Rocks. Uses of rocks. Weathering. Soil. By the end of this unit you should know: - The rock is the solid part of the Earth's crust.

Transcription

1 Rocks Uses of rocks Weathering Soil By the end of this unit you should know: - The rock is the solid part of the Earth's crust. - Different rocks show different properties. - The causes of weathering. - Soils are formed from rocks. - The types of soils. - Characteristics and properties of different soil. 1

2 Science standard: 11.1 What do we walk on, live in, climb, and even sit on? Rocks! Rocks make up Earth s crust. Are all rocks the same? Are the rocks shown here just like any other rocks? How can you tell one rock from another? ػ برا غ ١ ش ؼ ١ ؼ زغ ك د ظ ػ ا قخ س, ا قخ س رى لؾشح االسك. رق ١ ف ا قخ س rocks: Classifying اعزؼذ ready: Getting In this activity you will observe and Classify Rocks according to Their properties. ف زا ا ؾبه ع ف رالزظ رق ف ا قخ س ث بء ػ خقبئق ب. 2

3 ا اد ا غزخذ خ Materials: 5 ػ ١ اد ا قخ س - 5 labelled rock samples - Hand lens - Dropper ػذعخ ىجشح لطبسح خ - Vinegar ا ظبسح ا ال ١ خ ؼ ١ - Safety goggles - Paper plate - Paper towels فس سل سبس - Beaker - Water خجبس بء - Glass plate Procedure: فس صخبخ هش ٠ مخ ا ؼ 1. Make a chart like the one shown in the next page. اػ خطو ث ا خطو ا خ د ف ا قفسخ 2. Use the hand lens to observe each rock. What colour or colours in each rock? Record your observation in your chart. اعزخذ ا ؼذعخ ا ىجشح زالزظ و فخشح, ب ا ا اال ا ف و فخشح عد الزظبره خالي خطو 3. Can you see any grains, or small pieces, making up the rock? Are the grains very small, or are they large? Are they rounded, or they have sharp edges? Do the next to 3

4 one another? Record your observation under texture in your chart. رغزط ١ غ ا رش زج ثب, ا ز ءاد فغ ١ شح رى ا قخشح ز ا سج ١ جبد فغ ١ شح ا وج ١ شح دائش ٠ خ ا ب اهشاف زبدح عد الزظبره رسذ ا ظ ث خططه. The characteristics related to grain size are known as a rock's texture. ايخقبئ ا زبثؼخ سد زج ١ جبد ا قخ س رؼشف ثج ١ خ ا ظ ا قخ س 4. Rub each rock against other rocks and find out whether easily marks other rocks or a concrete floor. افشن و زدش ثسدش اخش خذ ارا وب ا غ ا رسذس ث خذػ ا ثب سدش االخش. 5. Rub the rocks with the glass plate, observe what happens. Do you have any small pieces of rocks left on the glass? Record your observation under rubbing in your chart. افشن ا سدش ثقس ا ضخبج الزظ برا زذس, ٠ خذ رساد فغ ١ شح ا سدبسح ػ ا ضخبج عد الزظبره رسذ ػ د االززىبن ف ا خطو. 4

5 6. Using a hand lens, observe how many pores you can see in the rock. This is what we call porosity. ثبعزخذا ا ؼذعخ ا ىجشح, الزظ و ػذد ا ثم ة ا ز ٠ ى ا رشا ب ف ا سدش, زا ب ٠ غ ا غب ١ خ. 7. Caution: wear your safety goggles.( vinegar bubbles when it is dropped on the calcite). Put the rock samples on the paper plate. Use the dropper to add a few drops of vinegar on each rock. Observe what happens. Record your findings. رسز ٠ ش: اسرذ ا ظبسح ا الجخ ؼ ١,)فمبػبد ا خ ػ ذ ب رغمو ػ ا سدش ا ى غ (, مغ ػ ١ بد اال زدبس ػ ا قس ا سل, زدش, اعزخذ ا مطبسح المبفخ مبه ا خ ػ و الزظ برا ٠ سذس, عد الزظبره خالي ا دذ ي. Rock sample سل ا ؼ ١ خ Colour ا Texture ا ج ١ خ Rubbing االززىبن Porosity ا غب ١ خ 5

6 Bubbles when vinegar added ا فمبػبد ػ ذ امبفخ ا خ Easily marks other rocks رؼ ػ ا قخ س االخش ثغ خ Science standard: 11.2 Uses of rocks depend on their properties. Rocks are an important source of metals like Iron, Copper and many other useful metals. اعزخذا بد ا قخ س رؼز ذ ػ خقبئق ب, ا قخ س قذس ؼبد ث ا سذ ٠ ذ ا سبط ا ؼبد االخش ا ف ١ ذح. Earliest man used rocks to make tools; this was called the Stone Age اال غب ا مذ ٠ اعزخذ ا قخ س ؼ اد ار, زا ع ثب ؼقش ا سدش 6

7 Rocks are traditionally used as building materials. The type of rock used depends on what properties are needed. االعزخذا ا زم ١ ذ قخ س ف ا ج بء, ٠ ؼز ذ ع ايفخ س ا غزخذ خ ػ ا خقبئ ا ط ثخ ا ث خ Examples: Limestone and sandstone are used as building blocks ا سدش ا ى غ ٠ غزخذ وأزدبس ج بء Slate is used for roofing tiles Granite and marble are much harder than limestone and sandstone. They are used for statues and headstones. Clay is used to make an important building material Cement. ٠ غزخذ ا ق قبي ؼ اد ث بئ ١ خ خ ث االع ذ 7

8 Study this table, to learn more about the rocks and their uses: Name of rock Properties Uses Lime stone Hard and coloured ل Building blocks وز ث بئ ١ خ Quartz Slate Granite Hard Marble Chalk Attractive colours ا ا خزاثخ Water proof مب بء ل Attractive and can be polished خزاثخ ٠ ى فم ب Breaks easily رزىغش ثغ Jewellery ا د شاد Roofs and buildings االسم ١ بد االث ١ خ Steps, floors االدساج االسم ١ ب Steps floors االدساج االسم ١ ب Writing اا ىزبث 8

9 ا قخ س رسذ و ؽ ء thing. There is rock under every You can see some rocks but you can not see others. رغزط ١ غ سؤ ٠ خ ثؼل ا قخ س ال رغزط ١ غ سؤ ٠ خ ا جؼل االخش You can see rocks used for building and status. غزط ١ غ سؤ ٠ خ اا قخ س ا غزخذ خ ف ا جب ا مب بد You can see rocks at the bottom of the sea when you go diving. You can not see rocks if they are covered with grass, soil or buildings. But they are still there. 9

10 Key words: Stone age انؼصش انذجشي Lime stone ا سدش ا ى غ Quartz ا ى اسرض Slate زدش Granite ا دشا ١ ذ Marble ا شخب Chalk رؼ know? Did you The most rocks in Qatar are Sedimentary, so they have many pores (high porosity) which make them good container for petrol. ا يؼظى انصخىس ف قطش ه صخىس سسىت ح, نهزا ف ها ػذد كث ش ي ان ساياخ )يساي ح ػان ح( نهزا ه دافظح ج ذج نهثتشول ؾش ع Project: Look round your environment for other uses of rocks, record these uses and make a report for your teacher. ا ظش ز ي ا ج ١ ئخ ا ز رؼ ١ ؼ ف ١ ب عد اعزخذا بد اخش قخ س, اوزت رمش ٠ شا ز ي ر ه لذ ذسعه. Key Idea: Rocks have different uses depending on their properties قخ س اع خذا بد خز فخ ثبالػز بد ػ خقبئق ب Key questions: Q.1: Fill these spaces using the following word: ا ء ا فشاؽ ثبعزخذا ايو بد ا زب ١ خ a) Steps b) Roofs c) Writing d) Statues 1.. are made of slate because it is water proof. 2. Chalk is used for because it wears away easily. ٠ غزخذ ا طجؾ س ف ال ٠ زفزذ ثغ خ are made of marble because it is attractive and can be polished.

11 Science standard: 11.3 The surface of the Earth is always changing. This may come as a surprise, as the hills and valleys around you may not look any different now than when you were born. This is because the process that changes the surface of the Earth happens very slowly. ٠ زغ ١ ش عطر االسك ثإعز شاس, زا ٠ ى ا ٠ فبخئه ا ا شرفؼبد اال د ٠ خ ا س ١ طخ ثه خز فخ ػ ب وب ذ ػ ذ الدره, زا ثغجت ػ ١ خ رغ ١ ش عطر االسك رسذس ثجوء. Weathering is: the breaking down of rocks into smaller and smaller pieces. ا زد ٠ خ : رفزذ ا قخ س ا لطغ فغ ١ شح. ػىايم ػ ا ا زد ٠ خ weathering: Causes of رغ ١ شاد دسخخ ا سشاسح changes:.1 Temperature Heat makes most things expand-get bigger. ا سشاسح ردؼ ػظ االخغب رز ذد )رقجر اوجش ) Cold makes most things contract-get smaller-. ا جش دح ردؼ ؼظ االخغب رزم )رقجر افغش ) 11

12 In most places it is warmer during the day than at night.heat expands rocks during the day. At night the rocks cool off and contract. The expanding and contracting happen over and over again. That strains the rocks. The strain makes them crack, a tiny ا ز ذد ا زم ا غز ش ١ ال بسا ٠ غجت رؾمك ا قخ س ا غز ش ث غ time. bit at a ش س ا لذ رزىغش رزفزذ. رأث ١ ش ا قم ١ غ action: 2. frost Most things contract when they freeze Not water!!!! Water ؼظ االؽ ١ بء رزم ػ ذ ا زد ذ ب ػذا ا بء ice. expands when it freezes into فإ زد ٠ ضداد Rain water seeps into tiny cracks in rocks.when the water freezes it expands. The ice presses against the sides of the cracks. The pressure is great. It can make cracks bigger.it بء ا طش ٠ ذخ ا ا ؾم ق ف ا قخ س, rocks. can even break apart the ػ ذ ب ٠ زد ذ زا ا بء فإ ٠ ز ذد ثب زب فإ ا ث ح ٠ نغو ػ خ ا ت ا ؾم ق فزقجر ا ؾم ق اوجش ٠ ى ا رزىغش ثغ خ 12

13 ؾبه ا س ١ ا بد activity: 3. Animal Animals do not break rocks a part by themselves. But some animals dig into the ground. Ants, worms, woodchucks, and some others dig holes. The holes let in air and water. The air ا س ١ ا بد ال رىغش ا قخ س ث فغ ب, ى ثؼل rocks. and water weather the ا س ١ ا بد رسفش ف ا قخ س ث ا ا ذ ٠ ذا, ػ ذ دخ ي ا اء ا بء ف ز ا سفش فإ ب رد ا قخ س. ا ش ٠ ر Wind: 4. Wind is sometimes strong enough to break particles of sand from a rock. The sand may be carried by the wind. If the sand hits another rock it will break even more particles, ا ش ٠ بذ از ١ ب ب رى ل ٠ خ ذسخخ وبف ١ خ زىغش away. causing the rock to wear اخضاء فغ ١ شح ا قخ س, رس ا ش ٠ بذ االرشثخ, ا اسرط ذ ز االرشثخ ثب قخ س فإ ب رىغش اخضاء اوثش غججخ رد ٠ خ ا قخ س. ا بء Water: 5. a. When rain hits the rock it breaks it into small pieces. ػ ذ ب ٠ شرط ا بء ثب قخ س فإ ٠ ىغش ب ا اخضاء فغ ١ شح.b b. Rivers carry parts of rocks as they flow over them. اال بس رس ؼ ب اخضاء ا قخ س ػ ذ ب رغ ١ ش ف ل ب 13

14 Key words: Weathering انتجى ح انثهج Frost ت ذد Expand Contract تقهص رؼ know Did you The Mississippi river carries over 500 million tonnes of sediment to the sea each year!! ا ش ا غ ١ غج ٠ س اوثش ١ 500 ه ا ش اعت جسش و ػب!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! ؾش ع Project: Make poster for the causes of weathering showing pictures for each cause. شكم يهصق السثاب انتجى ح يغ صىس نكم سثة. 14

15 Key Ideas: Weathering is breaking down rocks into small pieces. انتجى ح ه تكسش انصخىس انى اجزاء صغ شج Temperature, frost, animals, wind and water, help to weather rocks. انذشاسج, انتج ذ, انذ ىا اخ, انش اح و ان اء تساػذ ف تجى ح انصخىس انت ذد: تصثخ اكثش Expand: to become bigger ا زم : رقجر افغش Contract: to become smaller ا قخ س ا دضء ا ق ت االسك Earth. Rock is a solid part of the االسك فخشح Earth is a rock ا قخ س خ دح ف و ىب where. Rocks are every Key questions: يارا ؼ تانتجى ح weathering? Q.1: What is meant by.. Q.2: List three causes of weathering the rocks: ػذد ثالث اسثاب نتجى ح انصخىس Q.3: Describe how water can help to weather the rock. صف ك ف ساػذ ان اء ف تجى ح انصخىس 15

16 Science standard: 11.4 Have you ever played in a sandbox? Would you believe that all that sand was once big rock? Soil is formed from small pieces of rock رزى ا زشثخ اخضاء فغ ١ شح ا قخ س Soil is produced when rocks are broken down into small pieces رزى ا زشثخ ػ ذ رىغش ا قخ س ا اخضاء فغ ١ شح ثب زد ٠ خ weathering. by The type of soil depends on the type of rock from which it ع ا زشثخ ٠ ؼز ذ ػ ع ا قخ س ا ز ا ؾئخ ب made. was Soils from different rocks have Different physical characteristics And properties: االرشثخ ا زى خ فخ س خز فخ ب ففبد ف ١ ض ٠ بئ ١ خ خز فخ. Investigating soil properties: ا زفس ػ هش ٠ ك ػذعخ ا ١ ذ lens:.1 Examine with hand Examine different soils under a magnifying glass. زد ا زساد size:- 2. Particle ؾبه Activity: 16

17 Use a sieve to separate some different soils. The soils should be dry and you should use the same sieve each time to keep it a fair test. اعزخذ قفبح فق ا اع خز فخ االرشثخ. ٠ دت ا رى ا زشثخ خبفخ ٠ دت ا رغزخذ فظ ا قفبح ف و شح ؼ اخزجبس ػبدي. اال زقبؿ رذفك ا بء water: 3. Absorption and flow of ؾبه Activity: 1. Poke holes in the bottoms of three plastic containers. اف غ ثم ثب ف اطف ثالس ا ػ ١ خ ثالعز ١ ى ١ خ. 2. Put different type of soil in each container. مغ ف و ػبء ع خز ف ا زشثخ. 3. pour water into the soil فت ا بء ػ االرشثخ 4. collect the water which comes through the container in one minute اخ غ ا بء ا ز خشج اال ػ ١ خ ذح دل ١ مخ ازذح. 17

18 Soil ا زشثخ Particles through the mesh ا زساد خالي ا قفبح Amount of water و ١ خ ا بء Results: Most soils are one of three types: ؼظ االرشثخ ثالثخ ا اع ا زشثخ ا ط ١ ١ خ 1. Clay soil ا زشثخ ا ش ١ خ 2. Sandy soil 3. Loam soil ا زشثخ ا خ طخ )ه ١ ١ خ س ١ خ ) 18

19 انط ذتفظ تان اء water. Clay holds االسام ا ز رشثز ب ه ١ ١ خ flood. Land with clay soil can easily رط ف ثغ خ Water runs quickly through sandy soil, thus plants may ان اء صشف تسشػح ي خالل انتشتح انشيه ح, و water. not have enough تانتان ان ثاتاخ ن تجذ ياء كاف. Loam has just the right mix of clay, sand, and humus. Plants grow well in loam Type of soil ع ا زشثخ Sandy ا ش ١ خ Clay ا ط ١ ١ خ Loam ا خ طخ Colour of soil ا زشثخ Light فبرر Dark داو Little dark داو ل ١ ال Size زد ا زساد Large وج ١ ش Small فغ ١ ش Medium ز عو Texture ا ظ Rough خؾ Smooth بػ Smooth & rough بػ خؾ 19

20 Time for water to pass through ا لذ ا ز ٠ سزبخ ا بء ش س Drawing the particles سع ا زساد Fast عش ٠ غ Slow ثط ء Medium ز عو Key words: انتشتح Soil انط Clay خه ط Loam انط و انشيم انشيه ح Sandy Did you know? رؼ Earthworms burrow through the soil. As they move, they turn over soil better for farming ا د دح االسك رسفش ف ا زشاة, و ب رسشوذ فإ ب ؾش ع Project: Go in a trip with your teacher and try to collect different types of soil, classify them into 1. Loam soil 2. Clay soil 3. Sandy soil ار ت ثشز خ غ ذسعه زب ي ا رد غ ا اع خز فخ االرشثخ, ث ف ف ز االرشثخ ا رشثخ خ طخ.1 رشثخ ه ١ ١ خ.2 تشتح سيه ح.3 Key Ideas: Soil is small pieces of rock انتشتح ه اجزاء صغ شج ي انصخىس تص ف انصخىس انى ثالث اقساو types: Soil is classified into 3 1. Clay soil انتشتح انط ح.2 Loam soil انتشتح ان ختهطح ي انط و انشيم 3. Sandy soil انتشتح انشيه ح 20

21 Key questions: قاس ت اال ىاع انثالث ي االتشتح soil: Q.1: Compare between the three types of Characteristic انخاص ح Color Sandy soil انتشتح انشيه ح Loam soil انتشتح ان خهطح Clay soil انتشتح انط ح انهى Texture ان ه س Q.2: Which type of soil is the best plants? Why? ا ع االرشثخ االفن جبد برا