FOSS Earth, Cycles, and Change Module The Regents of the University of California Can be duplicated for classroom or workshop use.

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Duane Reynolds
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1 Shadow Challenges 1. Work in pairs. Take turns tracing the outline of your partner s shadow, including his or her feet. 2. Label each shadow with the owner s name and time of day it was drawn. 3. Try to solve these shadow challenges. a. Can you use your shadow hand to touch your shadow head? b. Can you use your real hand to touch your shadow head? c. Can you make your shadow very small? d. Can you separate yourself from your shadow? e. Can you touch your partner s shadow knee with your shadow hand? f. Can you make your shadow disappear? g. Can you slip into someone else s shadow? h. Can you make your shadow shake hands with someone else s shadow? i. Can you play shadow tag? Don t let another person step on your shadow. j. Make up your own challenge. 4. What do you think your shadow will look like in 3 5 hours? Record your ideas in your notebook. Include a drawing. Investigation 1: Sun and Earth No. 1 Notebook Master

2 Sun Tracker Record N W W E S N N S S E Investigation 1: Sun and Earth No. 2 Notebook Master

3 Changing Shadows Review Questions 1. How does the Sun s position in the sky change over 1 day? 2. In what ways do shadows change during the day? 3. What causes shadows to change during the day? 4. Think about a flagpole. How does its shadow change over 1 year? 5. Look at the photo at the top of page 107. Can you see the shadow of the person? Can you see the shadows of the four flagpoles? Why or why not? Investigation 1: Sun and Earth No. 3 Notebook Master

Response Sheet Investigation 1 This drawing shows students walking down a path on a winter morning. You are looking at their backs. 1. Write a letter in the box above the picture to indicate which direction the students are facing.

4 Response Sheet Investigation 1 This drawing shows students walking down a path on a winter morning. You are looking at their backs. 1. Write a letter in the box above the picture to indicate which direction the students are facing. Write N for north, S for south, E for east, or W for west. 2. How did you know which direction the students were facing? 3. Fill in the rest of the boxes to show the other compass directions. 4. Does the picture show early morning or late morning? How do you know? Investigation 1: Sun and Earth No. 4 Notebook Master

5 Day/Night Questions 1. Why is it dark at night? 2. At any given time, how much of Earth is in day and how much is in night? 3. What makes the Sun rise and set? 4. Does the Sun rise in the morning all over the world? Explain. 5. Which side of Earth is in daylight? 6. If Earth did not rotate on its axis, would there be day and night on Earth? Explain. Investigation 1: Sun and Earth No. 5 Notebook Master

6 Sun Video Review Questions 1. How far is the Sun from Earth? How far away is the next closest star? 2. How big is the Sun compared to other stars in our galaxy? 3. What is the Sun made of? How does it produce heat and light? 4. Describe what is meant by the life cycle of the Sun. What are the stages in the cycle, and at what stage is the Sun now? 5. What would happen if the Earth was closer to the Sun (like Venus)? farther away from the Sun (like Mars)? 6. Sun spots are cooler dark spots on the Sun that are the result of magnetic storms. What are some of the effects on Earth of Sun spots? Investigation 1: Sun and Earth No. 6 Notebook Master

7 Air Investigations What is air? While exploring air with a syringe, write three observations and three questions. Investigation 2: Weather and Atmosphere No. 7 Notebook Master

8 Atmosphere Questions 1. What is Earth s atmosphere? 2. Describe how the amount of air changes as you travel up through Earth s atmosphere. 3. How high above Earth s surface does the troposphere reach? 4. What kinds of activities occur in the troposphere? 5. What layer of the atmosphere do you think is of greatest interest to meteorologists? Why do you think so? Investigation 2: Weather and Atmosphere No. 8 Notebook Master

9 Weather Data Day Temp. ( C) Humidity (%) Wind speed (kmph) Wind direction Visibility (km) Pressure (millibars) Other observations Investigation 2: Weather and Atmosphere No. 9 Notebook Master

10 Sun, Earth, and Moon Review Questions 1. Compare the size of the Sun, Earth, and Moon. 2. Compare the composition of the Sun, Earth, and Moon. 3. Compare the average surface temperature of the Sun, Earth, and Moon. 4. Compare the movements of Earth and the Moon. Investigation 2: Weather and Atmosphere No. 10 Notebook Master

11 Comparing the Physical Characteristics of the Sun, Earth, and Moon B Write a letter (S, E, and/or M) to identify which object or objects are described in each statement. If the statement doesn t refer to the Sun, Earth, or Moon, write an X. 19. Surface is constantly changing due to weathering, erosion, and, deposition. 20. Has clouds. 21. Is about 150 million km from the Sun. 22. Made of gas (hydrogen and helium). 23. Made of rock. 24. Has large basins filled with lava % land, 30% water. 26. Depends on heat from a star for warmth. 27. Has day and night. 28. Has a diameter of about 13,000 km. 29. Has a diameter of about 3,500 km. 30. Has a diameter of about 1.4 million km. 31. Goes around Earth in a day. 32. Has about 1/6th the gravity of Earth. 33 Has water as solid, liquid, and gas. 34. About 30 Earth-diameters from Earth. 35. Visible from Earth only during the day. 36. Has an average temperature of about 15 C. Investigation 2: Weather and Atmosphere No. 11 Notebook Master

12 Condensation Observations 1. Draw the experiment and label the picture to show what you observed. 2. Why did condensation form on the inside surface of the chamber? 3. Where did the water that condensed on the sides of the cup come from? Investigation 3: Water Planet No. 12 Notebook Master

13 Water-and-Ice System 1. Label the system to show what you observed. 2. Write a description of the changes you observed when you placed a cup of ice over warm water. 3. What happened when you added salt to the ice? Include temperature measurements in your answer. Investigation 3: Water Planet No. 13 Notebook Master

14 Condensation Review Questions 1. What is condensation? 2. What role does temperature play in condensation? 3. What is frost? At what temperature does frost form? 4. Why does condensation form on a glass of iced tea? Investigation 3: Water Planet No. 14 Notebook Master

15 Response Sheet Investigation 3 On a sunny day, a student poured a cup of water on the sidewalk to make a puddle. When he returned later, the puddle was gone. The student concluded that the puddle was gone because the water soaked into the sidewalk. What would you say to this student about this conclusion? What could you do to demonstrate your idea about where the water went? Investigation 3: Water Planet No. 15 Notebook Master

16 Distribution of Earth s Water a. Fill the 1 L beaker with water exactly to the 1000 ml level. This represents all of Earth s water, salt water and fresh water. b. Transfer a tiny bit of water (less than a drop) to the graduated cylinder (use a pipette). This water represents all the water in Earth s atmosphere. c. Transfer 2 drops of water to the graduated cylinder. These 2 drops represent all the water in Earth s lakes and rivers. d. Transfer 6 drops of water to the graduated cylinder. These 6 drops represent all the moisture in Earth s soil and ground ice. e. Transfer 9 ml of water to the graduated cylinder (use a syringe). These 9 ml represent all of Earth s ground water. f. Transfer 20.5 ml of water to the graduated cylinder. This represents all of Earth s frozen fresh water in ice caps and glaciers. The volume of fresh water in the cylinder should total about 30 ml, or 3% of the 1000 ml that represented all of Earth s water. How much water is left in the 1 L beaker? Is that water fresh water or salt water? Investigation 3: Water Planet No. 16 Notebook Master

Water-Cycle Activity Start After roll 1 After roll 2 After roll 3 After roll 4 After roll 5 After roll 6 After roll 7 After roll 8 After roll 9 After roll 10 Location Location Animal Atmosphere

17 Water-Cycle Activity Start After roll 1 After roll 2 After roll 3 After roll 4 After roll 5 After roll 6 After roll 7 After roll 8 After roll 9 After roll 10 Location Location Animal Atmosphere Glacier Ground water Lake Ocean Plant River Total Soil 1. Did your water drop travel in a full water cycle or only in part of a water cycle? Explain. 2. Draw the path taken by your water drop. Atmosphere Glacier River Ocean Lake Ground water Soil Plant Animal Investigation 3: Water Planet No. 17 Notebook Master

18 Class Activity Tally Location Animal Total Atmosphere Glacier Ground water Lake Ocean Plant River Soil Investigation 3: Water Planet No. 18 Notebook Master

19 The Water Cycle Review Questions 1. What is the water cycle? 2. When water falls from clouds, what forms can it take? 3. Describe a large water cycle that takes a long time to complete. 4. Describe a small water cycle that takes a short time to complete. 5. Explain how the Sun and the ocean interact in the water cycle. Investigation 3: Water Planet No. 19 Notebook Master

20 Earth s Climates Review Questions 1. What is the difference between weather and climate? 2. What two weather variables are most important for determining a climate zone? 3. What climate zone do you live in? Describe the climate. 4. What North American zone has a climate very different from yours? Describe the differences. 5. What do you like about the climate in your region? Investigation 3: Water Planet No. 20 Notebook Master

21 River Rocks by Size How can rocks be sorted by size? sand gravel pebbles Investigation 4: Changes to Earth s Surface No. 21 Notebook Master

22 Sand and Water Drawing Is there an earth material smaller than sand? Draw and write about what you see in the vial. Investigation 4: Changes to Earth s Surface No. 22 Notebook Master

23 Weathering and Erosion Video Review Questions 1. How do temperature changes and ice weather rocks? 2. How does abrasion cause physical weathering? 3. Why do you find smooth, rounded rocks at the seashore and in rivers? 4. What is the main source of chemical weathering, and how does it happen? 5. What causes erosion and deposition? 6. Explain how wind causes erosion and deposition. 7. How do erosion and deposition affect people? 8. Predict the effect of changes such as overpopulation of grazers or the building of a highway on a hillside. 9. How do glaciers form lakes and valleys? 10. Explain how weathering, erosion, and deposition interact. Investigation 4: Changes to Earth s Surface No. 23 Notebook Master

24 Land Formations Video Review Questions 1. What are plains and how are they formed? 2. What are deltas and how are they formed? 3. What are canyons and valleys and how are they formed? 4. What are plateaus and how are they formed? 5. Describe how the Devil s Postpile now a national monument was formed. Investigation 4: Changes to Earth s Surface No. 24 Notebook Master

25 Sandstone Recipe Materials for each group of four students 4 Rounded spoonfuls of sand in a plastic cup Sodium silicate solution, 10 ml (use syringe to measure) 1 Plastic spoon 1 Self-stick note 1 Paper towel Safety goggles and gloves Procedure 1. Get a plastic cup with sand for your group. 2. Write your group number and date on the label. 3. Go to the sodium silicate station. Use the syringe to carefully measure 10 ml of the solution and add it to the sand slowly as you move the tip around the top of the sand. SAFETY NOTE: Be careful not to get the sodium silicate solution on your skin or in your eyes. Safety goggles and gloves should be worn when handling chemicals. 4. Gently tap the cup on the desktop several times to mix the sand and sodium silicate solution. 5. When you have completed these tasks, bring your labeled cup to the storage area. Investigation 4: Changes to Earth s Surface No. 25 Notebook Master

26 Shale Recipe Materials for each group of four students 2 Rounded spoonfuls of powdered clay 1 Rounded spoonfuls of plaster of paris Water, 20 ml 1 Paper cup, small 1 Craft stick 2 Leaf pieces Safety gloves Procedure 1. Wear safety gloves. Go to the clay station and put 2 spoonfuls of powdered clay in a paper cup. Use the white plastic spoon in the container. 2. Go to the plaster-of-paris station and add 1 spoonful of plaster of paris. Mix the dry clay and plaster thoroughly with a stick. 3. Go to the water station and add 20 ml of water to the paper cup. You can come back later for more if you need it. 4. Mix the dry materials and water with the craft stick. The mixture should be fairly thick, like cookie dough. You should be able to use the craft stick to transfer the mixture to the plastic cup. You can add more water if you need it, but be careful not to add too much. The mixture should not be runny. 5. Place a leaf piece on the sandstone layer. Transfer the clay mixture onto the sandstone layer in your cup. Smooth it out with the stick. Place another leaf piece on the shale layer. 6. The stick and the paper cup can be tossed or recycled. Investigation 4: Changes to Earth s Surface No. 26 Notebook Master

27 Rocks Video Review Questions 1. What are sediments? Name the types of sediments that often create sedimentary rocks. 2. What are the three kinds of sedimentary rocks, based on how they are formed? 3. What kind of sedimentary rock is limestone? 4. What is an example of a chemical sedimentary rock? Investigation 4: Changes to Earth s Surface No. 27 Notebook Master

28 1. What is a fossil? Fossils Video Review Questions 2. What are some types of fossils? Tell about them. 3. In what kind of rock are most fossils found? How do they form? 4. What is meant by superposition, and how does it help to date fossils? 5. What do scientists learn from studying fossils? 6. How does an ancient fish find itself on a rock high up on a mountainside? Investigation 4: Changes to Earth s Surface No. 28 Notebook Master

29 Fossil Fuels Video Review Questions 1. What are some examples of fossil fuels? How are fossil fuels important for people? 2. How are fossil fuels formed? 3. Describe how coal is formed. 4. What kind of rock do you think coal is sedimentary, metamorphic, or igneous? Why do you think so? 5. How is oil formed? 6. What is natural gas? Investigation 4: Changes to Earth s Surface No. 29 Notebook Master

30 Green Energy Video Review Questions 1. What is green energy? Name some examples. 2. What is meant by nonrenewable energy? 3. What is sustainability, and how is it related to energy resources? 4. What are the issues related to nuclear energy? 5. What are biofuels? 6. What are the benefits and limitations of biofuels? 7. What did you learn about the issues around green energy and fossil fuels that you didn t know before? 8. What questions do you have about energy resources? Investigation 4: Changes to Earth s Surface No. 30 Notebook Master

Bottle-and-Pipe System

Bottle-and-Pipe System Record and label water levels here. Part 1 Where did you put the bottle system? What did you observe? Part 2 Where did you put the bottle system? What did you observe? Explain your