Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Drought resistance of rice
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1 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Drought resistance of rice Supervisors : Prof. Dr. Thomas W. Kuyper Prof. Dr. Anan Polthanee Dr. Ir. Gerlinde De Deyn Anupol Chareesri
2 Rice The main food feeding more than half of world s population Mostly grown in rain-fed condition in Asia and Africa Drought is one of the major constraints for rice production
3 Drought
4 Drought vs Rice The effects of drought The Responses of rice Reduce grain yield Early maturing/ development Reduce tillering, leaf growth, transpiration and photosynthesis Osmotic adjustment Stomatal closure Regulating growth hormones Reduce water and nutrients availability Root developments Symbiosis with soil organisms
5 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Increase Water and nutrients uptake Hyphae AM Fungi Retain leaf water potential Stomatal closure Regulating growth hormones Abscisic Acid (ABA) Strigolactone
6 Known and unknown Known Rice is mycorrhizal plant, but the colonisation decrease in anaerobic condition (Watanarojanaporn et al., 2013). Intercropping legumes with rice increase AM fungi colonisation and diversity, as well as drought resistance of plant (Aroca and Ruiz Lozano, 2009; Li, 2008). Unknown The effects of AM fungi on drought resistance of rice.
7 Aims and Hypotheses A1. The effects of AM fungi on the growth of rice under drought condition. H1: AM fungi increase aboveground and belowground rice biomass. H2: AM fungi reduce yield loss of rice. H3: AM fungi increase N, P and K uptake of rice.
8 Aims and Hypotheses A2. The contribution of AM fungi to water use efficiency of rice. H1: In drought condition, AM fungi increase stomatal conductance of rice plant. H2: In drought condition, AM fungi increase photosynthesis rate of rice plant.
9 Aims and Hypotheses A3. The relation of AM fungi and rice hormones. H1: AM fungi decrease abscisic acid (ABA) concentration in rice plant under drought stress. H2: AM fungi decrease strigolactones (SL) concentration in rice plant under drought stress.
10 Intercropping and cover crops
11 Aims and Hypotheses A4. The effects of AM fungi and intercropping on drought resistance of rice. H1: Intercropping rice with Jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC). increases AM fungi colonisation in rice. H2: The community of AM fungi is more diversity when intercrop rice with Jack bean (C. ensiformis (L.) DC). H3: The water use efficiency of rice can increase by intercropping and inoculating AM fungi. H4: Intercropping and inoculating AM fungi can increase the growth of rice under drought condition.
12 Research methods AM fungi communities study Collect100 soil and 100 root samples from the rice fields to analyse AM fungi communities DNA extraction in Thailand, and bring the samples back to WUR for sequencing
13 Research methods Mesocosm experiments Pilot experiment 1 rice variety 2 AM fungi treatments (Low and high) 2 Water treatments (Well-watered, and drought) Source: He and Dijkstra, replicates Main mesocosm experiment (A1, A2 and A3) Base on the results of the pilot experiments
14 Research methods Field experiment (A1, A2 and A4) 2 Rice varieties 2 AM fungi treatments (low and high) 2 Water treatments (well watered and drought) 2 Intercropping treatments (with and without) 2-4 Replicates In Total plots (2x3 m)
15 Research methods Experimental site Khon Kaen province, Thailand
16 Measurements AM Fungi communities and colonisation (A1, A4) Aboveground and belowground biomass (A1, A4) Root length density (A1, A4) N, P and K content (A1, A4) Stomatal conductance (A2) Photosynthesis rate (A2) Hormones : Abscisic acid (ABA) and Strigolactones (SL) (A3)
17 Planning 1 st May- July August-September October November-December 2 nd December-January February March April Stomatal conductance, Photosynthesis, Hormones Biomass, Grain yield, AM fungi, root lenght, N, P and K content
18 Suggestions and Questions
19 Time frame Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2015 Proposal (WUR) Mesocosm (THA) Mesocosm 2. Collecting root+soil sample +DNA extraction (THA) AMF community analysis (WUR) 1. Mesocosm 2. Field experiment (THA) Cover crops (THA) 2017 Cover crop (THA) Data analyses (WUR) Field experiment (THA) Analyses (THA) 2018 Analyses (WUR) 1. Data analyses 2. Writing (WUR) 2019 Writing Thesis (WUR)
20 Rice varieties Varieties Growing condition Growing seasons Estimated Age (days) Photoperiod sensitivity Height (cm) Drought resistance Growing regions Thailand in Kao Dok Mali 105 (KDML 105) Lowland May-November 125 Yes 140 Moderate North and Northeast Surin 1 Lowland All year round 138 No 122 High Northeast R258 Upland All year round No 127 High North and Northeast Jow Haw Upland May-November Yes 134 Low North and central
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