 2 No 2 Ferury 22 CONCLUSIONS Fertilizer mngement nd hoosing the most pproprite plnting pttern re two mjor gronomi prties tht extremely ffeting produtivity Present study provides informtion out the effet of opper sulphte fertilizer nd plnting pttern on plnt, numer of rnhes nd seed of Hshem nd Armn hikpe vrieties The results showed lthough Hshem vriety under ll plnting ptterns nd opper sulphte fertilizer onditions showed signifint preferene to Armn vriety from the plnt nd numer of rnhes point of view ut the Armn produed the highest s under ll plnting ptterns nd opper sulphte fertilizer onditions The highest seed per unit re otined in P, C 3, V, P C 3, P V, V C 3 nd V P C 3 Therefore plnting pttern of 2, 2 Kg h - opper sulphte fertilizer nd Armn vriety showed signifint preferene in omprison to other tretments REFERENCES [] Mlkouti, M j In 2 Sustinle griulture nd inrese with the optiml pplition in Irn Dissemintion of griulturl edution [2] Ayz, S, DL M Niel BA M Kenzie & GD Hill 987 Popultion nd sowing depth effets on omponent of grin legumes th Austrlin Agronomy Conferene, Hort [3] Corin, EJ 998 Present sttus of hikpe reserh in Austrli Pges Proeedings, Interntionl Workshop on Grin Legumes, 3-6 Jn 97, Hyderd, Indi Aville from ICRISAT, Ptnheru PO, Andhr Prdesh 2 324, Indi [4] Mngel, K nd E A Kirky 99 Priniples of plnt nutrition Interntionl Potsh Institute, Bern [] Mlkouti, M j And M M Tehrni 2 Mironutrients inrese the nd qulity of griulturl produts "with the effet of mromiro elements" Pulition of Trit Modrres University, Tehrn, Irn 299 Pges [6] Mundel, H H, R J Morrison, T Entz, R E Blkshw, B T Roth, F Kiehn nd A Vndenerg 994 Row sping nd seeding rtes to optimize sfflower on the Cndin priries Cn J Plnt Si 74: [7] Fthi, G 2 Growth nd feed rops (trnsltion) Pulition of Jihde Dneshghi of Mshhd University 2 Pge [8] Bourd, J 2 Redue logding for soyen low plnt popultion is relted to light qulity Crop Si 4: [9] Compgli, E, Mninelli, R Crino, P, nd Srdo, F 998 Agronomil mngement of winter hikpes (C rietinum) in Itly 3 rd Europen Conferene on Grin Legumes Vlldolid, Spin [] Cuero, JI/ 97 The reserh on hikpe (Cier rieitinum) in Spin In Proeedings, Interntionl Workshop on Grin Legumes, 3-6 Jn 97, Hyderd, Indi pp 7-22 Avill from ICRISAT, Ptnheru PO, Andhr Prdesh 2 324, Indi [] Beton Jones, Jr, JB Wolf, nd HAMills 99 Plnt Anhysis Hndook, prtil smpling, preprtion, nlysis nd interprettion guide [2] Fgeri, N K 984 Fertiliztion nd minerl nutrition of rie EMBRAPA-CNPAF/Editor Cmpus, Rio de Jneiro [3] Agrwl, SC nd Shrm, CP 979 Reognising mironutrient disorders of rop plnts on the sis of visile symptoms nd plnt nlysis Deprtment of Botny, Luknow University, Luknow, Indi pp 72 [4] Bord, J E, M Kml nd B G Hrville 992 Temporl importne of greter light intereption to inresed in nrrow-row soyen Agron J 84: 7-79 [] Tory j froody,a,a Fyzmoqdm nd A Hsnzdhe goorttppeh 2 Effets of plnting pttern nd plnt density on, omponents nd vegettive hrters of some vrieties of red ens Journl of Agriulturl Sienes, Irn Volume 36, Numer 3, Pges [6] Bhri, M r, Phlvni NAkri,nd P Ehsnzdh 2 Effets of different doses of iron nd opper fertilizers on growth nd of hikpe genotypes under rinfed onditions in the region Aligoodrz Azn provine Journl of Agriulturl Sienes nd Nturl Resoures 6